SALT ANALYSIS
SCHEME OF ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS :
1) Noted the colour
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
Colourless
Absence of
Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Ni2+
Pre. of Cu2+
Pre. of Fe3+
Pre. of Ni2+
Pre. of Mn2+
Pre. of Co2+
Blue
Brown
Green
Pale pink
Pink
2) Noted the solubility
a) In water
b) In dil.HCl
3) Flame Test :
A little of the salt is made into
paste with conc.HCl. A glass rod
is dipped in it and introduced
into the flame.
4) Ash Test :
A little of the salt is heated with
con.HNO3 and cobalt nitrate
solution. A filter paper is
dipped in it and burnt.
a) Soluble and no
ppt with Na2CO3
b) Insoluble
a) Blue surrounded
by green
b) Brick red
c) Crimson red
d) Bluish white
e) Grassy green on
prolonged
heating
a) Green ash
b) Blue tinted ash
c) Pale pink ash
a) Pre. of NH4+
a) Evolution of
Colourless,
odourless gas
with brisk
effervescence,
turns limewater
milky.
b) Smell of vinegar
a) Pre. of carbonates
b) Pre. of Pb2+
a) Pre. of Cu2+
b)
c)
d)
e)
Pre. of Ca2+
Pre. of Sr2+
Pre. of Pb2+
Pre. of Ba2+
a) Pre. of Zn2+
b) Pre. of Al3+
c) Pre. of Mg2+
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS :
1) Dil.H2SO4 test :
To the salt add dil.H2SO4, warm
if required.
b) Pre. of acetate
2) Conc.H2SO4 test :
Treat a small quantity of the
salt with Conc.H2SO4, warm if
necessary.
a) Colourless gas
with pungent
smell, give dense
white fumes
when a glass rod
dipped in NH4OH
is shown.
b) Brown gas with
pungent smell
c) Violet vapours
with pungent
smell
d) Light brown gas
with pungent
smell on strong
heating.
e) Smell of vinegar
Brown fumes
3) Paper ball test :
Heat a little of the salt with
Conc.H2SO4 and introduce a
paper ball to it.
4) Test for sulphates :
White ppt insoluble in
Heat a little of the salt solution Conc.HCl
with dil.HCl and add BaCl2
solution.
5) Test for phosphates :
Yellow ppt
Add Conc.HNO 3 to the salt
solution and boil. Add exess of
ammonium molybdate solution
and boil again.
a) Pre. of Cl-1
b) Pre. of Br-1
c) Pre. of I -1
d) Pre. of NO 3-1
e) Pre. of CH3COO-1
Pre. of NO 3-1
Pre. of sulphate
Pre. of phosphate
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS :
1) Carbonates :
Magnesium sulphate test :
To the salt solution add MgSO 4
solution.
2) Chlorides :
a) MnO2 test :
Heat a small quantity of salt
with Conc.H2SO4 and MnO2
.
White ppt
a) Greenish yellow
gas with pungent
smell
Pre. of carbonates confirmed
Pre. of chloride confirmed
b) Chromyl chloride test :
Salt is heated with
conc.sulphuric acid and
pot.dichromate.
The vapours are collected
and passed through NaOH
solution.
Add lead acetate solution to
this.
c) Silver nitrate test :
Acidify the salt solution with
dil.nitric acid and add silver
nitrate solution.
3) Acetates :
a) Oxalic acid test :
Make a paste of the salt
with oxalic acid. Rub the
paste and smell.
b) Ester test :
To the salt add conc.H2SO4
and heat. Add alcohol.
Shake. Pour the contents
into a beaker containing
water.
c) Ferric chloride test :
To the salt solution add
neutral ferric chloride
solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions :
I. To one add dil.HCl.
II. To the second, add
water and boil
4) Sulphate :
a) To the salt solution add
dil.HCl and barium chloride
solution.
b) To the salt solution add
acetic acid and lead acetate
solution.
5) Phosphate :
a) Ammonium molybdate test :
To salt solution add
conc.HNO3 and boil. Add
ammonium molybdate and
b) Reddish brown
vapours
Yellow solution
Pre. of chloride confirmed
Yellow ppt
c) White curdy ppt
soluble in excess
of NH4OH
Pre. of chloride confirmed
a) Smell of vinegar
Pre. of acetate
b) Pleasant fruity
smell
Pre. of acetate confirmed
c) Reddish coloured
ppt
Pre. of acetate confirmed
I.
II.
Reddish colour
disappears
Reddish ppt
White ppt insoluble in
HCl
Pre. of sulphate confirmed
White ppt soluble in hot Pre. of sulphate confirmed
ammonium acetate
a) Yellow ppt
Pre. of phosphate
heat again.
b) Magnesia mixture test :
To the salt solution add
magnesia mixture and allow
to stand.
