Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. The _____ scaling research technique is used to provide a map of emotions.
A) multidimensional
B) thematic apperception
C) James–Lange hedonic
D) multi-emotion space
2. The two dimensions of the multidimensional scaling of emotions are:
A) positive valence and negative valence.
B) high arousal and low arousal.
C) valence and arousal.
D) positive and negative.
3. June is interviewing for a job. She is required to undergo psychological testing. During
the testing, the psychologist noted many of her responses indicated emotionality of
excitement and astonishment. On an emotion map, the emotions “excited” and
“astonished” have _____ arousal and _____ valence.
A) low; negative
B) high; negative
C) low; positive
D) high; positive
4. Which emotion is characterized as low arousal and negative valence?
A) alarmed
B) annoyed
C) depressed
D) serene
5. _____ is defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular
level of physiological activity.
A) Emotion
B) Drive
C) Motivation
D) Valence
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6. William James believed that different emotional experiences are the result of different:
A) expectancies about a situation.
B) physiological responses.
C) interpretations of the same physiological response.
D) histories of reinforcement and punishment.
7. Certain drugs suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, the branch of the
autonomic nervous system associated with increases in heart rate, respiration, and
adrenaline release. If a drug could block this system altogether, William James would
predict that:
A) emotions could not be experienced.
B) negative valence emotions could not be experienced.
C) high arousal emotions could not be experienced.
D) the physiological changes accompanying the experienced emotion might be
missing.
8. According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, emotional experiences are triggered
by:
A) conditioned stimuli.
B) expectancies.
C) physiological activity.
D) high valence events.
9. According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, an emotional experience is the _____
of physiological activity in the autonomic nervous system.
A) cause
B) trigger
C) opponent-process
D) consequence
10. The James–Lange theory of emotion asserts that you will not experience _____ without
first experiencing _____.
A) physiological activity; emotion
B) interpretation of an event; emotion
C) emotion; interpretation of an event
D) emotion; physiological activity
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11. The _____ theory of emotion suggests that you become happy as a result of smiling and
laughing.
A) James–Lange
B) Cannon–Bard
C) Schachter–Singer
D) Skinner–Watson
12. Walking through the dense woods, observing the fauna, John feels something grab him
from the back. His heart and respiration rate spike. Immediately thereafter, he becomes
very fearful. This sequence of events is best explained by which theory?
A) Cannon–Bard
B) James–Lange
C) Smith–Schaefer
D) two-factor
13. According to the James–Lange theory of emotion, if you stumbled onto a snake on a
hike in the mountains, you would first _____ and then _____.
A) experience fear; cognitively process the sighting
B) cognitively process the sighting; experience fear
C) experience fear; react physiologically
D) react physiologically; experience fear
14. Which theory of emotion states that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the
body and emotional experience in the brain?
A) Klьver–Bucy
B) James–Lange
C) Cannon–Bard
D) two-factor
15. Alice, a freshman in high school, is walking home from school. Jim, one of the “cool”
boys in her class, approaches her and asks to walk with her. All of a sudden she
experiences a feeling of excitement and, at the same time, she notices that her heart is
pounding. The _____ theory of emotion BEST explains this reaction.
A) Cannon–Bard
B) Skinner–Watson
C) James–Lange
D) LeDoux–Freud
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16. Which statement is NOT a reason that Walter Cannon and Philip Bard disagreed with
the James–Lange theory?
A) The reaction of bodily responses is too slow to account for the rapid onset of
emotional experience.
B) We often have trouble detecting differences in our own bodily responses, so we are
not likely to experience these changes as emotion.
C) Because nonemotional stimuli can also trigger bodily responses, we should also
feel emotions when we have a fever.
D) Emotions may occur in the absence of physiological arousal, so emotions should be
felt continuously.
17. Certain drugs suppress the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, the branch of the
autonomic nervous system associated with increases in heart rate, respiration, and
adrenaline release. If a drug could block this system altogether, Walter Cannon would
predict that:
A) emotions could not be experienced.
B) negative valence emotions could not be experienced.
C) high arousal emotions could not be experienced.
D) the physiological changes accompanying the experienced emotion might be
missing.
18. Research on emotion has led to the conclusion that:
A) the James–Lange theory has no merit.
B) the Cannon–Bard theory has no merit.
C) both the James–Lange and the Cannon–Bard theories were correct in some aspects.
D) the James–Lange theory is discredited, whereas the Cannon–Bard theory is fully
supported.
19. If you believe that subjective emotional states are determined by the labels you attach to
your internal feelings of arousal, you are most likely to subscribe to the _____ theory of
emotion.
A) James–Lange
B) Cannon–Bard
C) Schachter–Singer
D) Skinner–Watson
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20. The primary difference between the Schachter–Singer theory and the older theories of
emotion is that the Schachter–Singer theory emphasizes:
A) physiological changes.
B) conscious thoughts.
C) overt behaviors.
D) classical conditioning.
21. According to the Schachter–Singer two-factor theory of emotion, a key factor in
determining which emotion we feel is:
A) how often we have experienced this emotion in the past.
B) our level of physiological arousal.
C) the visceral pattern elicited by the emotion.
D) our cognitive interpretation of the situation.
22. James–Lange is to Schachter–Singer as _____ is to _____.
A) cognitive processes; emotion
B) autonomic reactivity; labeling of emotional states
C) autonomic reactivity; physiological activity
D) labeling of emotional states; cognitive processes
23. According to Schachter and Singer, the emotion experienced by participants who were
injected with adrenaline and then exposed to a confederate of the experimenter who
acted giddy was due to:
A) activation of the amygdala in the participant.
B) the behavior of the confederate and not due to the adrenaline.
C) activation of the frontal cortex by the adrenaline.
D) the participant interpreting the arousal as happiness.
24. Isaac wants to exploit findings consistent with the Schachter and Singer theory to
maximize his chances that sparks will fly on his first date with Rebecca. Which of these
might Isaac do?
A) take Rebecca on a roller coaster ride
B) buy Rebecca flowers
C) arrive 10 minutes late to pick her up
D) wear a red shirt
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25. Which statement about specific emotions and physiological reactivity is true?
A) All emotions show the same basic pattern of physiological reactivity.
B) Anger produces the largest decrease in finger temperature.
C) Fear and disgust produce a higher galvanic skin response (sweating) than sadness
or anger.
D) Anger, fear, and sadness produce a lower heart rate than disgust.
26. Which statement best reflects our current understanding of emotion and the body?
A) Physiological arousal causes emotions.
B) Cognitive processes and not physiological arousal causes emotions.
C) Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of
emotional experiences.
D) Bodily activity and mental activity both cause emotional experiences.
27. _____ is an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a particular stimulus.
A) Appraisal
B) Labeling
C) Regulation
D) Valence
28. Which brain structure plays a critical role in the appraisal of emotions?
A) cerebellum
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) sensorimotor cortex
29. Recent research suggests that the primary role of the amygdala is to:
A) monitor the need for a food stimulus.
B) facilitate short-term memory.
C) provide evolutionary information to the frontal cortex.
D) appraise the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus.
30. During surgery, Heinrich Klьver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a
monkey named Aurora, inadvertently causing the monkey to:
A) become hypersexual.
B) stop eating.
C) react in fear to snakes.
D) react in fear when handled by experimenters.
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31. During surgery, Heinrich Klьver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a
monkey named Aurora. The most striking feature of Aurora's behavior after the surgery
was that she:
A) refused to eat nutritious food, preferring food that was spoiled.
B) lost all interest in sex.
C) stopped fearing snakes but increased her fear of humans.
D) was extraordinarily calm in the presence of stimuli that previously elicited fear.
32. What was the most important finding related to emotion that came from Klьver and
Bucy's research with monkeys?
A) Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of fear.
B) Results confirmed that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of fear.
C) Results confirmed that the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of anger.
D) Results confirmed that the frontal lobe plays a role in the emotion of anger.
33. People with bilateral amygdala damage have problems recognizing facial emotions of
both:
A) happiness and anger.
B) disgust and anger.
C) happiness and sadness.
D) surprise and fear.
34. The so-called fast emotion pathway leads from the _____ directly to the amygdala.
A) hypothalamus
B) pituitary gland
C) pineal gland
D) thalamus
35. The so-called fast pathway leads from the _____ directly to the amygdala, whereas the
so-called slow pathway leads from the thalamus to the _____ and then to the amygdala.
A) hypothalamus; cerebellum
B) pituitary gland; thyroid gland
C) pineal gland; hypothalamus
D) thalamus; cortex
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36. If you stumble upon a tarantula in the woods, your brain will transmit information about
that stimulus to the _____ through two routes, the “fast pathway” and the “slow
pathway.”
A) frontal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) pituitary gland
37. The neuronal wiring between the thalamus and the amygdala allows us to:
A) recognize the location of a stimulus.
B) make rapid decisions about our environment without having to wait for cortical
input.
C) analyze the identity and importance of the stimulus.
D) compare the visual image of the stimulus with known threat images.
38. Because the amygdala receives information from the thalamus before it receives
information from the cortex, you:
A) are hard-wired to fear snakes.
B) can be afraid of something without knowing exactly what it is.
C) would be best served to delay making important decisions for 24 hours.
