INTRODUCTION
Globalization can also be simply described as the movement of goods, ideas, values, and people around
the world. The term was first used in the early 1950s to recognize the increasing interdependence of
economies and societies around the world. Globalization, however, has existed for centuries by way of
evolving trade routes, including the slave trade, colonization, and immigration.
1. MEANINGS OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a difficult term to define because it has come to mean so many things. In general, the
term refers to the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and
politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of the world as
a whole. Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together, especially through a common
medium like the economy or the Internet.
Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments
worldwide. As a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, globalization is considered by some as a form
of capitalist expansion which entails the integration of local and national economies into a global,
unregulated market economy. Globalization has grown due to advances in transportation and
communication technology. With the increased global interactions comes the growth of international
trade, ideas, and culture. Globalization is primarily an economic process of interaction and integration
that's associated with social and cultural aspects.
The term globalization derives from the word globalize, which refers to the emergence of an
international network of economic systems. One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was
in a 1930 publication entitled Towards New Education, where it denoted a holistic view of human
experience in education. The term 'globalization' had been used in its economic sense at least as early as
1981, and in other senses since at least as early as 1944. Theodore Levitt is credited with popularizing
the term and bringing it into the mainstream business audience in the latter half of the 1980s. Since its
inception, the concept of globalization has inspired competing definitions and interpretations. Its
antecedents date back to the great movements of trade and empire across Asia and the Indian Ocean
from the 15th century onward. Due to the complexity of the concept, various research projects, articles,
and discussions often stay focused on a single aspect of globalization.
Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalization as "all those processes by which the
people of the world are incorporated into a single world society." In The Consequences of Modernity,
Anthony Giddens writes: "Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social
relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring
many miles away and vice versa." In 1992, Roland Robertson, professor of sociology at the University of
Aberdeen and an early writer in the field, described globalization as "the compression of the world and
the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.
Current globalization trends can be largely accounted for by developed economies integrating with less
developed economies by means of foreign direct investment, the reduction of trade barriers as well as
other economic reforms, and, in many cases,
2. THE INFLUNCE OF GLOBALIZATION ON TOURISM
2.1 terrorism, Safety, and Security
Terrorist attacks and political unrest globally have certainly disrupted tourism, but not halted it. The
area’s most affected, of course, are those where unrest has occurred and has been the focus of
extensive media attention. A global terrorism index produced by the Vision of Humanity organization
shows a fivefold increase in terrorist fatalities. The Islamic State (ISIS), Boko Haram, the Taliban, and alQaida are groups responsible for many of the 18,000 terrorism-related deaths in 2013, which
represented an increase of 60% over the previous year. While safety and security may not be the driving
reasons for tourists selecting a particular destination, certainly a lack of safety and security often
eliminates a location from travelers’ “wish lists.”Safety and security for travelers is becoming more
important as countries move to protect their citizens. Government agencies around the world produce
advisories and warnings for their citizens to stay away from dangerous locations and political unrest.
Travel advisories serve as warning systems for people from specific countries to avoid particular
destinations because of actual or potential threats to citizens. The focus on safety and security has had
several impacts on travelers. Most notably, security at most airports has been increased in an effort to
protect people and planes. Screening procedures can take longer and some items are no longer allowed
on board. Other security requirements, such as showing passports and providing fingerprints, have been
implemented for entry into some countries. While all acts of terrorism cannot be stopped, the tourism
industry is attempting to provide as much safety and security as it can.
2.2 Increased Awareness of New Destinations
Another influence of globalization on tourism is a greater awareness of destinations and the range of
leisure activities, sites, and cultures to visit around the world. Generating knowledge of a destination is
obviously a key first step in marketing a destination, and this is achieved by way of travel shows, films,
blogs, and other forms of communication. The competition to attract visitors is fierce considering the
sheer number of places available for travel; it can be easy to get lost in the noise of global competition.
2.3 poverty
Globalization has contributed to increased demand for goods and services and overall economic growth,
with the result of global poverty having decreased over the years. However, at the same time, the gap
between the richest and poorest has expanded. A significant portion of the world’s population is simply
unable to participate in, or benefit from, tourism. The economic gains from a tourism economy in a
developing country such as Honduras versus a developed country such as Canada is unequal. Simply put,
not everyone has the same opportunities to profit. Environmental costs are also unevenly distributed in
the world, with poor countries lacking the resources to adapt to impacts such as - droughts, increased
disease, soil erosion), and shouldering the majority of the repercussions of phenomena such as global
warming.
3. Tourism is a Pro Poor industry
Pro Poor tourism is set up in developing countries as a means to improve the local economy for local
people. It enhances the linkages between tourism businesses and poor people; so that poverty is
reduced and poor people are able to participate more effectively in tourism development. The aims of
pro-poor ranges from increasing local employment to involving local people in the decision making
process. Any type of company can be involved such as a small lodge or a tour operator. The most
important factor is not the type of company or the type of tourism, but that poor people receive an
increase in the net benefits from tourism.
