Chapter 1
Introduction
Rationale
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4P's) is a Condition Cash
Transfer (CCT) program that gives cash subsidy or cash grants such as
Health Grant and Education Grant to poor Filipino families with children 0-18
years old and to pregnant mothers, accompanied that they will comply with
the conditions set by the program objectives such as Social Assistance and
Social Development. The 4Ps gives financial support to the beneficiaries
monthly. 4Ps provides cash assistance to poor families to alleviate their
immediate needs. The importance of this program is that, it has a big
contribution in the development of the Filipino families because it have lifted
millions of people around the country and from around the world from poverty.
We researchers aim to discuss the different views of the student beneficiaries
regarding the goals of the program particularly on its contribution to them and
how would they like to assess the current framework of the program.
Brazil and Mexico were the first countries to implement the concept of
a CCT program. Since then, many countries, including the Philippines through
its 4Ps,
have implied this program. In short, the 4Ps is the Philippines’ version of the
CCT program. The beneficiaries are chosen among the poorest households or
families through the use of Targeting System. The households are then
assessed according to whether they do or do not suitable to receive the
benefits of the program. These monetary grants that the beneficiaries receives
are used for health and nutrition purposes and as well as on education
purposes. As stated by the World Bank staff, Pantawid has become the third
largest CCT program globally next only to Brazil and Mexico. The 4Ps is by far
the largest poverty reduction and social development program the Philippine
government has ever implemented.
In this study, we researchers will determine the contribution and the
effectiveness of the 4P's program in helping the parents particularly the Grade
11 students of Maragusan National High School in their financial problems. To
the government, the result of this study is important for it provides them the
knowledge on how to plan effectively to meet the goal of providing assistance
to the poor and to the poorest who really needs their primary help and
financial assistance. To the parents, this study will help them to work harder,
make them tougher in what challenges they might face and this will help them
attain their responsibilities through the help of the government and make it as
their inspiration. It will also help them realize that significance of this program.
In the same way, this study needs to be conducted for we aim to let the 4P's
beneficiaries particularly the Grade 11 students beneficiaries know how
important and how big this CCT program will contribute to them. The findings
of this study will encourage them to give more time to study and will inspire
them to finish schooling. We researchers has browsed a lot of researches in
the locale setting and found out that no one is conducting this study that is
why we choose to conducted this study thus for the sake of the beneficiaries.
We researchers have browse a lot of research in locale settings and
found out that no one is conducting this particular topic in their study, thus we
decided to create our research title as 4Ps: The contribution of 4Ps in the
financial problems of the Grade 11 students of Maragusan National High
School. The contribution of 4Ps is really essential for it really helps on the
financial problems of the students and also it aids the continuation of its
contribution to all. Therefore, the performance of the students upon complying
their financial problems are at stake.
Research Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to measure the contribution of
4Ps in the financial problems of the Grade 11 students. Specifically, this study
aimed to answer the following problems:
1. What is the extent of 4Ps in terms of:
a. Access to Education
b. Health Services
2. What is the level of contribution of 4Ps in the financial problems of the
Grade 11 students in therms of:
a. Health
b. Education
c. Financial management
3. What is the significant relationship between 4Ps and its contribution in the
financial problems of Grade 11 students.
4. Which domain of 4Ps that significantly influence its contribution in the
financial problems of Grade 11 students.
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
1. There is no significant relationship between 4Ps to the financial
problems of the Grade 11 students.
2. There is no domain in 4Ps that significantly influence its contribution
in the financial problems of Grade 11 students.
Review of Related Literature
In this part are the literature and studies in line with the present study.
This will provide a ground for better understanding about the variables being
used. Theories, principles and concept excerpt from different authors relevant
in this study are discussed in this section to give reliable sources to elaborate
the different variables under scrutiny.
On 4PS
4p's is a social program on Philippines that entails monetary and nonmonetary transfer to the poor or poorest families that have school-age
children on the condition that they meets certain terms that are aimed at
improving their capacities: they improve their health. As stated by Cecechini
(2012), Nutrition and Education are the target of the especially to the poor
families with children 0-14 years old to improve health, nutrition, and the
educational cash transfer. This is to support extremely poor families to
respond to their immediate needs, and by investing the heath and educational
of the poor students, to fulfill it's commitment to the Millenium Development
Goals (MDGS) specifically in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, in
achieving universal primary education (Albert, 2014). As stated by Ory et al.