D) will only have fast emotional responses to life-and-death situations.
39. What is the role of the cortex in a fear response to a stimulus?
A) It initiates the fear response.
B) It is involved in the fast pathway that immediately triggers an increase in heart rate.
C) It either stops or sustains the fear response once the threat has been identified.
D) It is part of the slow pathway that opposes the fast pathway.
40. Kelly sustained a severe head injury in a skiing accident. Following a limited recovery
from the accident, the family has been advised that damage to Kelly's _____ will likely
make it difficult for her to inhibit her emotions.
A) thalamus
B) cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala
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41. A person who is asked to inhibit imagined emotions such as fear or happiness will show
elevated activity of the _____ but decreased activity of the _____.
A) amygdala; cortex
B) hypothalamus; thalamus
C) cortex; amygdala
D) thalamus; hypothalamus
42. The cognitive and behavioral strategies we use to influence our emotional experience
are collectively called:
A) active appraisal.
B) cognitive control.
C) emotion regulation.
D) behavioral control.
43. Slaton immediately becomes upset when his football coach yells at him and yanks him
from the game. Sitting on the sideline a few minutes later, Slaton tells himself that the
coach is only trying to make him a better player. He begins to feel better, illustrating the
process of:
A) reappraisal.
B) emotional communication.
C) two-factor theory.
D) threat detection.
44. Appraisal is to reappraisal as:
A) right is to wrong.
B) amygdala is to cortex.
C) thalamus is to cortex.
D) fight is to flight.
45. Angry because she had to endure a class she finds dreadfully boring, Susanna decided to
use reappraisal to change her emotional state. Which action will be most effective?
A) Pledge to go jogging each day after class.
B) Start thinking of the course as preparation for her future career.
C) Make a date to meet friends for lunch before class.
D) Form a study group that meets weekly.
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46. When his mother asks when he will be home, Rudy finds that he feels better emotionally
if he:
A) returns home early.
B) ignores her question.
C) interprets her question as a sign of caring.
D) interprets her question as nagging.
47. Our _____ is the most powerful nonverbal means of communicating emotion.
A) facial expression
B) posture
C) gait
D) gaze direction
48. Our facial musculature allows for _____ unique configurations.
A) 10
B) 16
C) 1,000
D) 10,000
49. A person with damage to the nerves serving the zygomatic major muscle would be
expected to have difficulty showing a:
A) smile.
B) frown.
C) look of disgust.
D) look of anger.
50. Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that:
A) all individuals process emotions in the same way.
B) appraisal of stimuli causes a universal reaction.
C) all animals exhibit emotions.
D) emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.
51. Darwin's universality hypothesis is supported by scientific studies in which:
A) animals accurately react to the emotional expressions of other animals.
B) people accurately judge the emotional expressions of members of other cultures.
C) all individuals react with fear when they see a spider.
D) people find it difficult to identify anger outside their own culture.
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52. Regarding emotional expressions, which statement is FALSE?
A) Congenitally blind people exhibit deficits in emotional expression.
B) Newborn infants exposed to a bitter taste make a disgust face.
C) People are quite accurate at judging the emotional expressions of members of other
cultures.
D) Preliterate cultures are just as accurate at gauging emotional expression as literate
cultures.
53. Research has suggested that there are _____ basic emotions that are universal.
A) 6
B) 8
C) 16
D) 46
54. Evidence suggests that all of these emotions are universal EXCEPT:
A) anger.
B) humility.
C) disgust.
D) surprise.
55. What do these six emotions have in common: happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, anger,
and disgust?
A) They are expressed very differently in Eastern and Western cultures.
B) They are universally reflected in facial expressions.
C) They are learned within the first three years of life.
D) They all have a positive valence.
56. While on an expedition to discover the lost city of Atlantis in the Amazon basin, your
party is captured by a group of people who have never contacted the outside world,
cannot read or write, converse in a language that you do not recognize, and are pointing
sharp spears at you. What is the BEST way of communicating that you are not a threat?
A) Try to converse in sign language.
B) Hold your hands up over your head.
C) Smile at them.
D) Draw a “peace” sign in the dirt.
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57. A smile is a(n) _____ of happiness.
A) symbol
B) sign
C) linguistic expression
D) arbitrary representation
58. According to the facial feedback hypothesis:
A) emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
B) emotional experiences produce emotional expressions.
C) facial expressions are poor indicators of emotional experience.
D) facial expressions are symbols that provide others with information about an
individual's emotional state.
59. Which statement does NOT describe an example of the facial feedback hypothesis?
A) Making the sound of a long e can make you feel happier.
B) Holding a pencil in your teeth can make you feel happier.
C) Smiling may cause you to feel happier.
D) Holding a pencil in your mouth can make you feel happier.
60. Dr. Faber explained to her students that holding a pen in their teeth would make them
feel happier. What is the main reason for this?
A) Holding a pen in your teeth sends emotion signals to the pleasure center in the
brain.
B) Holding a pen in your teeth contracts the muscles of the face in the same way as a
smile.
C) Feeling silly with a pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.
D) Seeing others' reactions to the pen in your mouth causes you to feel happier.
61. Jerry is feeling sad. His roommate Bob has just learned of the facial feedback
hypothesis. To help Jerry feel better, he tells Jerry to:
A) open a thesaurus and slowly pronounce words that are synonyms of happiness.
B) apply a cold compress to his face for 30 minutes.
C) hold a pencil in his pursed mouth for a few minutes.
D) force a smile every few minutes.
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62. When we see people expressing emotions such as anger, fear, and joy we use
information from all of these to interpret their feelings EXCEPT:
A) their body
B) their tone of voice
C) the words they use
D) the social context
63. When researchers showed participants faces from pictures of tennis players who had
either just won a point or lost a point and asked them to guess whether the athlete was
experiencing a positive or negative emotion, results indicated that participants:
A) were consistently able to tell the difference between the two types of emotion.
B) labeled the positive emotions correctly more often than the negative.
C) labeled the negative emotions correctly more often than the positive.
D) were unable to tell whether the emotions were positive or negative.
64. The main reason people often mimic the facial expressions of others is that:
A) doing so has been reinforced from an early age.
B) it facilitates the formation of like-minded groups.
C) it lets others know that they feel the same way about an issue.
D) it helps them figure out what others are feeling.
65. A person who has suffered damage involving the _____ is less likely to be able to
recognize expressions of fear and anger in the faces of other people.
A) spinal cord
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus
66. Display rules are the norms for the:
A) social interaction of a group.
B) control of emotional expression.
C) posing of persons for a photograph.
D) showing of a painting at an art gallery.
67. A judge uses the display rule of _____ to prevent showing an emotion during court
arguments by opposing counsel.
A) neutralizing
B) deintensification
C) prioritizing
D) masking
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68. Which display rule is a poker player MOST likely to use when interacting with others at
the table?
A) intensification
B) deintensification
C) masking
D) prioritizing
69. Unable to keep a secret, Stephanie's best friend told her she would be given roses on her
birthday. Even though she knew ahead of time about the flowers, Stephanie pretended to
be surprised. Which display rule was she using?
A) deintensification
B) masking
C) neutralizing
D) intensification
70. Although members of the soccer team were crushed when they lost the championship,
they tried not to look as upset as they felt. Which display rule were they using?
A) deintensification
B) masking
C) neutralizing
D) intensification
71. Although Principal Morris is only slightly irritated with Jamie, the class clown, she
expresses anger at Jamie's behavior. Which display rule is Principal Morris using?
A) deintensification
B) masking
C) neutralizing
D) intensification
72. Alejandro is a con man who marries older women and then robs them of their money.
When Gertrude, his current wife, expresses her love, Alejandro is filled with disgust.
Yet he tries to look at her affectionately as he says, “I love you too, my beautiful
flower.” Which display rule is Alejandro using?
A) deintensification
B) masking
C) neutralizing
D) intensification
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73. Spartans were instructed never to outwardly express emotion, no matter what they were
feeling. Spartans tended to use which display rule?
A) opposition
B) masking
C) neutralizing
D) intensification
74. In _____ cultures, there is a strong norm against displaying _____ in the company of a
respected person.
A) Western; positive emotions
B) Asian; negative emotions
C) Western; negative emotions
D) Asian; positive emotions
75. Which characteristic indicates to a trained observer that a person's smile is NOT
sincere?
A) The smile includes a crinkling of the corners of their eyes.
B) The smile is slightly lopsided.
C) The smile lasts for about 3 seconds.
D) The smile engages the zygomatic major muscle.
76. Coach Parlier knew that Felicia's smile was not sincere because she was smiling with
her mouth but not “with her eyes.” What feature allowed the coach to determine this?
A) symmetry
B) duration
C) morphology
D) temporal patterning
77. “Reliable muscles” in the face are so termed because they:
A) are always involved when we fake an emotional expression.
B) can stay contracted for greater than 30 seconds.
C) are not engaged during simple micro-expressions.
D) tend to resist conscious control.
78. All of these are characteristics of a lie EXCEPT it:
A) often lacks expressions of spontaneous correction and self-doubt.
B) usually is less-detailed than a truthful statement.
C) is given with little hesitation after the question is asked.
D) is spoken more slowly than a true statement.
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79. Which behavior is often exhibited by someone who is lying?
