Parts of speech
Mariam Mushtaq

What is speech and what are its parts?

 Nouns are words that name people
, places
, things
, or ideas
.
Example

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1.
Common
Name of general or nonspecific people, places, things, or ideas.
Examples: man
, city, religion, airline
2.
Proper
Name of specific people, places, things, or ideas.
Examples:
Imran Khan
, Lahore, Islam, PIA
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3. Abstract
The name of something that you cannot perceive with your five senses.
Examples: happiness, love, pride, religion, belief
4. Concrete
The name of something that you can perceive with your five senses.
Examples: eyes, lion, suitcase, flower , chocolate
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5. Countable Noun can be counted.
Examples: clock/clocks and pencil/ pencils
, movie, train
6. Uncountable
Noun cannot be counted.
Examples: milk, rice
, snow, rain, water, food andmusic
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7.
Compound N oun are made up of twoor more smaller words.
Examples: eyeglasses, New York, sunflower
8.
Collective Noun refers to a group of things as onewhole.
Examples: bunch, audience, flock, team
, group, family
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9.
Singular Noun refers to one person, place, thing, oridea.
Examples: cat, ship, hero
, monkey, baby
10.
Plural Noun refers to more than one person, place, thing,or idea.
Examples: cats, ships, heroes
, monkeys, babies
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11.
Possessive Noun shows ownership.
Examples:
Dad's car, the student's books and Ali's hat

Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns. The distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that they can be substituted for other nouns.
Examples- I, you, me, his, we, she, he, her, they, it etc.

Personal Pronouns are those which stand for the names of persons. They take the place of nouns and are used as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
Examples:
• I got a free pass.
• My aim is high.
• Rosy is the daughter of mine.

Reflexive Pronouns are those which are objects and which refer to the same persons as the subjects of the verbs. They end in self
& selves.
Examples
• I washed myself.
• We organized the party all by ourselves.
• Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.

Demonstrative Pronouns are those which point out things, as this, these, that and those. Because they convey a high degree of specificity and distinctiveness in pointing out ("demonstrating") a referent;
They are showing words.
Examples
• This is my answer.
• That was too much for me.
• These are good mangoes.

Relative pronouns make up another class of pronouns. They are used to connect relative clauses to independent clauses.
Often, they introduce additional information about something mentioned in the sentence.
Relative pronouns include that , what , which , who , and whom . Traditionally, who refers to people, and which and that refer to animals or things.

Indefinite pronouns are used when you need to refer to a person or thing that doesn’t need to be specifically identified.
Some common indefinite pronouns are one, other, none, some, anybody, everybody, and no one .
• Everybody was late to work because of the traffic jam
• Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen.

Intensive Pronoun look the same as reflexive pronouns, but their purpose is different. Intensive pronouns add emphasis.
• Did you yourself see Loretta spill the coffee?

Those designating possession or ownership.
Examples include: mine, its, hers, his, yours, ours, theirs, whose.
• This cat is mine .
• Are these bananas yours ?
• Is the fault theirs or yours

Interrogative pronouns are used in questions. The interrogative pronouns are who , what , which , and whose .
• Who wants a bag of jelly beans?
• What is your name?
• Which movie do you want to watch?
• Whose jacket is this?

Adjective
A word which modifies noun or pronoun. It enhances the impactof noun or pronoun .

Examples:
Adjective modifying noun:
• Large elephant
• Empty house
Adjective modifying pronoun:
• He is brave
• they are good students.

Placement of Adjective:
• It takes its place before as well as after the noun or pronoun which it modifies.
Example:
1. He is a brave man.
2. House was empty.

Degrees of Adjective:
• There are three degrees of adjective.
1) POSITIVE
2) COMPARATIVE
3) SUPERLATIVE

The Verbs:
•
•
•
A verb denotes an action, feeling or being of a subject (noun).
The train moves .
The guest arrived yesterday.

Importance:
 The verb plays a sole of backbone of a sentence without a verb you never complete your sentence.

Types of Verb
 Transitive verb .
 Intransitive verb .
 Auxiliary verb .

Transitive Verb:
 The verb in which an action Transit or transmit itself from subject into object is called transitive verb .
 Examples:-
Subject Function
Object
 Ali killed a tiger.
 Farhan played hockey.

