CE 261 ENGINEERIN ASSIGNMENT # 2 NAME: BRADLEY NALEI ID #: 18300164 C/CODE: BECV 2A LECTURER: GRACE WANTAPE DATE: 22/03/19 Question #1: Make an inventory of material resources that are available in your locality, village, city, and country? List at least ten commonly available raw material and waste materials that are available as a resource? Discuss how you as an engineer can do about it considering the sustainability of the resources. Sustainable use of resources means the use of biological diversity in a way and at a rate that does not lead to long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspiration of present and future generations. Raw material and waste material Coconut Cocoa Trees Sea water How I will use the material as an engineer considering sustainability of the resources - Make copra - Make coconut fuel for vehicles - Make coconut oil - Make soap - Trunk of coconut can be used as post for house - Leaves can be used to make basket or fan - Coconut husk can be used as flowerpot Considering sustainable use of resources, almost every part of the coconut tree can be used to make something useful, hence, nothing will go to waste. Also, if cut down it can be replanted to maintain sustainability. - Used to make chocolate products Cocoa harvest is simply done by picking the cocoa seed from its tree, hence, there is no misuse of material. However, if a cocoa tree is cut down, it should be replanted so that it is conserved. - Can be made into timber for building houses - Can be used to make furniture such as chair and bed - Tree leaves can be turned into compost for growing food and vegetables - Can be used to make handle for utensils, tools and stationary products such as pencils Wood is a material that has many uses which means it is cut down most times to make wood products. As an engineer, I will make sure to replant the total number of trees I cut down. - Can be used to cook food - Can be used to make salt - Using a certain machine, sea water can be turned into drinking water River Gravel Sand Bamboo Meat Cane Sea water is abundant on the earth’s surface hence using it to make other products will not affect its amount. - energy from flowing river can be harnessed (using dams) to produce electricity - used to wash, to cook, to do laundry, to clean dishes etc. rivers are habitat to many species. To use it sustainably means to use it in a way that will not affect the organisms that live and grow in it. - used to mix cement - used to ceil roads - used in production of construction materials as an engineer, I would enforce certain level of restrictions to the use of gravel so that it is not overused - can be used to make glass - can be used to make decorations - can be used in building construction - can be used in concrete silica sand, coarse grain sand and fine grain sand has by now become the most widely consumed natural resource after fresh water causing a major depletion of this major natural resource. As an engineer, I would suggest that other sand types (e.g. desert sand) be exploited so that silica sand can be conserved. - can be used to wall houses - can be used to make furniture for houses - can be used for medical purposes - can be used to make accessories - used to build bamboo bridges bamboo can be a very sustainable crop; a fast growing grass, it requires no fertilizer and self regenerates from its own roots, so it doesn’t need to be replanted. However, if it is exceedingly used then as an engineer I would replant it to maintain sustainability - pig and cow meat can sell for large sum of money and is also edible As an engineer, I would suggest less and better approach to meat. For example, I would choose more plant based food so as to preserve meat/livestock. - can be used to make house furniture such as bed and chair - used as walking stick If there is an overuse of cane in making product then it should be replanted to ensure that the resource does not run out. QUESTION #2 From the list (your answer) in question 1, discuss one material that is available in your locality. Do research for the use of the material chose and what benefit it can provide and its effect on the environment. THE COCONUT TREE Coconut might be the most versatile fruit used. Almost every part of the coconut and the tree has got a use and has been used by different countries in different ways. Coconut is known as the “tree of life” in the Philippians. Coconuts have a history of important uses worldwide. Parts of the coconut tree Coconut roots Uses Is used to make dyes, used as a toothbrush, mouthwash, and has medicinal value can be used as a roofing material for houses, and can also be used to wrap rice for cooking. The bone of the leaf is used to make broom used as timber to make houses and boats, in bridge building, furniture, drums and canoes. this is the fiber on the outside of the husk and is used in ropes, doormats, potting compost, mattress surfacing, brushes, mats, rugs, joint sealer for boats (caulking), and sacks the outer part of the coconut, these have been used for buffing floors, fuel, for charcoal, as handicrafts, as buttons, as drinking vessels, sponges, musical instruments, burnt to ward off mosquitoes. Also used as bird feeders Coconut leaves Coconut tree trunk The coir Coconut husk and shell Coconut shells BENEFITS OF COCONUT Benefits of coconut water Good source of several nutrients One cup (240ml) contains 46 calories, as well as - Carbs: 9 grams - Fiber: 3 grams - Protein: 2 grams - Vitamin C: 10% of the RID - Magnesium: 15% of the RID - Manganese: 17% of the RID - Potassium: 17% of the RID - Sodium 11% of the RID - Calcium: 6% of the RID Studies have confirmed that Coconut water: - Helps protect your cells from damage caused by free radicals - may improve blood sugar control. It’s also a good source of magnesium, which may increase insulin sensitivity and reduce blood sugar level. - Helps prevent Kidney stones by reducing crystal and stone formation - Supports