A) speaking rapidly
B) responding to questions with little detail
C) avoiding eye contact
D) responding quickly to questions
80. People have a strong bias:
A) toward believing that others are sincere.
B) against believing the veracity of statements from strangers.
C) against believing the veracity of statements from members of the opposite gender.
D) toward skepticism when evaluating whether someone is telling the truth.
81. The correlation between a person's ability to detect lies and the person's confidence in
that ability is:
A) moderately positive.
B) strongly positive.
C) strongly negative.
D) essentially zero.
82. Which statement about polygraph lie detection is true?
A) Polygraphs can detect lies with accuracy greater than chance.
B) Lie detectors are slightly worse than humans at detecting when people are lying.
C) Polygraphs are rarely used by business and government agencies.
D) Polygraphs have an extremely low false-positive error rate.
83. Of these, which is the BEST reason against using polygraph machines at airports to
detect terrorists?
A) Research has failed to demonstrate that polygraph machines can detect liars at
greater than chance levels.
B) People can be trained to beat a polygraph; we would never catch a single terrorist.
C) We would detain thousands of innocent people for every terrorist that we
identified.
D) It is estimated that the polygraph would add 20 minutes to the check-in process.
84. _____ refers to the purpose for or psychological cause of an action.
A) Emotion
B) Motivation
C) Expression
D) Cognition
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85. Both emotion and motivation share a common linguistic root, which means to:
A) feel.
B) know thyself.
C) move.
D) express.
86. Emotion and motivation are functionally connected in that:
A) people are motivated to act because of their emotions.
B) highly motivated people tend to express little emotion.
C) being motivated causes one to experience emotion.
D) emotion inhibits motivated action.
87. People with Capgras syndrome:
A) usually experience no emotion.
B) often believe that one or more family members are imposters.
C) often believe that they are in direct communication with God.
D) usually believe that Earth is about to be attacked by aliens.
88. Capgras syndrome is associated with damage to the:
A) amygdala.
B) corpus callosum.
C) connections between the thalamus and the occipital lobe.
D) connections between the temporal lobe and the limbic system.
89. Research comparing the emotional responses of Capgras patients and normal control
participants to familiar and unfamiliar faces demonstrated that:
A) Capgras patients exhibited almost no emotional response to either face type.
B) Capgras patients exhibited similar, moderate emotional responses to both face
types.
C) normal control participants had a much stronger emotional response to familiar
faces, and Capgras patients had a much stronger emotional response to unfamiliar
faces.
D) normal control participants had a much stronger emotional response to unfamiliar
faces, and Capgras patients had a much stronger emotional response to familiar
faces.
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90. Which person is most likely to believe that she will win the $300 million lottery prize?
A) Debbie, who just lost her job and worries about how she will pay the bills
B) Jenny, who is extremely happy because she just met a wonderful guy
C) Sonya, a statistician working for an investment firm
D) Raylene, who is suffering from clinical depression
91. People unable to experience emotion have problems:
A) unscrambling words.
B) describing the weather.
C) making decisions.
D) engaging in logical reasoning.
92. The hedonic principle refers to the view that humans are motivated to:
A) pass on their traits to their offspring.
B) gain knowledge.
C) take risks.
D) seek pleasure and avoid pain.
93. Liz chooses activities that give her pleasure. However, she regularly submits to painful
allergy shots. How does the hedonic principle BEST explain this apparent
contradiction?
A) The pleasure of receiving relief from allergies outweighs the pain of having the
shots.
B) Liz has built up a tolerance to the injections and no longer feels the pain.
C) The pain of the injections outweighs the pleasure of receiving relief from allergies.
D) Her allergist has convinced Liz that the injections will help her lose weight.
94. According to the hedonic principle, we are likely to:
A) experience emotion in the same way as our parents.
B) see ourselves as fat even when we are of average weight.
C) fill our schedules with difficult coursework.
D) skip an early morning class if we already have an “A” in it.
95. _____ are natural tendencies for members of species to seek a particular goal, according
to _____.
A) Motives; Walter Cannon
B) Drives; Charles Darwin
C) Instincts; William James
D) Impulses; Sigmund Freud
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96. Behaviorists objected to explanations of behavior based on instincts for all of these
reasons EXCEPT:
A) behaviorists believed that an appeal to instincts did not constitute an explanation of
behavior.
B) behaviorists focused on external, not internal, causes of behavior.
C) behaviorists believed that complex behavior was learned.
D) behaviorists rejected the theory of natural selection.
97. An internal state caused by physiological needs is called a(n):
A) drive.
B) instinct.
C) need.
D) hedonic principle.
98. Which of these is MOST associated with a drive reduction account of motivation?
A) James
B) Hull and Spence
C) Watson
D) Maslow and Rogers
99. A system that engages in homeostasis, when confronted with an increase in a particular
state, will:
A) initiate processes to further enhance that state.
B) initiate processes to decrease that state.
C) shut down.
D) attempt to identify the causes of the enhanced state.
100. When a rat presses a lever, it occasionally produces a food pellet. The rat presses the
lever hundreds of times, earning many food pellets. Hull and Spence would argue that
lever pressing is reinforced by the:
A) expectation of the food pellet.
B) taste of the food pellet.
C) feel of the depressed lever.
D) reduction in hunger.
101. Which pair is a correct match of a person and a theory?
A) Freud; homeostasis
B) Maslow; hierarchy of needs
C) Watson; instinct theory
D) James; psychoanalytic theory
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102. Eric is struggling to make enough money to shelter and clothe his family. According to
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Eric is attempting to meet which of his needs?
A) belongingness and love
B) esteem
C) safety and security
D) self-actualization
103. According to Abraham Maslow, _____ needs are the first to be satisfied, while _____
needs are the last.
A) esteem; safety and security
B) self-actualization; belongingness
C) belongingness; physiological
D) physiological; self-actualization
104. Duane is struggling in his relationship with his new girlfriend, Eva. Although he loves
spending time with Eva, doing so results in less time spent with his friends. Maslow
would predict that:
A) Duane probably has a job and a place to live.
B) Duane is self-actualized.
C) Duane's struggles are probably the result of his failing to make enough money to
occasionally take Eva out to dinner.
D) Duane's relationship difficulties stem from his constant internal struggles over his
esteem needs.
105. Which statement about ghrelin is FALSE?
A) It is produced by the stomach.
B) It signals the brain to turn hunger on.
C) Its release impairs learning and memory while we are hungry.
D) It causes those who are injected with it to eat about 30 percent more than usual.
106. _____ stimulates eating, while _____ suppresses it.
A) Leptin; ghrelin
B) Leptin; glucagon
C) An anorexigenic signal; an orexigenic signal
D) An orexigenic signal; an anorexigenic signal
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107. Which statement about leptin is true?
A) It is produced by fat cells.
B) It signals the brain to switch hunger on.
C) When injected into rats, it leads to obesity.
D) It increases the reinforcing value of food.
108. After Randy followed a hearty dinner with two pieces of lemon meringue pie, it's likely
that his body sent a(n) _____ signal to his _____.
A) anorexigenic; lateral hypothalamus
B) orexigenic; lateral hypothalamus
C) anorexigenic; ventromedial hypothalamus
D) orexigenic; ventromedial hypothalamus
109. Anorexigenic is to orexigenic as:
A) ghrelin is to leptin.
B) satiety is to hunger.
C) lateral hypothalamus is to ventromedial hypothalamus.
D) obesity is to starvation.
110. When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, rats will:
A) press a bar for food to the point of exhaustion.
B) overeat to the point of regurgitation.
C) starve to death in a cage full of food.
D) eat excessive amounts of sugary food, but avoid foods high in protein.
111. Following a major cerebral vascular accident, Sean became very obese. In investigating
the cause of the obesity, the physician may determine that the _____ was damaged in
the accident.
A) ventromedial hypothalamus
B) ventral occipital area
C) ventrolateral area of the thalamus
D) lateral hypothalamus
112. Holly is a severely underweight seventh-grader who nonetheless believes she is fat. It is
likely that Holly is suffering from:
A) ghrelin deficiency syndrome.
B) a metabolic disorder.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.
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113. Jean frequently eats unusually large amounts of snack foods and then makes herself
purge. It is likely that Jean is suffering from:
A) acid-reflux.
B) impaired thyroid activity.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) bulimia nervosa.
114. Gisela is anorexic. It is likely that she can be described by all of these EXCEPT:
A) “high-achieving.”
B) “impulsive.”
C) “perfectionist.”
D) “distorted body image.”
115. Who is most at risk for anorexia?
A) Ryan, a 16-year-old on the swim team
B) Lauren, a 45-year-old who works as a waitress downtown
C) Melissa, a 16-year-old who makes top grades in all her classes
D) Briana, a 10-year-old who has few friends
116. Which statement about anorexia is FALSE?
A) It affects more females than males.
B) There appear to be both cultural and biological causes of anorexia.
C) Anorexics have high levels of the hunger-stimulating hormone, ghrelin, in their
blood.
D) The risk of anorexia continues to increase until approximately age 30; thereafter, it
decreases.
117. America's most pernicious and pervasive eating-related problem is:
A) high-protein diets.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) bulimia nervosa.
D) obesity.