Transitive Verb Examples:
 Major Aziz Bhatti won Nisha-e-Haider.
 Question:
Who was Nisha-e-Haider?
 Answer:
Major Aziz Bhatti (Subject).
 Question:
Major Aziz Bhatti won what?
 Answer:
Nisha-e-Haider (Object).

Intransitive Verb:
 The verb in which an action that performs by a subject does not transmit itself into object and is still continue (action or verb)is called intransitive verb.
 In the other words the verb in which only subject exist is called intransitive verb.
 Examples:
 She looks pretty.
 He works well.
No objects
Not

Auxiliary Verb:
 Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs.
They are used to help the principal verbs.

Auxiliary Verb Examples:
 You were cycling.
 I shall thrash you.
 Pakistan has defeated India.
 Cycling, Thrash and Defeated are main or principle verbs.
 Were, Shall and Has are Auxiliary verbs.

Adverb
• Basically, most adverbs tell u how ,where or when some thing is done. In other words, they describe the manner, place or time of an action.
•
•
•
Some Examples of Adverbs are :
She sings sweetly.
He writes neatly.
Ahmad smiled cheerfully.

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Place determining adverb.
Manner determining adverb.
Time determining adverb.
Frequency determining adverb.
Quantity/Degree determining adverb.
Purpose/Reason determining adverb.
Affirmative/Negation

Some adverbs and adverbs phrases answer the question “where?”.
They are called adverb of place.
Examples:
• The boys are playing upstairs.
• The dog is in the garden .
• It’s very sunny but cold outside.
• I’ve lived here for about twoyears.

Adverb of Manner
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things.
Examples:
• He was driving carelessly.
• The plane landed safely.
• Ali plays guitar skillfully .
• The girls answered all the questions correctly .
• The team played wonderfully .

Adverb of Time
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “when?”
They are called adverb of time.
Examples:
• The train has already left.
• We moved into our new house last week .
• Our favorite T.V. program starts at 6’o clock
• We shall now begin to work.
• He comes here daily.

Adverb of Frequency
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how often an action isdone”
They are called adverb of frequency.
Examples:
• The children always go to school on the bus.
• I clean my bedroom everyday .
• Dad polishes his shoes twice a week.

Adverb of Quantity/Degree
It shows how much , or in what degree or to what extent.
Examples:
• The sea is very stormy.
• I am fully prepared.
• These mangoes are almost ripe.
• He was too careless.

Adverb of Purpose/Reason
The adverb which tells about a reason is called adverb of reason.
Examples:
• He is hence unable to refute the charge.
• He therefore left school.
• We all go for a picnic just for enjoyment.

Adverb of
Affirmation/Negation
The adverb which says yes if it is yes and no if it is no.
Examples:
• I don’t know.
• Surely you are mistaken.
• He certainly went.

Formation of Adverbs
Most adverbs are formed by adding
–ly to their corresponding adjectives. Examples are: kindly(kind),slowly(slow),hardly(hard),sweetly
(sweet) etc.
 She is very beautiful (adjective).
 She is beautifully (adverb) dressed.
 He is a strange (adjective) person.
 He behaved strangely (adverb).

Points to be Noted
1) If the adjective end in
–y, replace it with
–i and then add
–ly examples are:
• Happy Happily
• Angry
• Gentle
Angrily
• Lucky Luckily
2) If the adjectives ends in
–able
,
-ible or
–le
, replace the
–e with
–y
. Examples are:
• Probable Probably
Gently
• Horrible Horribly

3) If the adjective ends in
–ic
, add
–ally
.
Examples are :
• Basic
• Economic
Basically
Economically
This rule ,however, has an exception. The adverb formed from public is publicly , not publically

.

• The word which joins two phrases, clauses or sentences.
• For example:

• Coordinate conjunction
Coordinate conjunction is to join words, phrases and clauses together, which are usually grammatically equal.
Example :
 Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.
 I wanted to buy a car but I had no money.

Subordinate conjunction
• These conjunction are those that introduce subordinate clause and join them to mainclauses.
Example:

She cannot come back because she is ill.

The patient had died before the doctor came.

Interjections are the words that express strong feelings or emotions which are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence.
Oh, no!
Stop!
Ouch!
Wow!