Heart health – coconut water may have powerful cholesterol-lowering properties - Helps reduce blood pressure – coconut water may help lower blood pressure and potentially decrease the risk of blood clots forming in your arteries. - Is effective at replenishing fluids and electrolytes after exercise. - Delicious source of hydration Bottom line – coconut water is a delicious, nutritious and natural beverage that’s extremely good for you. It may benefit your heart, blood sugar, kidney health and more. Health benefits of coconut milk - coconut milk delivers 445 calories and 48 grams of fat (43 grams saturated) per cup. Health benefits of coconut meat - 2 by 2-inch piece of raw fresh coconut meat contains about 7 grams of carbohydrate and is packed with 4 grams of fiber. https://www.monash.edu/engineering/departments/materials/future-students/future-undergraduatestudents/six-reasons EFFECTS OF COCONUT PLANTATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT Coconut farming and the environment Although coconut tree and fruit has many uses and benefits, it also has a negative impact to the environment. Negative environmental impacts of the coconut industry can be traced back to the coconut farms themselves. As with other trends of fads in food, monoculture farming has become an issue in areas where coconuts are grown. As coconut tree ages, it becomes less productive. This motivates farmers to plant more and more coconut trees to maintain a constant stream of product. Replacing native plants and biodiversity to meet the demand for coconut, can take a major toll on the soil, leading farmers to turn to chemical fertilizers to boost their productivity. The coconut tree can truly be seen as a blessing given its versatile uses and benefits. Just make sure you are taking into consideration the backstory of your coconut products so that the planet and its inhabitants aren’t suffering as a result of your choices. QUESTION #3 The earth is made up of large, connected systems. Human activity is changing many of these systems – especially those involving the surface of the planet – the atmosphere, land, oceans, forests, and ecosystems. Without an inventory for sustainability, discuss effects to each of these systems. EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE SOIL. Land and soil are finite, non-renewable resources, which continue to degrade, affecting their ability to function and deliver services. A number of processes contribute to this degradation including soil erosion, the decline of soil organic matter, soil contamination and soil sealing. These are driven by human activities like land take, land use intensity (among others reflected in the amount of nutrients used on rural land) and land abandonment. Each process has an impact on the main dimensions of land: land cover/land use, vegetation and soil. These determine the land resource stocks and functioning, and the derived flows of goods and services. They also affect the intrinsic value of land and its contribution to human wellbeing and welfare. Human influence on the land is accelerating because of rapid population growth and increasing food requirements Reference: https://www.classzone.com/science_book/mls_grade7_FL/248_252.pdf EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE ATMOSPHERE Since the beginning of the industrial revolution at the end of the 18th century, human activities have severely affected the Earth’s environment, especially the Earth’s atmosphere. Burning of fossil fuel such as coal and oil has led to the release of 𝑆𝑂2 -globally about 160 Tg/year- into the atmosphere which is at least twice the sum of all natural emissions, occurring mainly as marine dimethyl-sulfide from the oceans. Several climatically important greenhouse gases have substantially increased in the atmosphere due to human activities (factory emissions, power plants, sprays, etc). The release of C𝑂2 by more than 30% and C𝐻4 by even more than 100%, have accelerated the radiative process in the atmosphere. The release of anthropogenic substances such as chlorofluorocarbon gases into the atmosphere have led to the Antarctic ozone hole and would have destroyed much of the ozone layer if no international regulatory measures to end their production had been initiated. Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE OCEAN SYSTEM Overfishing of Species Fishing impacts the oceans in drastic ways. An increasing demand for protein has led to an increase in large-scale fishing operations. As a result, the populations of a number of large fish species have dropped by as much as 90% from their preindustrial populations. This depletion disrupts ocean food chains: it removes predators and allows their prey populations to grow unchecked. As the populations of targeted fish decline, many operations move down the food chain to other species, and over time this can cause significant alterations to marine ecosystems. Pollution and Dumping Human pollution also significantly affects the oceans. In the 1980s, travelers passing through the Pacific Ocean began to notice areas containing a high concentration of plastic trash, apparently collected by the ocean's natural currents into one area. The so-called Pacific Trash Vortex may contain up to 1.9 million pieces of trash per square mile, and a similar patch of garbage exists in the northern Atlantic. In addition, oil spills such as the one resulting from the Deepwater Horizon fire in 2010 can contaminate large stretches of the ocean, wiping out entire populations of fish and other species, and affecting the regional ecosystem for decades. Reference: http://www.protectplanetocean.org/collections/introduction/introbox/humanimpact/introductionitem.html EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE ECOYSTEM Human impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification, mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society is causing severe effects, which become worse as the problem of human overpopulation continues. Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include human reproduction, overconsumption, overexploitation, pollution, and deforestation, etc. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss pose an existential risk to the human race, and overpopulation causes those problems. Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment QUESTION #4 Find a related story (from magazine, newspaper or any literature) on the climate change impact in Papua New Guinea and the pacific. Article reference: https://postcourier.com.pg/impacts-climate-change-increasing/ Related story on climate change Post courier December 8, 2017 BY NELLIE SETEPANO The impacts of climate change-related hazards in Papua New Guinea have been increasing in intensity and frequency, a climate change meeting in Port Moresby heard. Most coastal and riverine areas are prone to extensive flooding which is one of the most devastating impacts observed to date, it was told. The country’s economy, environment, and peoples are more vulnerable and at risk of not meeting basic human development needs due to drastic onset and multitude of this climate change impacts. As a results-five community resilience projects funded by Climate Change Adaptation Fund has seen the fiveyear projects underway in five provinces. These projects are as follows: early warning system and mangrove rehabilitation and reforestation program, and climate change training and livelihood protection in Madang, Morobe, Northern, New Ireland and East Sepik provinces. The meeting by project stakeholders heard that the five-year projects have reached its completion and there was a need for their sustainability. Inputs from stakeholders such as National Weather Services, Climate Change, and Development Authority, Conservation and Environment Authority and civil society organizations have come together in Port Moresby this week to present the project and identify lessons look for a way forward to sustain the projects. The United Nations Development Program has supported the projects with funding from the Adaptation Fund and the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. QUESTION #5 Find a related story (according to your field of specification) with wrong engineering material choices, the result, and the impact of such decision. Relate the story to analyze the importance of studying the properties of materials Reference: https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2018/papers/ts02j/TS02J_oyedele_9284.pdf A study of control measures of building collapse in Lagos State, Nigeria Olufemi Adedamola Oyedele, ND Building Technology, BSc. Estate Management, MSc. Housing Development and Management, MSc. International Project Management, MPhil. Construction Management, ANIVS, RSV. Related story on wrong choice of engineering materials Building collapse is a regular occurrence in Lagos State in Nigeria. In 2016, more than six (6) cases of fatal building collapses were recorded in Lagos State alone. This high incidence may be a reflection of high population of Lagos State and not necessarily due to its weaker building process and/or poor physical development control. Building collapse is a situation where building which has been completed but not occupied, completed and occupied and under construction, tears apart without the influence of any party or agent. Building collapse in Lagos State is a waste of financial resources; in some cases, wastes of human life; waste of time invested in construction and clearing of debris on site after collapse; and waste of building materials. In the cases experienced over the years, it was found out that majority of building collapses were due to substandard building materials, bad design, wrong foundation, wrong site, bad usage of the structure, poor technology and inexperienced contractor. In most cases, the buildings do not have approved building plans from either the local government or state ministry of Land and Physical Planning. This paper will adopt the mixed method of researches to espouse the control measures put in place in Lagos State, Nigeria, to avert the high incidence of building collapse. Questionnaires and direct interviews were engaged for mining of primary data as well as searching newspapers, journals and newsletter of ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) in Lagos State. Importance of studying properties of materials This story is a classic example of bad engineering in which the building collapsed due to poor building materials chosen and bad designing of the structure. This type of incident makes us (engineers) realize the importance of studying the properties of engineering materials so that we can build buildings that will last for longer time period. We study building materials to make them better for building purposes and cheaper. It is also important to study those properties as the quality of your building will be judged according to criteria that depends partly on the materials used in building. Studying material properties is important because - Insulation Very important when you think that about a third of the energy consumed in the EU goes to heating living space. It includes technologies of foams, ceramics and glasses (a lot of heat is lost through ill designed windows) - Structural performance in case of earthquake How to damp the vibrations induced in the building by the earthquakes. - Design - Health impacts Asbestos used as insulation in buildings can cause lung cancer when it is breath in. Lead paints hold very well and have nice cover. When buildings collapse, people end up breathing and swallowing the flakes unknowingly. High levels of lead in the body is not good and may cause severe injuries. - Environmental impacts heavy, energy intensive materials take a heavier toll on the environment. - Ease of handling and use - Permeability to water and water vapor - Resistance to the environment - Aesthetics