118. A person whose body mass index is over _____ would be defined as obese.
A) 5
B) 10
C) 25
D) 30
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119. With respect to obese individuals, which statement is FALSE?
A) Others judge their romantic partners more negatively than the romantic partners of
non-obese individuals.
B) On average, they earn 20 percent less than others.
C) They have lower self-esteem than others.
D) They have a lower quality of life than others.
120. Which statement about obesity is true?
A) Overeating is the only cause of obesity.
B) There is a strong genetic component to obesity.
C) Approximately 10 million Americans die each year from obesity-related illnesses.
D) Obesity is associated with high self-esteem.
121. Julian is super-morbidly obese. His body does not respond to signals to shut off hunger.
Julian's body is _____-resistant.
A) leptin
B) ghrelin
C) cortisol
D) testosterone
122. A survival strategy used by our ancestors to avoid starvation was:
A) preferring low-calorie foods.
B) constantly searching for nuts and berries.
C) storing excess calories as fat.
D) increasing the metabolism when hungry.
123. Our ancestors from a million years ago tended to prefer to eat:
A) high-fat foods.
B) green vegetables.
C) low-calorie foods.
D) foods low on the glycemic index.
124. The rate at which energy is used in the body is called:
A) digestion.
B) absorption.
C) metabolism.
D) rumination.
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125. Once we gain a certain level of body fat, it is difficult to lose the fat. A key reason that
our body resists weight loss is that:
A) we prefer low-energy foods.
B) leptin levels rise during a fast, which makes us hungrier.
C) ghrelin levels drop during a fast, which stimulates fat deposition.
D) dieting tends to decrease our metabolism.
126. The hormone responsible for the initial onset of sexual desire at about the age of 10 is:
A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) DHEA.
D) progesterone.
127. Hormones involved in sexual interest and in the changes of puberty include all of these
EXCEPT:
A) testosterone.
B) estrogen.
C) DHEA.
D) ghrelin.
128. Females of most mammalian species (among them dogs, cats, and rats) are most
interested in sex when they:
A) are ovulating.
B) feel a strong urge to reproduce.
C) are injected with alcohol.
D) have high testosterone and low estrogen levels.
129. An important difference between female rats and human females is that:
A) female rats do not have a menstrual cycle.
B) female rats are interested in sex only during ovulation.
C) human females are not interested in sex during ovulation.
D) human females are interested in sex only during ovulation.
130. Research has suggested that _____ may be the hormonal basis of the sex drive in
women, and _____ may be the hormonal basis of the sex drive in men.
A) estrogen; estrogen
B) estrogen; testosterone
C) testosterone; testosterone
D) testosterone; estrogen
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131. Which statement about sexual interest is FALSE?
A) Women given testosterone will show a decrease in sexual interest.
B) Men masturbate more than women.
C) Women have less permissive attitudes toward sex than men.
D) Men tend to have more sexual partners than women.
132. Which pair is a correct match of investigators and a research topic?
A) Watson and Skinner; unconscious sexual motivation
B) Freud and Jung; extrinsic motivation
C) Masters and Johnson; physiological measures of human sexual activity
D) McClelland and Atkinson; hierarchy of needs
133. During the _____ phase of the human sexual response cycle, there is increased blood
flow to the sexual organs.
A) resolution
B) plateau
C) orgasm
D) excitement
134. The correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response cycle is:
A) excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
B) plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm.
C) orgasm, plateau, excitement, resolution.
D) resolution, orgasm, plateau, excitement.
135. Which statement about human sexual activity is true?
A) Women rarely fake orgasms.
B) Males experience ejaculation during the excitement phase.
C) The sexual refractory period is longer for men than for women.
D) Some 15 percent of males have never experienced an orgasm.
136. In terms of the reasons people report for having sex:
A) men and women tend to be fairly similar.
B) men are more likely than women to provide “I was horny” as a reason.
C) women are more likely than men to provide “I was attracted to the person” as a
reason.
D) men rarely provide reasons associated with affection or love.
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137. Mark puts in long hours studying for his psychology tests. He already has an A in the
course, but he really has a desire to know the material well. Mark's behavior is
characteristic of:
A) extrinsic motivation.
B) drive reduction theory.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) incentive-motivation theory.
138. Ten-year-old Marla loves to read, whether she is rewarded for it or not. This is an
example of:
A) extrinsic motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) unconscious motivation.
D) motivated drive reduction.
139. Extrinsic motivation is illustrated when we:
A) work at a job to earn money that can buy food.
B) eat a French fry because it tastes good.
C) exercise because it feels good.
D) listen to music that we enjoy.
140. A kindergarten teacher who gives her pupils sugar-free lollipops when they finish their
coloring is using _____ to motivate them.
A) an extrinsic reward
B) an intrinsic reward
C) an unconscious motivation
D) achievement motivation
141. The ability to _____ is a better predictor of school grades than is _____.
A) work hard; social class
B) delay gratification; IQ score
C) control emotions; IQ score
D) delay gratification; social class
142. A problem with using rewards to motivate behavior is that rewards:
A) increase the behavior instead of decrease it.
B) have been shown to not alter motivation levels.
C) may undermine intrinsic motivation.
D) may undermine extrinsic motivation.
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143. Some school districts across the United States are considering paying children to attend
school. This strategy is likely to _____ because _____.
A) succeed; it makes an intrinsic activity into an extrinsic activity
B) succeed; it makes an extrinsic activity into an intrinsic activity
C) fail; it makes an extrinsic activity into an intrinsic activity
D) fail; it makes an intrinsic activity into an extrinsic activity
144. Parents decide to implement the following plan to reduce swearing in their two
adolescent daughters. Each time a girl swears, she is fined a penny. Results from the
motivation literature suggest that this strategy is likely to _____ because _____.
A) succeed; pennies add up to large fines over time.
B) succeed; it provides an extrinsic reason not to swear.
C) fail; it decreases the intrinsic reinforcement associated with saying swear words.
D) fail; mild threats can actually increase the desirability of taboo behavior.
145. A motivation of which one is necessarily aware is a(n):
A) extrinsic motivation.
B) conscious motivation.
C) need for achievement.
D) intrinsic motivation.
146. The motivation to solve worthwhile problems is termed:
A) extrinsic motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) need for achievement.
D) approach motivation.
147. According to the hedonic principle, pleasure:
A) necessarily overrides pain in motivating behavior.
B) exists independently of pain.
C) is to be avoided due to its sinful nature.
D) is defined as the absence of pain.
148. Research suggests that, all else being equal, _____ tend to be more powerful than
_____.
A) approach motivations; avoidance motivations
B) extrinsic motivations; intrinsic motivations
C) avoidance motivations; approach motivations
D) rewards; punishments
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149. If given the opportunity to bet on a coin flip that would pay them $10 if they are right
and cost them $8 if they are wrong, most people _____ take the bet because _____ .
A) will; the odds are stacked in their favor
B) will; the majority of people like to gamble
C) will not; they will lose 50 percent of the time
D) will not; losing $8 feels worse than winning $10
150. The President goes on national television to justify a tax increase. If the President is
well-versed in the literature on psychological motivation, he or she will emphasize the:
A) programs that will be cut if taxes are not raised.
B) programs that will be funded if taxes are raised.
C) fact that the tax increase is rather small compared to the taxes paid by other
nations.
D) fact that lower-income families will not be subject to the tax increase.
151. Prevention focus is to _____ as promotion focus is to _____.
A) emotion; motivation
B) avoidance; approach
C) unconscious; conscious
D) long-term; short-term
152. Existential terror deals with the:
A) fear of marriage.
B) inevitability of death.
C) anxiety associated with sex.
D) phobic fear of breathing.
153. According to terror management theory, we manage our existential terror by creating:
A) artificial approach-–avoidance conflicts.
B) extrinsic sources of motivation.
C) cultural worldviews.
D) prenuptial agreements.
154. _____ is a shield that buffers us against the anxiety that knowledge of our own mortality
creates.
A) The mortality-salience hypothesis
B) Terror-management theory
C) Intrinsic motivation
D) A cultural worldview
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155. According to terror management theory, which of these would NOT be a cultural
worldview?
A) the Buddhist religion
B) a public opinion poll on preference between two presidential candidates
C) shared beliefs about right and wrong among Generation X
D) shared hopes of a symbolic immortality held even by atheists
156. Amir is of the Islamic faith. According to the mortality-salience hypothesis, if reminded
of the inevitability of his own physical death, Amir probably will:
A) convert to Christianity.
B) abandon religion entirely.
C) grow stronger in the Islamic faith.
D) deny the inevitability of his own physical death.
157. In multidimensional scaling, emotions are mapped on the two dimensions of appraisal
and valence.
A) True
B) False
158. The emotion of misery is associated with high arousal and negative valence.
A) True
B) False
159. The multidimensional map of emotions suggests that emotional responses are either
good or bad.
A) True
B) False
160. The James–Lange theory of emotion suggests that without physiological reactions, there
would be no emotions at all.
A) True
B) False
161. The James–Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions trigger physiological
reactions.
A) True
B) False
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162. The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion suggests that physiological responses are a
reaction to emotions.
A) True
B) False
163. The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion posits that every emotion is associated with a
unique pattern of physiological activity.