(2010), Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program(4ps) is a human development
session assessed by the government CCT program.
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program Objectives is to provide cash
grants to the beneficiaries provided that they comply with the set of conditions
by the program. The Pantawid Pamilya Program provides the poorest of the
Filipino children through access to education and health services and giving
the families the opportunities and inventions that can complement the
investment made to them. The 4Ps aims to assess social assistance, giving
monetary support to extremely poor families to respond to their immediate
need, and also they give health check-ups for pregnant mothers and children
deworming and family development sessions. 4Ps also helps to fulfill aspects
of poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting
gender equality, reducing child morality and improving maternal health care
(Albert, 2014).
Meanwhile, as mentioned above in the introduction of this study, 4Ps is
the Philippines’ version of the Condition Cash Transfer (CCT) program. It is a
program concept that gives cash subsidy to poor families in the world. Also,
Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) is adopted in some countries such as Brazil,
Columbia and Mexico. The Philippine inactively adopted locally the CCT. The
program was engaged to lessen poverty in the country. The program would
help the poor family to fill their needs. It also provides the financial aid of the
poor families in a certain area (Tahilog et.al, 2017). As stated by Somera
(2010), A CCT Program is a social contract whereas it provides financial
resources to a family in exchange of family’s fulfillment in task that are given
to them like sending their children to school in ensuring it’s attendance,
regular visits to baranggay or community health centers, also they are obliged
to participate in government sponsored feeding program. As mentioned by
Rubio (2005), the CCT program addresses both future poverty by fostering
human capital accumulation among the young as a means of breaking the
Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty and current poverty by providing
income support for consumption in the shott run. The goal of this program is to
prevent Intergenerational Transference of Poverty and helps to break the
infinite cycle of poverty by providing the children a suitable education to help
them develop their capacities for a better future (Bloom, 2008).
Accordingly, The National Household Targeting System for Poverty
Reduction (NHTSPR) is the process used by the government that identifies
who and where the poor families are are in the country. The 4P's operates in
all the 17 regions in the Philippines, covering 79 provinces, 143 cities, and
1,484 municipalities. Beneficiaries are selected through the National
Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR), which
identifies who and where the poor are in the country. As of August 26, 2015,
there are 4,353,597 active household beneficiaries, of which 570,056 are
indigenous households and 217,359 have at least one PWD. The program
also covers 10,235,658 schoolchildren aged 0 to 18, from the total registered
with an average of two to three children per household (Albert, 2014).
Meanwhile, Poverty Targeting is the decision making process used by the
government and agencies on selecting and choosing the deserving family
recipient for the program after the National Household Targeting System for
Poverty Reduction (NHTSPR) process. As stated by Somera (2010),
the
target of 4P’s are the poor households with children that aged 0-18 years old
and who care located in poor areas.
Also, The Family Development Session (FDS) was implemented by the
Department of Social Welfare and Development. They are encouraging the
Local Government Unit (LGU) to make it a policy. DSWD assured that the
LGU will going to respond positively in implementing the FDS program. The
directors of DSWD-7, Ma. Evelyn Macapobre was presenting the FDS
program to be implemented as a policy. “We encourage the LGU, to pass a
local policy in strengthening FDS in their locality” said Macapobre. She also
state that, through the local policy, they could able to determine the various
subject matter experts that they could make it more understandable to
differentiate the certain session. Example, they could utilize and manage to
discuss about the health nutrition by a right nutritionist, dietitian and if it is
about the peace and order the police would take change to give discussion to
the beneficiaries to aim new skills that will improve their self and additional for
that, FDS will impart the beneficiaries to possess knowledge on parental role
and responsibilities on issues such as health, nutrition, education, protection
and the psychological needs of their children. The program also advocates
the importance to have a positive family values that is worthy of emulation,
strengthening marital relationship and encouraging each individual to actively
participate in their community. They also have a monthly discussion session;
the program also requires couples who are beneficiaries to attend monthly
sessions for them to understand more the importance of having and
implementing the program. Discussing the significance of family planning and
responsible parenthood and to expose their awareness in various issues
within the community (Freeman, 2017).
On Contribution of 4Ps in the Financial Problems of the students
This study aims to know the contribution of 4Ps in terms of financial
problem to the students and to the poor households. The program was
contributed greatly to school performance and awareness of the students.