6) Bromide :
a) To salt add conc.H2SO4 and
MnO2
b) To salt add dil.HCl and AgCl
7) Nitrate :
a) To a little salt add
conc.H2SO4 and add cu
turnings and heat.
b) To salt solution add fresh
FeSO4 and cool. Add
conc.H2SO4
b) White ppt
Pre. of phosphate confirmed.
a) Dense brown
fumes
b) Pale yellow ppt
partially soluble
inNH4OH
Pre. of bromide confirmed
a) Brown vapours
and green
solution
b) Brown ring at the
junction between
two layer.
Pre. of nitrate confirmed
Pre. of bromide confirmed
Pre. of nitrate confirmed
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS:
1) To the salt solution add sodium No ppt
carbonate solution
2) To the solution add dil. HCl
White ppt
3) To the solution add dil. HCl and
pass H2S
4) To the solution add solid
ammonium chloride and excess
of ammonium hydroxide
5) To the solution add solid
ammonium chloride and excess
of ammonium hydroxide. Pass
H2S
6) To the solution add solid
ammonium chloride and excess
of ammonium hydroxide. Add
ammonium carbonate solution
7) To the solution add solid
ammonium chloride and excess
of ammonium hydroxide. Add
sodium hydrogen phosphate
Black ppt
White gelatinous ppt
Pre. of zero group
(Ammonium)
Pre. of group 1
(Pb2+)
Pre. of group 2
(Cu2+)
Pre. of group 3
(Al3+)
White ppt
Pre. of group 4
(Zn2+)
White ppt
Pre. of group 5
(Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+)
White ppt
Pre. of group 6
(Mg2+)
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 0(AMMONIUM)
1) To the salt solution add NaOH
solution. Warm
Smell of ammonia.
Gives white dense
fumes when a glass rod
dipped in HCl is
introduced.
Brown ppt
Pre. of ammonium confirmed
1) Potassium iodide test :
To the salt solution add KI
solution
Yellow ppt
Pre. of lead confirmed
2) Potassium chromate
test :
To the salt solution add
k2CrO4 solution
Yellow ppt
Pre. of lead confirmed
Chocolate coloured
precipitate
Pre. of Cu2+ confirmed
White ppt
Pre. of Cu2+ confirmed
Deep blue colour
Pre. of Cu2+ confirmed
Blue ppt floating in
colourless solution
Pre. of aluminium confirmed
White ppt soluble in
excess of NaOH
Pre. of aluminium confirmed
2) To the salt solution add NaOH
solution. Warm. Add Nesslers
reagent
Pre. of ammonium confirmed
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 1(LEAD)
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 2(Copper)
1) To the salt solution add few
drops of potassium
ferrocyanide solution and
acetic acid.
2) To the salt solution add acetic
acid and potassium iodide
solution.
3) To the salt solution add NH4OH
solution.
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 3(Aluminium)
1) The white ppt obtained is
dissolved in dil.HCl
Add 2 drops of blue litmus
solution. Then add ammonium
hydroxide dropwise till blue
colour develops.
2) Add excess of NaOH to the salt
solution
3) Ash test is conducted with the
group ppt
Blue ash
Pre. of aluminium confirmed
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 4(Zn2+)
1) The white ppt obtained in gp.4
is dissolved in dil.HCl
And divided into two
a) To one part add NaOH in
drops
b) To the second part add
pot.ferrocyanide solution
2) Ash test is conducted with the
group ppt
a) White ppt soluble Pre. of Zn2+ confirmed
in excess of NaOH
b) White/bluish
Pre. of Zn2+ confirmed
white ppt
Green ash
Pre. of Zn2+ confirmed
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 5(Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+)
Test for Ba :
Potassium chromate test :
1) To the salt solution add K2CrO4
solution.
2) Flame test is conducted with
the group ppt.
Test for Sr :
1) Add ammonium sulphate to the
salt solution.
2) Flame test is conducted with
the group ppt.
Test for Ca :
1) To the salt solution add
ammonium oxalate solution.
2) Flame test is conducted with
the group ppt.
1) Yellow ppt
Pre. of Ba confirmed
2) Grassy green
flame
Pre. of Ba confirmed
1) White ppt
Pre. of Sr confirmed
2) Crimson red
flame
Pre. of Sr confirmed
1) White ppt
Pre. of Ca confirmed
2) Brick red flame
Pre. of Ca confirmed
1) White ppt
Pre. of magnesium confirmed
2) Pale pink ash
Pre. of magnesium confirmed
ANALYSIS OF GROUP 6(Mg2+)
Test for Mg2+ :
1) To the salt solution add
ammonium phosphate
solution.
2) Ash test is conducted with
group ppt