A) True
B) False
164. The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion posits no causal relation between physiological
activity and emotional experience.
A) True
B) False
165. Cannon and Bard proposed the two-factor theory of emotion.
A) True
B) False
166. Schacter and Singer believed that different emotional experiences are the result of the
brain differentially interpreting the same pattern of general physiological arousal.
A) True
B) False
167. You will be more likely to report that a person is attractive if you meet him or her
immediately after intense physical exercise.
A) True
B) False
168. Research has demonstrated that all emotional experiences are the result of different
interpretations of the same physiological state.
A) True
B) False
169. Anger produces a much larger increase in finger temperature than any other emotion.
A) True
B) False
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170. The hypothalamus plays an important role in the experience of emotion by appraising
the stimuli.
A) True
B) False
171. A rhesus monkey with Klьver-Bucy syndrome will exhibit no fear of being handled by
trainers.
A) True
B) False
172. The fast pathway of threat detection involves the cortex.
A) True
B) False
173. The fast pathway of threat detection involves the thalamus.
A) True
B) False
174. Adults with cortical damage have trouble experiencing emotion.
A) True
B) False
175. When asked to inhibit emotion, people exhibit more cortical activity and less amygdala
activity.
A) True
B) False
176. Humans attempt to regulate their emotions by using both behavioral and cognitive
strategies.
A) True
B) False
177. It is usually not possible to change an emotional response to a stimulus.
A) True
B) False
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178. Reappraisal, one of the most effective strategies for emotion regulation, involves
changing the way we think about an object or event.
A) True
B) False
179. The cortex appears to be necessary for reappraisal to occur.
A) True
B) False
180. Most attempts at emotion regulation involve trying to turn a low-arousal emotion into a
high-arousal emotion.
A) True
B) False
181. Observers can often estimate someone's emotional state by considering, among other
things, posture.
A) True
B) False
182. Different patterns of muscle contraction in the face can result in approximately 10,000
unique facial expressions.
A) True
B) False
183. There are six major muscles in the face that give rise to 43 different facial expressions.
A) True
B) False
184. The orbicularis oculi muscle pulls our lip corners up when we smile.
A) True
B) False
185. We are not very accurate at judging the emotional expressions of members of other
cultures.
A) True
B) False
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186. Congenitally blind persons, because they have never seen a human face before, have
trouble making the six universal facial expressions.
A) True
B) False
187. Evidence suggests that the facial expressions of at least six emotions are universal.
A) True
B) False
188. The facial expression of surprise appears to be universal.
A) True
B) False
189. The facial expression of confusion appears to be universal.
A) True
B) False
190. Facial expressions are symbols of emotion, whereas physiological arousal levels are
signs of emotion.
A) True
B) False
191. Facial expressions are the result, but never the cause, of emotion.
A) True
B) False
192. Participants who were shown pictures of tennis players who had either just won a point
or just lost a point were able to tell who was experiencing a positive emotion versus a
negative emotion based solely on viewing the athletes' bodies.
A) True
B) False
193. People rate others as more hostile if they are extending their middle finger while doing
so.
A) True
B) False
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194. Simply holding a pencil with your teeth may help improve your mood.
A) True
B) False
195. The main function of facial mimicry is emotion regulation.
A) True
B) False
196. Reappraisals are norms for the control of emotional expression.
A) True
B) False
197. Someone with a poker face is using the display rule of masking.
A) True
B) False
198. Display rules for emotional expression are the same in all cultures.
A) True
B) False
199. Sincere facial expressions are more symmetrical than insincere expressions.
A) True
B) False
200. Sincere facial expressions are longer lasting than insincere expressions.
A) True
B) False
201. Sincere facial expressions tend to have abrupt onsets and offsets.
A) True
B) False
202. People tend to speak more slowly when they are telling a lie.
A) True
B) False
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203. Most people score little better than chance when trying to detect lies.
A) True
B) False
204. Most people have a strong bias toward believing that others are sincere.
A) True
B) False
205. Polygraphs can detect lies at a rate significantly better than chance because they have
low error rates.
A) True
B) False
206. The words emotion and motivation share a common linguistic root meaning “to
express.”
A) True
B) False
207. People with Capgras syndrome suffer from amnesia and forget the names of their family
members.
A) True
B) False
208. Capgras syndrome is caused by damage to the neural connections between the temporal
lobe and the limbic system.
A) True
B) False
209. People who cannot experience emotion due to brain damage usually suffer severe
impairments in logical reasoning.
A) True
B) False
210. People who cannot experience emotion due to brain damage are more likely to make
reckless bets.
A) True
B) False
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211. Most of us are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
A) True
B) False
212. The hedonic principle is a very old theory of motivation.
A) True
B) False
213. The hedonic principle states that people will never willingly subject themselves to
painful stimuli.
A) True
B) False
214. William James believed that much of human motivation was governed by instincts.
A) True
B) False
215. Behaviorists embraced explanations of behavior based on instincts because these
explanations did not contain a cognitive element.
A) True
B) False
216. Homeostasis refers to the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
A) True
B) False
217. Hull and Spence believed that organisms behave in ways to increase internal drive
levels.
A) True
B) False
218. John Watson was a proponent of using internal drives to explain motivated behavior.
A) True
B) False
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219. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is shaped like a ladder.
A) True
B) False
220. The need for belongingness and love sits atop Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
A) True
B) False
221. The most deferrable need, according to Maslow, is the need for self-actualization.
A) True
B) False
222. The more basic a need is, the lower its place in Maslow's hierarchy.
A) True
B) False
223. If your body needs energy, it sends an orexigenic signal to tell the brain to switch
hunger on.
A) True
B) False
224. Ghrelin is an orexigenic signal.
A) True
B) False
225. Ghrelin is produced in the hypothalamus.
A) True
B) False
226. Leptin is secreted by fat cells and functions as an anorexigenic signal.
A) True
B) False
227. Leptin deficiency is associated with anorexia nervosa.
A) True
B) False
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228. When the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed, rats will starve to death in a cage
full of food.
A) True
B) False
229. Bulimia nervosa is a disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.
A) True
B) False
230. Anorexics have extremely low levels of ghrelin in their blood.
A) True
B) False
231. Anorexia typically strikes young women in their early 20s.
A) True
B) False
232. America's most pervasive eating-related problem is obesity.
A) True
B) False
233. We often eat out of habit, even when we are not hungry.
A) True
B) False
234. People who have obese romantic partners are judged negatively relative to people who
have non-obese romantic partners.
A) True
B) False
235. Leptin-resistance is associated with obesity.
A) True
B) False
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236. Our evolutionary ancestors, but not present humans, preferred green vegetables to fatty
foods.
A) True
B) False
237. Severely reducing caloric intake increases metabolism.
A) True
B) False
238. The human body begins making DHEA, the hormone involved in the initial onset of
sexual desire, when puberty begins.
A) True
B) False
239. The hormonal basis for sexual motivation is similar for females of most mammalian
species, including humans.
A) True
B) False
240. Sexual desire in human females changes dramatically over the course of the menstrual
cycle.
A) True
B) False
241. Recent research has indicated that men and women think about sex equally often.
A) True
B) False
242. Research has suggested that testosterone may be the hormonal basis of the sex drive in
both men and women.
A) True
B) False
243. The pattern of the sexual response cycle is quite similar for men and for women.
A) True
B) False
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244. The third stage of physiological arousal during sexual activity is orgasm.
A) True
B) False
245. The frequency with which women have orgasms during sex appears to have a large
genetic component.
A) True
B) False
246. Male and female college students report very different reasons for wanting to have sex.
A) True
B) False
247. People work harder when they are extrinsically motivated.
A) True
B) False
248. Intrinsic rewards can undermine extrinsic rewards.
A) True
B) False
249. Motivation research suggests that it is NOT a good idea to reward a child for drawing if
the child already likes to draw.
A) True
B) False
250. The ability to delay gratification is a better predictor of academic success in elementary
school than IQ.
A) True
B) False
251. The need for achievement is considered to be an unconscious motivation.
A) True
B) False
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252. As an action becomes more difficult, awareness of the motivation for engaging in the
action decreases.
A) True
B) False
253. Generally speaking, approach motivations tend to be more powerful than avoidance
motivations.
A) True
B) False
254. Psychologists define pleasure as the lack of pain.
A) True
B) False
255. People with a promotion focus tend to be more motivated by achieving gains than
avoiding losses.
A) True
B) False
256. People with a high need for achievement tend to have a prevention focus.
A) True
B) False
257. Existential terror refers to anxiety induced by the knowledge that evil exists in the
world.
A) True
B) False
258. Cultural worldviews usually are weakened when people are reminded of the
inevitability of death.
A) True
B) False
Page 41
Use the following to answer questions 259-264:
Scenario I
Scenario I. Emotion can be defined as a positive or negative experience that is associated with a
particular pattern of physiological activity. The nature of this association has been intensely
debated throughout the history of psychological science. An early theory of emotion was
postulated by James and Lange. These psychologists argued that stimuli trigger different patterns
of physiological activity in the body, and these in turn produce different emotional experiences
in the brain. Contemporaneously, Cannon and Bard argued that a stimulus independently
produces both physiological activity in the body and an emotional experience in the brain.