Through this program, students will be able to pay their school contribution
and buy their school supplies. The program provides cash grant to poor
families to help their needs immediate needs. At the same time, it aims to
break the “intergenerational poverty” by investing a human capital. The latter
is achieving by improving conditions in exchange for the cash assistance the
program gives to the beneficiaries (Cuesra, 2014; Tutor, 2014; Onishi, 2013).
The Pantawid Pamilya grants are paid directly though their own Land Bank of
the Philippines (LBP) accounts. Grants are remitted through the beneficiary
households' LBP accounts or they withdrawn from Automated Teller Machine
(ATM) or through one-one-one counter transactions. The responsibility of
managing the cash grants to the mother. Experience in CCT program shows
that women made relatively better use of grant money by using it to purchase
food, or other necessities. If the mother is absent or no longer part of the
household, the 4Ps also allows another member of the household to be the
grantees in the orders of the father, grandparents or guardian with the subject
of verification, endorsement and monitoring by the Municipal Social Worker.
Grants were paid quarterly during 2008-2010, but DSWD changed to bimonthly payments starting the first quarter of 2011 (Philippine Social
Protection Note, 2011; Mina, 2011; Reyes, 2011).
On Education Component, A total of 1,768 students from the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4PS) under the Expanded Students Grants-InAid Program for Poverty Alleviation ( ESGP- PA) recently finished college.
Beneficiaries of the Program are required to take up courses that are among
those identified with the National Development Plans manpower demands
(Guardo, 2018). In the same way, this program help the students to finish their
studies, and many of the students graduated with their degrees. These
students graduated from the five partner- SUCS in Central Visayas. These are
Cebu Pechnological University (CTU), with 662 graduates; followed by Bohol
Island
State
University
University(CNU),
with
(BISU),
306
with
619
graduates,
graduates,
Negros
Cebu
Normal
Oriental
State
University(NORSU) with 112 graduates and Siquijor State College(SSC), with
70 graduates. Out of the 1,768 graduates, 200 received, Latin Honors and
Leadership Awards. Therefore through the program many of the students
graduated (Bloom, 2016). Meanwhile, the study of the Philippines Institute of
Development Studies (PIDS) shows that children who finishes High School
get better ways up to 40% higher than an elementary graduate. Over 10.8
million children gets good benefits from the program. On April 2018,
approximately 200,000 beneficiaries were graduated from Senior High School
which also means that they are now also graduated from the program (Pinol,
2017). Accordingly, 4P's will give PHP 3,000 per child for one school year
which is 10 months to be exact to meet his/her educational expenses. Each
family-beneficiary receives cash for up to a maximum of three children under
the educational grant.
At the same time, Social Assistance gives financial support to
surpassingly poor families to sustain their immediate and primary needs.
Every child in elementary school
they receive Php. 300.00, while those
secondary students receive Php. 500.00 for 100 months. It is only limited to 3
children per household. This education conditionalities and transfer are
substantially larger to the health care payouts (DSWD, 2017). As stated by
Cento Fante (2015) , 4p's Program leads to an increase in the school
participation rate 3.0 percentage points among children aged 6-14 conditional
cash transfer program is the mother program where the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program of the Philippines Government was derived. In this program,
the less fortunate were given the privilege to enjoy cash assistance from the
government.
Similarly, Social Development resolves the Intergenerational poverty
Cycle by infusing in the health and nutrition of poor children through programs
such as deworming of schoolchildren aged 6 to 14 years old, enrollment of
children in daycare, elementary and secondary schools and family
development sessions. Under the health component, the 4P's will give PHP
6,000 annually which is PHP 500 per month to each family-benefiary for their
health and nutrition expenses (Orbeta, 2013; Velarde and Fernanadez, 2011;
Santiago, 2010). Meanwhile, The 4P’s implementation has helped learner’s
child labor incidence and child abuse. In some cases there are two
interrelated mechanism to fight child labor. First, through cash subsidy, it has
helped to reduce schoolings direct case. 85% of the school days per month of
the children are the exchange of cash subsidy (Gee, 2010).
