Subject :
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
Term:
FIRST
Session :2018 – 2019 SESSION
School: CHRISLAND SCHOOLS, LIMITED
Class : YEAR 7
Educator :
TABLE OF CONTENT
WEEK 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
WEEK 3: COMPUTER GENERATIONS AND
TECHNOLOGY OF DIFFERENT INFORMATION AGES.
WEEK 2: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
WEEK 4: INPUT DEVICES
WEEK 5: OUTPUT DEVICES
WEEK 6: MID TERM BREAK
WEEK 7: SYSTEMS UNIT
WEEK 8: SYSTEMS UNIT
WEEK 9: REVISION
WEEK 10: END OF TERM EXAMS
WEEK 11: : END OF TERM EXAMS
WEEK 12: VACATION
WEEK 13:
WEEK 1
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTERS
DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
• A computer system is an electronic machine
or device that is able to take a set of inputs,
process them and create a set of outputs. This
is done by a combination of hardware and
software.
• An electronic machine that is used for storing,
organizing, and finding words, numbers, and
pictures, for doing calculations, and for
controlling other machines.
DIAGRAMMATICAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPUTER
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
The history of computers starts out about 2000
years ago in Babylonia (Mesopotamia), at the
birth of the abacus, a wooden rack holding two
horizontal wires with beads strung on them. We
are living in the computer age.
Blaise Pascal is usually credited for building the
first digital computer in 1642. It added numbers
entered with dials and was made to help his
father, a tax collector.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS
A step towards automated computing was the
development of punched cards, which were first
successfully used with computers in 1890 by Herman
Hollerith and James Powers, who worked for the US
Census Bureau. After punched card the following
development were developed In 1942, ENIAC
(Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator),
Early in the 50’s Magnetic core memory and the
Transistor - Circuit Element. By the late 1980s, some
personal computers were run by microprocessors
EARLY COUNTING DEVICES
The earliest counting devices includes the following:
i.
Fingers
ii.
Eye contact
iii. Beating of drums.
iv. stones
v.
sticks
vi. pebbles
vii. cowries
viii. clay spheres
MECHANICAL COUNTING DEVICES
ABACUS
The abacus was developed about 5000 years
ago by the Babylonians to replace the ancient
method of counting with fingers and stones.
It was built out of wood and beads.
SLIDE RULE
The slide rule, an instrument for making
numerical computations and readings, the results
of which may be read easily and quickly after
performing simple mechanical manipulations,
invented in 1622 by William Oughtred.
JOHN NAPIER BONES
John Napier a Scotsman invented
logarithms in 1617. It is a technology
that allows multiplication to be
performed via addition.
Blaise Pascal Machine
Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline as an aid for his
father who was a tax collector in 1642, at age 19.
Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function
calculator (but it could only add).
ASSIGNMENT
a. What is a Computer System?
b. Print out or Draw the picture of the
followings:
a. Abacus
b. Slide rule
c. Stones
d. Sticks
WEEK 2
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTERS
GOTTFRIED LEIBNITZ MACHINE
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1679
constructed an improved version of the
Pascaline. The mechanism was driven by a
handle.
JOSEPH JACQUARD LOOM
Joseph
Jacquard
invented the loom:
The punched cards
controlled the actions
of the loom, allowing
automatic production
of intricate/elaborate
woven patterns.
CHARLES BABBAGE ANALYTICAL ENGINE
British
mathematician
and inventor Charles
Babbage proposed that a
machine, called The
Difference Engine, be
created specifically to
simplify the process of
generating mathematical
tables, such as logarithms.
HERMAN HOLLERITH PUNCH CARD.
In 1881, Herman Hollerith
invented and used a punched card
device to help analyze census data.
ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES
i. Counting machines
ii. Letter openers
iii. Mail sorters
iv. Label printers
v. Overhead projectors
vi. Televisions/videos
vii. Electronic whiteboards
viii.Date stampers
ix. Automatic numbering machines
ELECTRONIC COUNTING DEVICES
VON NEUMAN MACHINE
In 1947, John Von Neuman began to design a new
stored program electronic computer now referred
to as the IAS computer.
MODERN MACHINES
• These are the devices used in our daily activities
which help us to perform different computer
based operations. E.g
Automated Teller
Machine (ATM), Calculator, Microwave ovens,
Sewing Machine, Industrial robots. Etc.
• Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) System
• Electronic Ballot Printers (EBPs)
• Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
• Internet Voting System
Classwork
List out five electronic devices
Home Work
1. States five examples of electromechanical
counting devices
WEEK 3
TECHNOLOGY OF DIFFERENT
INFORMATION AGES
TECHNOLOGY OF DIFFERENT INFORMATION AGES
Technology refers to the ability of
human beings to make things that
sustain them and give them some
control over their environment.
There are five generations of the computer which can be classified
as follows:
1. First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes.
2. Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors.
3. Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits.
4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors
5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial
Intelligence
There are four histories in information technology.
They are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pre-mechanical.
Mechanical
Electromechanical
Electronic.
Pre-Historical
STONE AGE
The first tools which were discovered during the
development were made by grinding two stones
together to make a sharp edge on one of them.
The Bronze Age
The Stone Age developed into the Bronze
Age.
During this period in the development of
technology is when metals were first used
regularly in the manufacture of tools and
weapons.
Iron Age
The beginning of the Iron Age is
marked by a switch from bronze forging
to iron smelting, which changed human
technology.
THE MIDDLE AGE
The Middle Age is known as a backward period in history,
many inventions greatly changed the lives of humans.
Inventions in this age includes:
1.Horseshoes
2.Wheelbarrow
3.Spinning wheel
4.Magnetic compass
5.Eye glasses
6.Small cannon
7.Paper
8.Ink and feather for writing
THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
The Industrial Revolution began in Great
Britain and spread to Belgium, France,
Germany, the United States and Japan,
when many simple machines were
invented and used to aid construction
processes.
INVENTIONS IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE INCLUDE :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Metallurgy
Mining
Steam power
Chemicals
Machine tools
Gas lighting
Glass making
Paper machine
Textile
PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000B.C – 1450 A.D
1. Writing and alphabet communication.
First humans communicated only through speaking
and simple drawings, known as Petroglyphs (signs or
simple figures carved on rock).
Many of these are pictographs- pictures or sketches that
visually resemble that which is depicted.
2. Geometric signs(Dots, Square, etc.).
with no apparent depicted object are called ideographs,
they are symbols used to represent ideas or concept.
THE MECHANICAL AGE:1450-1840
Johannes Gutenberg brought about the
first information explosion during this
age inventing the printing process in
1440.The
first
general
purpose
computers slide rule, the Pascaline and
Leibniz's machine were also invented.
William Outhred, an English man who
invented the slide rule.
THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE :1840-1940
The discovery shows ways to fix electricity was the key
advance made during this period. Knowledge and
information could now be converted into electrical
impulses. This marks the beginning of
telecommunication.
a. Voltaic battery (late 18th century)
b. Telegraph (early 1800s)
c. Morse code (1835 by Samuel Morse)
d. Telephone and radio(1876 by Alexander Graham
Bell).
Electronic Age: 1940 - Present
This is characterized by the development of vacuum
tubes, also different generations of computers which
have feature ranging from vacuum tubes, transistors to
Integrated circuits(ICs). The Electronic age is what we
currently live in. It is the time between 1940 and right
now.
The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) was the first high-speed, digital computer
capable of solving a full range of computing problems
follow by UNIVAC and above them all is the
INTERNET.
Classwork
Write short note on the following
1. Pre-mechanical Age.
2. Mechanical Age.
3. Electromechanical Age.
4. Electronic Age.
Assignment
List out five inventions of the industrial age
WEEK 4
INPUT DEVICES
INPUT DEVICES
Input devices helps the users to get data
into the computer.
An input device is any hardware device
that sends data to a computer, allowing
you to interact with and control the
computer.
TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Trackball
4. Spaceball
5. Joystick
6. Digitizers
7. Image scanners
8. Touch panels
9. Light pens
10.Voice system
11.Hardcopy device
THE KEYBOARD
The keyboard is a part of the computer,
which looks like a typewriter. It is an
input device used to send commands,
data and information into the computer
system.
TYPES OF KEYBOARD
The types of keyboards are:
1. Standard Keyboard
2. Extended keyboard
3. ENHANCED KEYBOARD
4. MULTIMEDIA KEYBOARD
KEYS ON THE KEYBOARD
The keys on the keyboard can be divided into
several sections based on the functions they
perform.
1. Typing (Alphanumeric Keys).
These keys include the same letter, numbers, punctuation
and symbol keys found on the typewriter.
2. Control keys.
Used alone or in combination with other keys to perform
certain activities. Examples CTRL, ALT.