Several decades later, Schachter and Singer argued that both of these theories are only partially
correct. According to their two-factor theory, Schacter and Singer postulated that stimuli produce
general physiological arousal which is then interpreted by the brain. Inferences about the causes
of this arousal lead to an emotional experience
259. (Scenario I) According to the _____ theory, emotion is the _____ of physiological
arousal.
A) Cannon–Bard; consequence
B) Cannon–Bard; cause
C) James–Lange; consequence
D) James–Lange; cause
260. (Scenario I) Which of the following is entirely consistent with the James–Lange theory
of emotion?
A) Embarrassment is perceived before blushing begins.
B) Anger and disgust produce different physiological reactions.
C) Anger and fear produce similar increases in heart rate.
D) Happiness and sadness are associated with different physiological responses.
261. (Scenario I) According to the _____, a perception of bodily arousal is NOT required to
experience emotion.
A) James–Lange theory
B) Cannon–Bard theory
C) James–Lange and Cannon–Bard theories
D) two-factor
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262. (Scenario I) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the Cannon–Bard theory of
emotion?
A) Quadriplegics often report blunted emotional experiences to stimuli.
B) Alone on a dark street, the sound of approaching footsteps causes fear and
increases walking pace.
C) Riding a roller coaster with your date might produce feelings of passion.
D) Fearful and surprising stimuli both are associated with pupil dilation.
263. (Scenario I) Which statement is NOT consistent with the two-factor theory of emotion?
A) The range of emotional experiences exceeds the range of physiological responses
to stimuli.
B) Muscle pain is interpreted as desirable while lifting weights at the gym but
considered worrisome while sitting at one's desk.
C) Emotion is partly the product of the brain being exquisitely sensitive to subtle
differences in physiological arousal.
D) Anger and fear produce similar increases in heart rate.
264. (Scenario I) Recent research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
shows that different patterns of cortical activity are associated with different emotions.
This fact is consistent with the _____ of emotion.
A) James–Lange theory
B) two-factor theory
C) the Cannon–Bard and the two-factor theory
D) the James–Lange, Cannon–Bard, and the two-factor theory
Page 43
Use the following to answer questions 265-271:
Scenario II
The following model of emotion is based on the following work:
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotion circuits in the brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23,
155–184.
Psychologist Joseph LeDoux tracked the neural mechanisms underlying the fear response in rats.
Rats were exposed to the sound of a tone followed by an electric shock. After a few tone–shock
pairings, the tone elicited species-typical defense behaviors such as freezing and increased
sympathetic activity (e.g., an increase in heart rate). Using this fear-conditioning paradigm,
LeDoux argued for the existence of both fast and slow neural pathways underlying the fear
response. A particular brain structure (arbitrary labeled “A”) simultaneously routes sensory
information to structures “B” and “C.” In the fast pathway, information is routed to structure
“C”—a limbic structure long known to be involved in emotional experiences such as
fear—where it is rapidly assessed. If appraised as a threat, structure “C” activates the fear
response. In the slow pathway, information travels to other structures in the brain (labeled “B”)
involved in planning and more advanced decision-making. The results of the appraisal by
structure “B” is used by structure “C” to continue or terminate the fear response.
265. (Scenario II) In the fear-conditioning paradigm, what constitutes the unconditioned
stimulus?
A) shock
B) tone
C) increased heart rate elicited by the tone
D) freezing behavior elicited by the shock
266. (Scenario II) Which of these constitutes an operational definition of a learned fear
response?
A) the A-B-C pathway with the structures correctly identified
B) ten pairings of the tone and shock, with a 5-milliamp shock occurring 1 second
after each tone presentation
C) an increase in heart rate elicited by the tone alone as measured by an implantable
telemetry device
D) freezing behavior that occurs after the shock, as measured by locomotor counts in
the pressure-sensitive floor of a testing apparatus
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267. (Scenario II) Brain structure A corresponds to the:
A) cerebellum.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) corpus callosum.
268. (Scenario II) Brain structure B corresponds to the:
A) cortex.
B) thalamus.
C) cerebellum.
D) hippocampus.
269. (Scenario II) Brain structure C corresponds to the:
A) cortex.
B) amygdala.
C) thalamus.
D) medulla.
270. (Scenario II) Damage to the slow pathway may result in an inability:
A) for dangerous stimuli to elicit a fear response.
B) for innocuous stimuli to elicit a fear response (i.e., a false alarm).
C) to make split-second distinctions between dangerous and innocuous stimuli.
D) to curtail a fear response once it is initiated.
271. (Scenario II) Which of the diagrams below best corresponds to the description given in
the scenario?
A) Diagram A
B) Diagram B
C) Diagram C
D) Diagram D
272. Explain how multidimensional scaling can be used to map our emotional landscape.
Identify the two dimensions, and give an example of an emotion in each resulting
quadrant.
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273. On your drive home from school one evening, you are stopped at a light. You see in
your rearview mirror a car approaching at an alarming rate of speed. Realizing that the
car is likely to run into you full force, you experience a number of reactions, both
physiological and emotional. Briefly discuss the classic theories of emotion
(Cannon–Bard theory, James–Lange theory, two-factor theory) as they relate to this
situation.
274. Describe the two brain pathways of “threat detection.” Why is it advantageous to have
two pathways instead of just one?
275. A friend has broken up with his girlfriend of two years and is feeling down. How could
emotion regulation help him? What are two behavioral and two cognitive strategies he
might use to improve his emotional state? What is reappraisal, and how might it work to
your friend's advantage?
276. An actress is filming a scene in which her husband is killed in front of her and she has to
express emotions of uncontrollable grief. For a few hours after filming the scene, the
actress feels sad. Explain why facial feedback might contribute to her feelings of
sadness.
277. Explain how an observer can use facial expression as a cue to discern whether another
person is sincere.
278. Your criminal justice class is holding a discussion on the effectiveness of polygraphs vs.
human lie detection. Which method, if either, do you favor? Give pros and cons for
each. Are humans good at determining whether emotional expressions are sincere? Why
or why not? Include some of the features that you can observe in someone's face that
might give you a hint (consider morphology, symmetry, duration, and temporal
patterning).
279. Describe the functions of emotion and how the inability to experience emotion impairs
these functions. Describe the hedonic principle of motivation. How might this principle
explain the fact that people often subject themselves to painful medical procedures, and
forego pleasurable activities for less pleasurable ones?
280. Using the terms homeostasis and drive, describe how motivation historically has been
interpreted as analogous to a thermostat.
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281. Briefly sketch Maslow's hierarchy of needs in pyramid form and explain his theory.
Which needs are strongest? Which are weakest? Give at least two examples that
illustrate this.
282. List three eating-related problems and briefly describe each. Include gender patterns as
appropriate.
283. Describe hormonal factors underlying motivation for sex in adult humans. Briefly
summarize gender differences in motivation for sex, and discuss an evolutionary reason
that human females differ from other mammals with respect to sexual motivation.
284. Explain Masters and Johnson's research program on the human sexual response cycle.
Discuss their findings, noting gender similarities and differences.
285. You are a third-grade teacher, and you would like to encourage the children in your
class to enjoy reading. Suggest ways that you might use extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation to their maximal advantage. Compare the pros and cons of each.
286. You are completing a survey of questions such as, “Anger is more like tense than
happy.” Which technique used to study emotion does this illustrate?
A) factor analysis
B) multidimensional scaling
C) analysis of variance
D) two-factor theory
287. A criticism of the James–Lange theory of emotion is that:
A) there are not enough unique patterns of bodily activity to account for the variety of
emotional states.
B) emotion often is experienced before physiological arousal.
C) emotion is not associated with physiological arousal.
D) emotion is too delayed from physiological arousal in order for the latter to cause
the former.
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288. The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion suggests that when you are happy while visiting
with some friends, your emotional experience of happiness occurs _____ activity in the
body.
A) before
B) simultaneously with
C) after
D) without
289. Which part of the two-factor model of emotion has been unsupported following
subsequent research?
A) People experience different emotions depending on the inferences they draw about
the causes of their arousal.
B) All emotional experiences are essentially caused by the same physiological process
in the body.
C) Interpretation of physiological arousal is involved in the emotional experience.
D) People may not experience the same emotion even if the physiological arousal is
the same.
290. You look at someone's face and recognize the different types of facial expressions that
correspond to different emotions. Which limbic structure is most important for this type
of emotion recognition?
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) nucleus accumbens
D) thalamus
291. Cancer patients who focus on their future recovery may be more likely to experience
fewer side effects of chemotherapy than patients who focus on the treatment itself. This
may likely reflect _____ of the treatment from a negative to a positive event.
A) repression
B) appraisal
C) reappraisal
D) affective forecasting
292. The six universal facial expressions of emotion are:
A) happiness, sadness, fear, shyness, anger, and surprise.
B) distress, sleepiness, happiness, sadness, anger, and fear.
C) anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, and fear.
D) fear, anger, depression, relaxed, calm, and excited.
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293. According to _____, the act of smiling will probably make you feel happier.