Meanwhile on Human Rights, While 4Ps design aligns with the overall
start obligation to ensure the progressive realization of citizen's human rights,
this does not mean that human rights practice is meaningfully mainstream in
this program. Studies reviewed for this series have not surfaced any initiatives
to use 4Ps as an opportunity to increase the awareness of the beneficiaries
on their basic rights—clearly a missed opportunity. Mainstreaming human
rights in the program may contribute to the empowerment of the beneficiaries,
who will be aware of their rights and responsibilities as citizens. Opportunities
for rights claiming of the beneficiaries can also be improved, such as the
maximization of grievance mechanisms and creating more spaces for the
active participation of the beneficiaries beyond the traditional program
operations. A holistic rights-based approach to governance will show that the
4Ps is only part of what should be a whole gamut of development programs
available. Aside from the education and health needs of the poor families,
their immediate and long term needs also ought to be supported adequately.
Key here is ensuring that the government development agenda harmonizes
all existing interventions so that in efficiencies are minimize and positive
impacts reach those who need them the most. Admittedly, popularizing human
rights within the 4Ps program is an enormous endeavor, particularly in the
need to capacitate its implementors. Still, simple changes can be put in place
as in changing the common term beneficiaries to partners in order to
emphasize
the
roles
of
the
member-households
beyond
the
set
conditionalities. The DSWD will need the support of the academe and civil
societies in improving the 4Ps according to human rights standard (Linco,
2017; philrightorg, 2017).
The goal of 4Ps is to achieve improvements in human capital. It seems
to have great potential in enhancing educational attainment and improving
nutrition and health outcome base on the experience of other countries who
had also implemented the CCT or the Conditional Cash Transfer (Tabungu,
2012). As a result, the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) has greatly
contributed to the school performance and has raised awareness to the
school personnel and recipients such as identifying its strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threats (Dela Torre, 2012). Students and pupils got a very
satisfactory benefit from the assistance give by the program in terms financial
problems. Through this program students will be able to pay their
contributions in school, and they are able to buy those things that can be used
in school (Montella, 2015). The sign of success of the implementation of the
Pantawid Pamilya and its targeting system, combined with the government to
address the high degree of vulnerability among Filipinos since the program
launched on 2008 that doubled from 2010 t 2011 has grown by more than 10
folds. The impact evaluations of this program show that CCTs can be a good
instrument to address present and future poverty issues of the country
(Official Gazette, 2016).
Conceptual Framework
This part intend to establish a conceptual framework and to introduce
our independent and dependent variables with its indicators as shown in
figure 1.
The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) provides the cash
grants to the beneficiaries provide that they comply with the set of conditions
required by the program. The 4Ps has dual objectives as the flagship poverty
alleviation program of
Independent Variable
4P’s
1. Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino
Program Objectives
2. Conditional Cash Transfer
(CCT)
3. National Household
Targeting System of
Poverty Reduction
(NHTSPR)
4. Family Development
Session (FDS)
Dependent variable
Contribution of 4P’s in the
Financial Problems of
grade 11 students
1. Education
Component
2. Social Assistance
3. Social Development
4. Human Rights
Figure 1. The Conceptual Paradigm of the Study
the Aquino administration: giving monetary support to the poor households to
respond their needs.
The contributions of 4P’s are the social assistance and social
development. It breaks the intergenerational poverty cycle by investing the
education, health and nutrition conditions. It is require through periodic checkups, growth monitoring and vaccination for children aged 0-5 years of age;
deforming of schoolchildren 6-14 years old; prenatal care for
pregnant
woman; and attendance of parents in family development sessions; and also
the enrollment of children in daycare, elementary and secondary schools (De
Jesus, 2011. Accordingly, The 4Ps also helps the Philippine government in
fulfilling its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) mainly
in eradicating poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education,
promoting gender equality, reducing child morality and mostly in improving
maternal health care (Albert, 2014; Attanasio et. Al, 2010; Glewne, 2010). This
study aims to know the contribution of 4Ps in terms of financial problem to the
students and to the poor households. Th program was contributed greatly to
school performance and awareness of the students. Through this program,
students will be able to pay their school contribution and buy their school
supplies.
The variables of the study are the 4Ps as independent variable and
contribution of 4Ps in the financial problems of Grade 11 students as the
dependent variable. 4Ps has the following indicators: Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program Objectives, Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), National
Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTSPR) and the Family
Development Session (FDS). While the contribution of 4Ps in the financial
problems of Grade 11 students has the following indicators: Social Assistance,
Social Development, Education component and Human Rights.
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program Objectives are objectives which
provide cash grants to the beneficiaries provided that they comply with the set
of conditions by the program (Albert, 2014).
Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT),
is a program concept that gives
cash subsidy to poor families in the world. The program was engaged to
lessen poverty in the country. The program would help the poor family to fill
their needs. It also provides the financial aid of the poor families in a certain
area (Tahilog et.al,2017).
National
Household
Targeting
System
for
Poverty
Reduction
(NHTSPR) is the process used by the government that identifies who and
where the poor families are are in the country. Beneficiaries are selected
through the National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction
(NHTS-PR), which identifies who and where the poor are in the country
(Albert, 2014).
Family Development Session (FDS), The Family Development Session
(FDS) was implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and
Development. It is for encouraging the Local Government Unit (LGU) to make
it a policy. For this reason, they could able to determine the various subject
matter experts that they could make it more understandable to differentiate
the certain session (Freeman, 2017).
Education Component, in which the beneficiaries of the program are
required to take up courses that are among those identified with the National
Development Plans manpower demands. In the same way, this program help
the students to finish their studies, and many of the students graduated with
their degrees (Guardo, 2018).
Social Assistance, in which it gives financial support to surpassingly
poor families to sustain their immediate and primary, needs (DSWD, 2017).
Social
Development,
in
which
this
program
resolves
the
Intergenerational poverty Cycle by infusing in the health and nutrition of poor
children through programs (Orbeta, 2013; Velarde and Fernanadez, 2011;
Santiago, 2010).
Human Rights, In which mainstreaming human rights in the program
may contribute to the empowerment of the beneficiaries, who will be aware of
their rights and responsibilities as citizens (Linco, 2017; philrightorg, 2017).
Significance of the study
One of the beneficiaries of this study is the government specifically the
Philippine Health Insurance Corp. (Phil-Health) and the Department of Social
Welfare and Development (DSWD). For which the result of this study is
important for it provides them the knowledge on how to meet the goal of
providing assistance to the poor and to the poorest whom really needs their
primary and financial help. They will indicate Social Development by investing
in capability building. They will be able to break Intergenerational Poverty
Cycle. The Partnership of the Philippine Health Insurance Corp. and the
Department of Social Welfare and Development is covering more of the
country's poorest families. They agreed to provide health care for the poor.
DSWD said that there are more than 4.4 million 4Ps beneficiaries covered by
Phil-Health. The partnership has strengthened the government's commitment
to give poor families access to medical and health services as stated by
Corazon Soliman, the DSWD secretary.
Another beneficiary of this study is the Parents. This study will
motivate them to work harder, make them tougher whatever challenges they
might face and encounter. This will also help them attain their responsibilities
through the help of the government and make it as their inspiration. Each
family-beneficiary will be receiving one sack of rice, PHP 500.00 per month
and they will also get benefits from the programs that the 4Ps have such as
Health check-ups for pregnant mothers and Health check-ups for their
children. The assigned Parent-Leaders also from every “baranggay” will be
receiving PHP 3,000.00 as their annual allowance. This will serve as their
compensation for performing their duties in monitoring the lifestyle od their
4Ps co-beneficiaries.
And lastly the Students, for the findings of this study will encourage
them to give more time to study and will inspire them to finish schooling. The
4Ps will be helping them to provide financial problems. Through this program,
they will be able to pay their school fees, buy their projects and help them pay
the cost of their uniforms and requirements. This study will help them express
their feelings, emotions, opinions and perspective. This will help to be able or
them speak up and be heard by the government.
Definition of Terms
This are the important terms that are being define operationally in the
study.
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. As indicated in this study, it is the
Conditional Cash Transfer of the Philippines.
Conditional Cash Transfer. As indicated in this study, it is a program concept
that gives cash subsidy to poor families in the world.
Beneficiaries. As indicated in this study, it is the people whom will be
receiving cash subsidy from the program.
World Bank. As indicated in this study, it is the source/bank where the money
or cash that will be given to the beneficiaries came from.
National Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction. As
indicated in this study, it is the process used by the government who and
where the poor families are in the country.
Poverty Targeting. As indicated in this study, it is the decision making
process used by the government and agency on selecting or choosing the
deserving family recipient for the program.
Department of Social Welfare and Development. As indicated in this study,
it is one of the part of the government that agreed to help the 4Ps
beneficiaries.
Philippine Health Insurance Corp. As indicated in this study , it is also one
of the government units that agreed to help the 4Ps beneficiaries when it
comes to their health aspects.
Benefits. As indicated in this study, this refers to financial and non-financial
help of the program to each family- beneficiary.