3. Function Keys.
The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They
are labelled F1- F12
4. Navigation keys.
These keys are used for moving around in
documents or web pages and editing text. They
include the arrow keys, HOME, END, PAGE
UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE and INSERT.
5. Numeric Keypads.
The numeric keypad is handy for entering
numbers quickly.
MOUSE AND IT’S SECTIONS
This is a device that controls the movement
of the cursor or pointer on a display screen.
The mouse is of three basic types:
Mechanical: has a rubber or metal ball on its underside
that can roll in all directions.
OPTOMECHANICAL
The optomechanical mouse is the same as
mechanical mouse, but uses optical sensors to
detect the motion of the ball
OPTICAL
The optical mouse uses a laser to detect the
mouse’s movement.
The mouse is connected in three different ways:
1. Serial
2. USB
3. Cordless or Wireless
Class Activity
• Demonstration of the use of the
mouse
Define Screen pointing device
A Screen pointing device is an input
interface (specifically a human interface
device) that allows a user to input
continuously and multi-dimensional a data
to a computer. Movements of the pointing
device are resounded on the screen by
movements of the pointer (or cursor) and
other visual changes.
OTHER POINTING DEVICES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brain computer interfacing
Joysticks
Light guns
Touch screens
Mice
Trackballs
Touchpads
Light pens
Brain computer interfacing
JOYSTICKS
LIGHT GUNS
TOUCH SCREENS
Assignment
1. List five input devices
2. List the parts of a keyboard
3. Mention Five screen pointing devices
you know.
WEEK 5
OUTPUT DEVICES
OUTPUT DEVICES
Output device is any piece of computer hardware through
which the result of processed data are communicated to the
user.
Examples of output devices includes:
1. Speakers
2. Headphones
3. Monitor
4. Printer
MONITOR
The monitor is an output device that
displays the result of a processed data
on a screen.
The computer monitor is the mostused output device on a computer.
TYPES OF MONITOR
1. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitor
The traditional, glass-screen, television-set-like
monitor.
This is the cheapest monitor in the market today. It
has a large case, which includes the funnel tubes that
displays the images on the screen.
2. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
3. LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)
PRINTER
A printer is an output device which
produces a text or graphics of documents
stored in electronic form, usually on
physical print media such as paper.
TYPES OF A PRINTER
There are various types of printers, which includes:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Ink-jet printer
Laser printer
Dot matrix printer
Line printer
Plotter
They are classified into two main parts:
a. Impact printers
b. Non impact printers
INK-JET PRINTER
LASER PRINTER
DOT MATRIX PRINTER
LINE PRINTER
Homework
• What are the differences between a
monitor and a printer
WEEK 6
MID TERM
WEEK 7
SYSTEM UNIT
SYSTEM UNIT
• The system unit is regarded as the main
part of the computer system and it
contains parts such as the central
processing unit, arithmetic and logic unit
and memory. Box-like case that contains
computer’s electronic components.
Sometimes called the chassis
A SYSTEM UNIT INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING PARTS:
a. Motherboard
b. Microprocessor
c. Memory Chips
d. System Clock
e. Buses
f. Ports
g. Expansion Slots and Cards
Examples of Systems Unit
INPUT/OUTPUT PORT (I/O PORT)
INPUT/OUTPUT PORT (I/O PORT)
THE COMPONENTS OF A MOTHERBOARD
WEEK 8
SYSTEM UNIT
SYSTEM UNIT
INSTRUCTION SET
An instruction set is a list of all instructions and all
their variations that a process can execute. They
include:
1. Arithmetic such as add and subtract
2. Logic instructions such as AND, OR and NOT.
3. Data instruction such as move, input, output, load
and store.
FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is the brain of the computer
It guides, directs and manages its performance
The CPU is the control centre for a computer
It carries out instructions and tells the rest of the
computer system what to do.
5. It performs arithmetic calculations
6. CPU holds data and instructions which are
currently in use.
STRUCTURE OF THE CPU
MOTHERBOARD
A
motherboard,
also known as the
main board, system
board is the central
or primary circuit
board making up a
complex electronic
system such as
modern computer.
SLOTS AND PORTS ON THE MOTHERBOARD INCLUDE:
1. Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)
2. Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
3. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
4. Universal Serial Bus (USB) or FireWire
5. Memory slots.
ASSIGNMENT
1. State five functions of the CPU.
2. Mention two ports on the motherboard.