Pro-poor tourism is broadly defined as a tourism development approach that generates net
benefits for the poor .This includes economic as well as environmental, social and cultural
dimensions. Tourism is becoming a significant and growing economic sector in most developing
poor countries .It is an integral component of many sustainable development strategies.
However, recent debates have arisen over the actual effect the tourism industry has within
developing countries, and to what extent it actually helps the poor. Tourism can contribute to
the well-being of the poor through generation of jobs, income-earning opportunities, and
indirectly by infrastructure developments, opportunities to interact with cultures, gain access to
new markets, and encouraging conservation of natural and cultural assets. By enhancing local
livelihood, tourism can enable communities to survive rather than seeing the out-migration of
their youngest and brightest citizens. Seeking positive outcomes for the poor requires close
attention to demand, product quality, marketing, investment in business skills and inclusion of
the private sector. Tourism still allows wealthier people to benefit more than the poor. “The
‘fairly poor’ are more likely to receive benefits than the ‘poorest’, who lack the capital and skills
to exploit economic opportunities. Although tourism is a profit-driven business dominated by
the private sector, it supports the thought that tourism offers better prospects for pro-poor
growth than most other sectors. Tourism offers better labour-intensive and small-scale
opportunities. Projects at a local level can be very beneficial to some communities and
individuals. Their wellbeing should be central in pro-poor tourism efforts.
However, the bigger picture remains unfortunately a tremendous and complex problem.
Tourism itself may bring immediate economic benefits to the poor, but it does not necessarily
offer a longer-term solution to the challenge of poverty.
Unless structural changes will be made the hopes for reducing poverty in many parts of the
developing world remain poor indeed. Schilcher (2007) suggest that we may also need a shift in
policy, from a focus on growth, to equity.
3.1 The support of tourism in developing countries
Tourism in many developing and least developed countries is the most viable and sustainable
economic development option, and in some countries, the main source of foreign exchange
earnings. Part of this income trickles down to different groups of the society and, if tourism is
managed with a strong focus on poverty alleviation, it can directly benefit the poorer groups
through employment of local people in tourism enterprises, goods and services provided to
tourists, or the running of small and community-based enterprises, etc, having positive impacts
on reducing poverty levels.
Tourism in the recent years has been characterized by two main trends; firstly, the
consolidation of traditional tourism destinations, like those in Western Europe and North
America; and secondly, a pronounced geographical expansion. There has been a substantial
diversification of destinations, and many developing countries have seen their tourist arrivals
increase significantly. Arrivals to developing countries accounted for 46% of the total
international arrivals in 2011. Tourism has become a major player in the economy of developing
countries.
4. Pulling and pushing factors affecting tourism in Ethiopia
Push factors are defined as internal motives or forces that cause tourists to seek activities to
reduce their needs, while pull factors are destination generated forces and the knowledge that
tourists hold about a destination.
Most push factors are intrinsic motivators, such as
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the desire for escape,
rest and relaxation,
prestige,
health and fitness,
Adventure and social interaction.
Pull factors emerge due to the attractiveness of a destination, including beaches, recreation
facilities and cultural attractions. Traditionally, push factors are considered important in
initiating travel desire, while pull factors are considered more decisive in explaining destination
choice. The pull factors are active sports environment, unique natural environment, safety,
sunshine, inexpensiveness, cultural activities, entertainment, sightseeing, local culture,
different culture and cuisine and uniqueness of small towns/villages/mountains.
5. World cultural and natural heritages of Ethiopia
5.1 world cultural heritages of Ethiopia
Cultural property includes the physical or "tangible" cultural heritage, such as artworks. These are
generally split into two groups of movable and immovable heritage. Immovable heritage includes
building so (which themselves may include installed art such as organs, stained glass windows, and
frescos), large industrial installations or other historic places and monuments. Moveable heritage
includes books, documents, moveable artworks, machines, clothing, and other artifacts, that are
considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include objects significant to the archaeology,
architecture, science or technology of a specified culture.
ROCK HEWN CHURCHES OF LALIBELA
Dubbed as the ‘New Jerusalem’, this is one of the most breathtaking sites included in this list of
World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in Ethiopia. Located in the Amhara Region, this site boasts of
11 monolithic cave churches that were built in the 13th century. The churches are located
within a traditional village with circular-shaped dwellings. The city of Lalibela itself is considered
important for the Christian community in Ethiopia since it is a place of pilgrimage and devotion
Fasil Ghebbi covers an area of about 70,000 square meters. To its south lies Adababay, the
market place of Gondar, where imperial proclamations were made, troops presented, and
criminals executed; it is currently a city park.