A) terror management theory
B) the facial feedback hypothesis
C) the universality hypothesis
D) extrinsic motivation
294. Angelo is a mixed-martial artist. He is fighting Petra, the heavyweight champion.
Angelo is terrified of Petra but looks happy and laughs in Petra's face during the
stare-down moments before the match. Angelo is using the display rule of:
A) intensification
B) deintensification
C) masking
D) neutralizing
295. A trained observer is likely to use a morphology feature and look at the _____ to tell if
someone is smiling sincerely or just faking a smile.
A) lips
B) entire mouth
C) eyes
D) forehead
296. The idea that people seek pleasurable experiences and avoid painful experiences is the:
A) avoidance motivation.
B) universality hypothesis.
C) two-factor theory.
D) hedonic principle.
297. How would Hull and Spence explain the behavior of a rat pressing a lever for food
pellets?
A) The lever press has been classically conditioned.
B) The lever press is an instinctive behavior.
C) The rat is decreasing its hunger drive.
D) The rat is stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus.
298. Which statement about anorexia is true?
A) Teenagers with anorexia tend to be good students.
B) Anorexia is culturally determined and is not biologically influenced.
C) Anorexia is associated with damage to the lateral hypothalamus.
D) People with anorexia tend to binge eat and then purge.
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299. People most often work harder when they are:
A) extrinsically motivated.
B) intrinsically motivated.
C) unconscious.
D) avoiding motivation.
300. According to the mortality-salience hypothesis, being reminded of the inevitability of
our own mortality:
A) eliminates existential terror.
B) strengthens cultural worldviews.
C) reduces religiosity.
D) increases approach behavior and decreases avoidance behavior.
301. Emotions can be distinguished based on their _____, which is how positive or negative
the experience is, and their _____, which is how active or passive the experience is.
A) valence; arousal
B) arousal; activity
C) motivation; drive
D) arousal; valence
302. You come home to find an intruder in your apartment. According to the James–Lange
theory of emotion, which response comes first?
A) You experience fear.
B) You cognitively compare your visual perception with existing schemas until you
identify that the person you see is a threat.
C) Your body reacts (increased heart rate, muscles contract, etc.).
D) You experience amnesia.
303. One reason why the Cannon–Bard theory was proposed as an alternative to the
James–Lange theory was that there:
A) was a need to account for bodily activity.
B) was no need to account for bodily activity.
C) were not enough unique patterns of bodily activity to account for all emotions.
D) were not enough emotions to account for all the unique patterns of bodily activity.
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304. Schacter–Singer's two-factor theory suggests that emotions are the result of:
A) a physiological arousal without interpretation by the brain.
B) brain activity without physiological arousal.
C) your brain trying to make sense of your body's physiological response to a
situation.
D) your body's physiological response to signals of emotion sent from your brain.
305. During surgery, Heinrich Klьver and Paul Bucy accidentally damaged the amygdala of a
monkey named Aurora, inadvertently causing the monkey to:
A) become sexually unreceptive.
B) stop eating.
C) not exhibit fear.
D) exhibit heightened anxiety.
306. When presented with a stimulus, the brain processes the information in two pathways:
the “fast pathway” goes from the thalamus to the _____, while the “slow pathway” goes
from the thalamus to the _____.
A) amygdala; cortex and then the amygdala
B) cortex; amygdala directly
C) amygdala; retina and then the frontal lobe
D) cortex; retina
307. Remis was feeling depressed about the bad grade he got on his first psychology exam.
Because he had another test to take that day and did not want his unhappiness to affect
his later test, Remis started thinking about all the good grades he had received this
semester to brighten his mood. This illustrates:
A) terror management theory.
B) the approach–avoidance conflict.
C) emotion appraisal.
D) emotion regulation.
308. Scientists have just discovered a tribe of people in a South American jungle that have
never been exposed to the outside world or people aside from those in their village. The
first researchers greet them with a smile. Which emotion would the tribe member most
likely attribute to the expression of a smile?
A) happiness
B) surprise
C) anger
D) There is no way to tell because emotional expressions are all culturally specific.
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309. Professor Aguillera is absolutely enraged that a student is texting on his cell phone in
class. He really wants to scream at the student. But thinking about his upcoming
teaching evaluations, Professor Aguillera merely looks seriously at the student and tells
him to put the phone away. This illustrates which display rule for emotional expression?
A) intensification
B) deintensification
C) masking
D) neutralizing
310. Which statement about polygraph tests is FALSE?
A) It is possible for trained persons to beat these tests.
B) They are better than humans at detecting whether or not someone is lying.
C) Increasing the sensitivity of the test increases the likelihood that it will incorrectly
report that someone is lying.
D) They typically show extremely high accuracy.
311. Hunger is to _____ as fear is to _____.
A) emotion; motivation
B) the hippocampus; the cortex
C) the hypothalamus; the amygdala
D) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
312. Stacy gets stressed easily, and when she does, she eats an entire carton of ice cream, a
bag of potato chips, and drinks a two-liter bottle of soda. She then forces herself to
vomit so that she doesn't absorb all of those calories. Stacy is most likely suffering
from:
A) bulimia nervosa.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) obesity.
D) ghrelin deficiency syndrome.
313. During the stages of sex, the physiological responses experienced by women:
A) are greater than those of men.
B) are similar to those of men.
C) occur in a different sequence than those of men.
D) are weaker than those of men.
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314. Studying hard for an exam to get good grades and keep a scholarship is:
A) an extrinsic motivation.
B) an intrinsic motivation.
C) homeostasis.
D) emotion regulation.
315. As a task becomes more difficult, motivation for engaging in the task becomes more:
A) extrinsic.
B) intrinsic.
C) general.
D) specific.
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Answer Key
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2.
3.
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7.
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11.
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A
C
D
C
A
B
C
C
D
D
A
B
D
C
A
D
D
C
C
B
D
B
D
A
C
C
A
B
D
A
D
A
B
D
D
C
B
B
C
B
C
C
A
B
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45.
46.
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48.
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90.
B
C
A
D
A
D
B
A
A
B
B
C
B
A
D
B
D
C
D
D
B
B
A
C
D
A
D
B
C
B
B
C
D
C
B
A
D
A
C
B
C
A
B
D
B
B
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91.
92.
93.
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105.
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107.
108.
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135.
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C
D
A
D
C
D
A
B
B
D
B
C
D
A
C
D
A
C
B
C
A
C
D
B
C
D
D
D
B
B
A
C
A
C
D
C
D
A
B
C
A
C
D
A
C
A
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137.
138.
139.
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141.
142.
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C
B
A
A
B
C
D
D
B
C
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
B
C
B
B
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
A
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183.
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B
B
B
B
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
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229.
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A
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
C
D
B
A
C
D
A
C
B
A
B
D
C
The answer should indicate that emotions can be classified according to arousal (how
active or passive the emotion is) and valence (whether the emotion is positive or
negative). These two dimensions are placed at right angles to each other, forming four
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274.
275.
276.
quadrants. Any particular emotion can be represented in this two-dimensional space. For
example: high-arousal/negative valence: afraid; high-arousal/positive valence: excited;
low-arousal/negative valence: bored; low-arousal/positive valence: content.
The answer should indicate that according to the James–Lange theory of emotion, you
experience a physiological response (heart pounding in your chest, increased
respirations); then you experience the emotion of fear (or terror). More specifically, the
stimulus (car behind you) leads to a specific physiological response resulting in the
emotion (fear). The Cannon–Bard theory of emotion, however, suggests that you see the
car approaching quickly (stimulus); then you experience a physiological response and
the emotion of fear simultaneously. More specifically, the stimulus (the car behind you)
leads to you simultaneously experiencing the physiological response and the emotion,
fear. The two-factor theory suggest that you see the car approaching, and you
experience a general physiological response that your brain interprets in context to
produce the emotion of fear. More specifically, the stimulus (the car behind you) creates
general physiological arousal which leads to the experience of fear.
The answer should provide the following information: (1) Fast-pathway: Information is
sent from the thalamus directly to the amygdala. The amygdala makes a rapid decision
as to whether or not a threat is present and responds accordingly (e.g., initiates neural
processes that result in physiological arousal and the experience of emotion); (2)
Slow-pathway: Information is sent from the thalamus to the cortex and then to the
amygdala. The information is analyzed more thoroughly in the cortex. If it is ultimately
deemed a threat, signals are sent to the amygdala to maintain the fear response. If not,
signals are sent to the amygdala to terminate the fear response; (3) The advantage of the
fast pathway is that it helps keep us alive when a real threat is present. For example, if
you unexpectedly step near a large snake while hiking through the woods, you will have
the tendency to jump back and experience fear, reducing the likelihood that you will get
bitten. If you took the time to process the shape of the snake's head and its coloring to
determine if it was poisonous, you probably would get bitten; (4) The advantage of the
slow pathway is that it can adjust amygdala activity in light of more information. If the
“snake” turns out to be rubber from a discarded tire, you will quickly calm down. If the
snake turns out to be poisonous, this information may result in sustained fear and greater
vigilance. You may find yourself scanning the ground for the rest of your hike!
The answer should indicate that emotion regulation involves taking an active role in
influencing our own emotions. Possible behavioral strategies include avoiding the
places that your friend used to go with his girlfriend, which might trigger unwanted
emotions; distracting himself by going for a run or working out at the gym; hanging out
with his friends; playing video games; having a few drinks (not as healthy a choice).