They can show happiness(Hurrah!),sorrow
(alas!),anger(grrrr!),surprise(aha!) or other emotions.

***Usean Exclamation mark(!) If the emotion is strong***
• Wow! I won thelottery!
***Use a Comma(,) if the emotion is not strong***
• Wow, Ihave a peanut and jelly sandwich for lunch.

 Ouch!
 Oops!
 LOL!
 shit!
 Oh!
Hurrah! wow!
Aha!
Alas!
Aw!

Word or phrase
Aha!
Alas!
Hurrah!
Oops!
Meaning
Surprise, satisfaction
Sorrow
Excitement
Recognition of mistake
Ouch!
Exclamation of pain

• Express the writer’s feelings.
• May be in the end or beginning of a sentence
• Followed by exclamation mark.
• Placed between commas.
• Used in informal writing.

A preposition is a word which is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation with something else in the sentence.

Based on their use in a sentence,the prepositions are divided into categories of:
• Preposition of place
• Preposition of time
• Preposition of movement

Preposition of place refer to those preposition which can be used to show where something is located.

Here are some examples for preposition ofplace:
Above, up, after, on, before, against, by, behind, below, along, near, down, in, at, across, inside, between, over
• The aero plane is flying above the clouds.
• The dog buried the bone under theground.
• Our house is at the end of the street.
• The cat ran across the road.

A preposition of time helps to link the noun or pronoun with a time value. It functions as an indicator as to what point of time did an event occur.

Here are some examples for preposition of time:
About, before, for, by, around, in, ago, at, past, since, to, on, after, until, between, during
The train is about an hourlate.
The class begins at 8 o’ clock.
Pakistan has been independent since 1947.

A preposition of movement is used to show movement to or from aplace.

Here are some examples for preposition of movement: Down, past, into, behind, up, onto, through, off, over, on, across, at, by, for, after, towards
• The cat has climbed up a tree.
• The children got off the bus.
• She ran along the pavement.
• The bus goes towards the market

Based on the construction of prepositions themselves, the prepositions are of four different kinds:
Simple Prepositions
•Double Prepositions
•Compound Prepositions
•Participle Prepositions

Prepositions that consist of one word and are very simple to understand. These are the most basic prepositions and are used frequently.

Here are some examples for simple prepositions: Above, under, around, through, after, on, before, about, among, behind, along, near, down, in, at, across, between, over
• The paper is on my desk.
• The man was standing under the tree.
• I will meet you near your house at 5 p.m.
• She is currently staying in a hotel.

Double prepositions are two prepositions, but are joined to make a whole new one.

Here are some examples for double prepositions: Inside, outside, into, onto, upon, up to, within, without, amid
Outside the house lies a beautiful garden.
It is up to us to find a way out.
The dog jumped onto the bed.
Once upon a time, there lived a king.

Compound prepositions are two word prepositions. Unlike double prepositions, compound prepositions are not joined and turned into one word. They remain as two differentwords.

Here are some examples for compound prepositions: According to, apart from, close to, because of, far from, next to, rather than, instead of, out of, due to, relating to, in front of
• My car is parked in front of the house.
• Rita was never close to her parents.
• She cannot stay here as of now.
• His behavior is far from normal.

Participle prepositions are basically participles used as prepositions. A participle is actually a verb that ends with ‘-en’ or ‘-ing’.

Here are some examples for participle prepositions: Concerning, during, excluding, given, following, failing, respected, provided, pending, considering, notwithstanding, including
• Ram is always curious about anything concerning Shyam.
• Everybody was invited to the function barring small children.

specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun. An article is used to indicate the reference that is made to a noun whether the noun refers to something specific or not. There are only three articles in
English: a, an and the.

• The Definite Article [the]
• The Indefinite Article [a and an]

Definite articles imply that the noun is
'specifically identifiable', there is only one definite article, and its "the." We use
"the" for uncountable, singular and plural nouns. We use the when the thing spoken about is already mentioned.

Indefinite refers to 'identifiable in general.' The indefinite article a/an, occurs when the listener is not expected to identify the object specifically.
A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before. If a word begins with a vowel sound, use"an," and if it begins with a consonant sound use"a."