Fasil Ghebbi is enclosed by a curtain wall which is pierced by twelve gates. These are, in
counter-clockwise order: Fit Ber (also called Jan Tekle Ber) opening onto Adababay; Wember
Ber (Gate of the Judges); Tazkaro Ber (Gate of Funeral Commemoration), which had a bridge
destroyed by fighting during the reign of Iyasu II; Azaj Tequre Ber (Gate of Azaj Tequre), which
once was connected by a bridge to Adababay Tekle Haymanot church; Adenager Ber (Gate of
the Spinners), which was linked by a bridge to Qeddus Rafael church in the weaver's section of
Gondar; Qwali Ber (Gate of the Queen's Attendants), next to the modern entrance to Elfin
Giyorgis church inside the Enclosure; Imbilta Ber (Gate of the Musicians); Elfign Ber (Gate of the
Privy Chamber), which gave access to the private apartments of the Fasil Ghebbi; Balderas Ber
(Gate of the Commander of the Cavalry); Ras Ber (Gate of the Ras), also known as Qwarenyoch
Ber (Gate of the Qwara people); Ergeb Ber (Gate of Pigeons), also known as Kechin Ashawa Ber
(Gate of the Gifts); Inqoye Ber (Gate of Princess Inqoye, the mother of Empress Mentewab; and
Gimjabet Mariyam Ber (Gate of the Treasury of Mary), which leads to the churchyard of
Gimjabet Mariyam church.
AXUM
The ancient city of Aksum is located close to the northern border of Ethiopia. The ruins of this
ancient city were recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site due to its cultural
importance. In fact, this city marked as the heart of the ancient Ethiopia that also reflects the
power of the kingdom at that time. There are several ruins in the ancient city that include royal
tombs, ancient castle ruins, monolithic obelisks, and giant stelae.
Konso Cultural Landscape
This is another cultural site on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia. It is an arid
property of stone walled terraces and fortified settlements. This cultural tradition has been
around for over 21 generations (over 400 years) in Ethiopia. It is an excellent example of how
the settlements and the humans living in the region adapted to the dry and hostile
environment in the Konso highlands. Within the site, you will also find wooden statues that
were put up to honor key members of the community. In fact, they have innovated the use of
stone steles that indicate the passing of important leaders of the community.
Harare Jugol
This historic and fortified town is located amidst a plateau with deep gorges. The fortified town
is also surrounded by savannah and deserts. The walls that surround this sacred city were built
from 13th century and completed by the 16th century. It is also believed to be the holiest city
for Islam due to the rich collection of important Islam monuments notably including 82
mosques and 102 shrines. But above all, this town is culturally significant in Ethiopia as it
showcases the fusion of Islamic and African traditions in a single town – both in terms of urban
development, layout, and overall character of this town.
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region
This property included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia consists of eight
component sites. The main site is the Fasil Ghebbi palace compound. Meanwhile, the other
seven sites are located within the city of Gondar. These sites include a monastery, church,
thermal area, bath, and a palace. Gondar was established as the capital of Ethiopia by King Fasil
during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the site was transformed from a camp into a
fortified compound.
5.2 WORLD NATURAL HERITAGES OF ETHIOPIA
Natural heritage" is also an important part of a society's heritage, encompassing the
countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna, scientifically known as
biodiversity, as well as geological elements (including mineralogical, geomorphological,
paleontological, etc.), scientifically known as geo diversity. These kind of heritage sites often
serve as an important component in a country's tourist industry, attracting many visitors from
abroad as well as locally. Heritage can also include cultural landscapes (natural features that
may have cultural attributes). UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia
Lower Valley of the Awash
This site is not only important for Ethiopia but also for the entire African continent. This site
holds the largest and most important collection of palaeontological sites. The oldest of the
remains on the site date back to more than 4 million years ago. This site is the perfect example of
human evolution since the conception of humankind history. The biggest discovery on the site
took place in 1974 when 52 skeletal fragments allowed the reconstruction of the famous Lucy.
Lower Valley of the Omo
This prehistoric site at the lower valley of the Omo is famous all over the world. Several fossil
remains were discovered on this site near Lake Turkana. The most notable fossil discovered here
is the Homo gracilis. It was fundamental in the study of human history and evolution. Included in
this site is Fejej and Konso paleontological research sites wherein there are sedimentary deposits
found that researchers trace back to the plio-pleistocene period.
Simien National Park
This national park comprises the Simien Mountains in Ethiopia. It is the only natural site in the
list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia. It is also among the first sites in Ethiopia to
be recognized by UNESCO (inscribed in 1978). It was recognized for being the refuge for many
endangered species living among the Simien Mountains including the walia ibex and Ethiopian
wolf. However, it was also included in the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger in 1996.