Possible cognitive strategies: trying not to think about his girlfriend or the times they
had together; thinking about an upcoming soccer match or a paper due shortly.
Reappraisal involves changing an emotional experience by changing the way we think
about the object or event that elicited the emotion. Your friend could alter the meaning
of the breakup by telling himself that the breakup had been coming for a long time and
is probably for the best because the two had different values and ideas; that now he is
free to date someone else he's begun to know; that now he'll have more time with his
friends.
The answer should indicate that the facial feedback hypothesis states that emotional
Page 60
expressions may cause the emotions that they signify. Expressing grief activated a
particular pattern of facial muscle movements associated with this emotion. This, in
turn, triggered the conscious feeling of the emotion. Even though the woman was acting,
facial expressions can powerfully impact emotional experiences. This effect can be
demonstrated more simply. If you hold a pencil in your teeth you will feel happier than
if you hold a pencil between your lips. The former contracts muscles associated with
smiling, and the latter contracts muscles associated with frowning.
277. The answer should indicate that we try to control our facial expressions when we
express a lie. A trained observer can use certain facial features to detect deception.
These features involve morphology (a person forcing a smile does not use the
orbicularis oculi muscles around the eye), symmetry (sincere facial expressions are
more symmetrical than insincere ones), duration (facial expressions that are either very
short or longer than the norm are more likely to be insincere), and temporal patterning
(insincere expressions have more abrupt onsets and offsets than do sincere ones).
278. The answer should indicate that human lie detection is highly inaccurate and that most
people score barely better than chance. We have a strong bias toward believing that
others are sincere, so we don't have to think that someone is insincere and telling a lie.
Even if we suspect that someone might be lying, most of us do not know and therefore
do not attend to the aspects of behavior that are associated with lying. Signs associated
with lying: talking slowly, coming across as less engaging and/or tense, lacking
superfluous detail in descriptions. Facial features also may help us decide if emotional
expressions are sincere. Some features that point to sincerity are: (1) Morphology: A
person forcing a smile will not use the orbicularis oculi muscles around the eye; (2)
Symmetry: Sincere facial expressions are more symmetrical than insincere ones; (3)
Duration: Facial expressions that are either very short or longer than the norm are more
likely to be insincere; (4) Temporal patterning: Insincere expressions have more abrupt
onsets and offsets than do sincere ones. Polygraphs can detect lies at a rate significantly
better than chance, but they also have a very high error rate. In other words, a polygraph
would “catch” many people who weren't lying. Also, people can learn to “fool” the
polygraph. At present, we still don't have a foolproof method to detect if someone is
lying. In the absence of a powerful test, the decisions made by polygraphs and trained
human observers should be viewed with healthy skepticism. Law enforcement should
attempt to establish the veracity of falsehood of statements through other means.
279. The answer should indicate that emotions provide us with information about the world.
We then can use this information to function effectively in it. For example, perhaps you
find this class interesting and enjoyable. You might decide to take more psychology
courses in the future, perhaps even declaring a major in psychology. On the other hand,
if you find this class terribly difficult, frustrating, or dreadfully boring, you will
probably use the emotions as a basis for deciding not to take additional courses in
psychology. People with a rare brain disorder that prevents them from experiencing
emotion have a difficult time making decisions. They can think and reason perfectly
well. In fact, they tend to overanalyze situations. When given a choice of doing A or B,
they will enumerate all of the advantages and disadvantages associated with the two
options. The problem is that they will not be able to decide on a course of action
because choosing one doesn't make them feel any better or worse than choosing the
other. The hedonic principle states that we are primarily motivated to seek pleasure and
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280.
281.
282.
283.
avoid pain. Imagine a gauge with pleasure at one end and pain at the other. Our primary
motivation is to keep the needle as close to the pleasure end as possible. On the surface,
willingly subjecting yourself to a painful medical procedure appears to violate the
hedonic principle. But the hedonic principle states that we will subject ourselves to
painful stimuli if, in the long run, it results in greater pleasure for a longer period of
time. So, a person may have a painful operation now, so that they will experience
improved health in the extended future. Similarly, you may forego going to a party in
order to study because, ultimately, earning a good grade in the course is more
pleasurable to you than the momentary pleasures associated with the party.
The answer should indicate that the job of a thermostat is to maintain a pre-set
temperature in a house. When the temperature in the house gets too hot or too cold, the
thermostat sends electrical signals to turn on the air conditioning or the heat. The
thermostat continues to monitor the temperature and turns off the air conditioning or
heat when the desired temperature is reached. The process by which the thermostat takes
action to keep the house at a constant temperature is termed homeostasis. Hull and
Spence postulated the organisms have internal homeostatic mechanisms. When a
physiological need is not being met (e.g., nutrition), the body sends signals to take
corrective action (e.g., a hunger drive). The corrective action takes the form of
motivated behavior (e.g., eating) that reduces the drive.
The answer should provide the following information: From the bottom of the pyramid
to the top: physiological needs, safety and security needs, belongingness and love needs,
esteem needs, and the need for self-actualization. Physiological needs, on the bottom of
the pyramid, are the strongest and most immediate needs. Maslow theorized that we will
not become motivated by needs higher on the pyramid until needs lower on the pyramid
have been met. For example, if we are starving, we probably won't be motivated to
explore online dating services. The need for self-actualization, at the top of the pyramid,
is the weakest and most easily postponed. A person probably won't be concerned with
moral enlightenment and intellectual enrichment (needs associated with
self-actualization) if he is going through a divorce and his home is about to be
foreclosed.
The answer should provide the following information: (1) Anorexia nervosa:
characterized by an intense fear of being fat, a severe restriction of food intake, and a
distorted body image. More women than men 15–19 years old suffer from this disorder;
(2) Bulimia nervosa: characterized by binge eating followed by purging. Individuals
with this disorder eat large amounts of food at one time and then take laxatives or
induce vomiting. They are caught in a cycle: Eating provides comfort for negative
emotions, but worry about weight gain makes them feel more negative emotions, such
as guilt, leading them to purge; (3) Obesity is the most pervasive eating-related problem
in America; overeating is usually the main cause. Obese people have lower self-esteem
and lower quality of life than others. They eat to reduce negative emotions (sadness),
and they eat out of habit; they may not remember when or how much they ate last.
The answer should indicate that for both male and female humans, testosterone is the
hormonal basis for sexual motivation. Because men have higher levels of testosterone
than women, they are more motivated by sex. They engage in more sexual behavior,
take more risks to obtain sex, think about sex more often, and have more permissive
attitudes toward sex. Female humans differ strikingly from females of other mammalian
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284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
289.
290.
291.
292.
species in terms of sexual motivation. For other mammalian species, sexual motivation
is determined by the estrous cycle. Sexual motivation is high when estrogen levels are
high, which occurs when the female is ovulating. Females are not sexually receptive at
other points during their cycle. Thus, in other mammals, estrogen —and not
testosterone—controls sexual motivation. Human females, on the other hand, can be
motivated to engage in sex at any point in their monthly cycles. At some point during
our evolution, sexual behavior in females stopped being regulated by estrogen and came
under the control of testosterone. There is an evolutionary advantage for this to have
occurred. Engaging in sex throughout the estrous cycle makes it difficult for a male to
know when the female is fertile. Because the male probably doesn't want some other
male to impregnate his partner, he keeps his hunting trips short such that he can
effectively guard her. The end result is that a female's physical needs (e.g., food,
protection) are more likely to be met, pair-bonding will occur, and offspring will be
co-parented.
The answer should indicate that Masters and Johnson measured physiological response
in their laboratories. They noted that humans exhibit four phases (excitement, plateau,
orgasm, and resolution) in the sexual response cycle. For the most part, they found that
women's and men's sexual response cycles were quite similar, regardless of the type of
sexual behavior. Two differences are that men tend to reach orgasm much more often
than women, and the refractory period is shorter in duration for women relative to men.
The answer should indicate that extrinsic motivation arranges rewards to reinforce a
particular behavior (e.g., reading). For example, you might provide students with gold
stars on a reading chart every time they bring back a book they've completed. Perhaps
these stars can be exchanged for even bigger rewards once enough stars are
accumulated. The danger, of course, is that they may come to resent reading when they
are not rewarded for it. However, you can argue that once the children are competent
readers, the sheer pleasure of reading will take over and provide the intrinsic motivation
they need to continue. Intrinsic motivation is a motivation to take actions that are
rewarding in themselves. As a teacher, you might choose books for the children that are
about topics they already like; for example, the child who loves horses will be much
more interested in reading if the chosen book is a story about a horse. In general,
extrinsic motivation is useful to employ when you want to establish a behavior or
increase a low-probability behavior. If the children are rarely reading, extrinsic rewards
will get them to do so and hopefully foster contact with the intrinsic rewards of reading.
Relying solely on intrinsic rewards at this early stage will not work because students
simply are not contacting them or have not yet learned to appreciate them. If behavior is
already being maintained by intrinsic rewards, it would be counterproductive to try to
increase extrinsic motivation for that behavior. Paying avid readers to read will actually
decrease the enjoyment associated with reading.
B
A
B
B
A
C
C
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293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
312.
313.
314.
315.
B
C
C
D
C
A
B
B
A
C
C
C
C
A
D
A
B
D
C
A
B
A
D
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