CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
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Environmental Impacts from Transport
Low Emission Vehicle Technologies
Which Vehicles to Target within Fleet
Leeds Initiatives to Promote Gas, Hybrid &
Electric Vehicles
Environmental Impacts from Transport
□ Air Pollution:
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Before 1970’s urban air pollution was dominated by
combustion of fossil fuels (Visible pollution/smog's)
Since 1970’s, urban air pollution has become dominated by
transport emissions. (Less visible, NO2/particulates)
Urban air quality has significantly improved since Industrial
Revolution up to year 2000.
Since 2000, air quality levels in Leeds have remained static
& now showing signs of worsening again.
Leeds has declared 6 Air Quality Management Areas
Annual health burden for Leeds ~ £100 million/poor AQ
Environmental Impacts from Transport
□ Climate Change:
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Road transport produces 24% of total UK emissions of CO2,
(2.28 million tonnes from W Yorks)
Transport is now the only major sector where emissions are
presently not falling
Emergency global situation, GHG’s still increasing
Must consider cumulative effect of emissions/time
UK & World Governments still assume +2C could be avoided,
resulting to moderate Climate Change (No Chance!)
Present projections indicate +3.5 - 4C (Dangerous feedbacks)
Environmental Impacts from Transport
□ Environmental Noise:
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50% of the UK population are exposed to noise levels above
the WHO guideline for noise: L(Aeq)16hr 55dB(A)
Road transport accounts for approximately 90% of
background noise levels across England.
The DEFRA Road Noise Map for W Yorks identifies 850
Priority dwellings where noise levels > L10(18hr) 76dB(A)
Traffic noise causes nuisance, sleep disturbance & stress
related health problems
Main noise sources: engine, exhaust, body panels, tyres
Low Emission Vehicle Technologies
□ Low Emission Vehicles (LEV’s):
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There is an urgent need to promote LEV’s capable of
reducing emissions of air pollutants, GHG’s & noise
There are several types of LEV technology available today
DfT Research suggests LTP measures from 2010 - 2050 may
provide 30% carbon savings, whilst 70% likely from LEV’s
Must act now to promote LEV’s & supporting infrastructure
Need to show LEV’s are efficient & with time premium costs
will fall
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Low Emission Vehicle Technologies (1)
Stop/Start/Eco-Motion:
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ICE with stop/start system, reduced body drag, low energy tyres.
Mass production petrol/diesel cars & light vans, <5% Premium cost
WTW ~ 15% reduction in CO2 & air pollutants, reduced idling noise
Mild/Full Hybrid:
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ICE assisted by battery/capacity electric drive technology
Optimum engine speed/gear selection & Regenerative braking
Mass production for mild hybrids/limited for some full hybrids
Premium cost 15% for mild hybrid, approx 50%+ for full hybrids
Mild hybrid: WTW CO2 15-20% reduction, 20-30% reduction in air
pollutants, quieter acceleration
Full hybrid: WTW CO2 25-35% reduction, 30-50% reduction in air
pollutants, quieter acceleration. Eg. Series 7 bus.
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Low Emission Vehicle Technologies (2)
Electric:
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Batteries power electric drive motors
Mass production for some cars, limited for LGV’s, HGV’s & Buses.
High premium cost at present, 50-100%, but very cheap to run
Developing recharging network
WTW CO2 reduction 25-30% from National Grid, up to 80% if
powered from sun/photovoltaic's
Zero air pollutants at source, very quiet operation (Potential issue!)
Gas Powered (CNG/Biomethane)
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ICE (Spark) fuelled by CNG/Biomethane/LPG)
Limited production for all vehicle types.
Premium cost: Car 15%, LGV 25%, HGV 30%, Bus 20%
Very limited refuelling infrastructure for CNG/BM
WTW CO2 reduction 20% for CNG, 60-80% reduction for CBM
Approx 97% & 47% reduction for PM10 & NOX, 6-11 dB(A) quieter
LEEDS TRANSPORT
INITIATIVES TO REDUCE VEHICLE EMISSIONS
TRAFFIC DEMAND
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
ENCOURAGING MORE
SUSTAINABLE TRAVEL
ACTIONS TO REDUCE
VEHICLE EMISSIONS
PROMOTE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
e.g. QUALITY BUS INITIATIVES, NEW
GENERATION TRANSPORT, TRAM TRAIN &
NEW RAIL STATIONS
TRAVELWISE
e.g. TRAVEL AWARENESS CAMPAIGNS,
BIKE WEEK, EUROPEAN MOBILITY WEEK,
ACTIVE AND HEALTHY TRAVEL PROMOTIONS
CAR CLUBS AND CAR SHARING
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SCHEMES
PROMOTE SMOOTH / FREE FLOWING
TRAFFIC (NEW UTMC SYSTEMS),
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS,
SPEED MANAGEMENT
PRIORITY MEASURES
e.g. HOV / HGV LANES, GUIDED BUS,
QUALITY CORRIDOR / BUS LANES/GATES
PSV TRAFFIC LIGHT PRIORITIES
INTEGRATED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
e.g. PARK & RIDES, INTERCHANGES, QUALITY
CONTRACTS / PARTNERSHIPS,
CITY CENTRE FREE BUS
ACCESS BUS
TRAVEL PLANS
e.g. SCHOOL , WORKPLACE & RESIDENTIAL
TRAVEL PLANS, ANNUAL TRAVEL PLAN
SURVEYS, DEVELOPMENT RELATED
TRAVEL PLANS, WEST YORKS TRAVEL PLAN
NETWORK, CYCLE AND WALKING LINKS TO
SCHOOLS, PERSONALISED TRAVEL PLANS
EMISSION TESTING TO TARGET ‘GROSS
POLLUTERS’
e.g. REMOTE SENSING/SCREENING DEVICE
FOR VEHICLE INSPECTORATE
LOW EMISSION STRATEGIES
LOW EMISSION VEHICLES / LOW EMISSION
ZONES
LAND-USE PLANNING / RSS/ LDF
FISCAL RESTRAINTS
e.g. PARKING CHARGES / LEVIES,
CONSIDER GREEN INITIATIVES, ETC.
PROMOTE CYCLING & WALKING
CYCLING, PEDESTRIAN AND
ACCESS STRATEGIES
SCREENING MODELS, SA & SEA
TRANSPORT ASSESSMENTS,
PLANNING CONDITIONS, SUPPLEMENTARY
POLICIES
ENCOURAGE USE OF CLEANER FUELS
e.g. CNG, BIOMETHANE, BIODIESEL,
HYBRIDS, GREEN ELECTRIC, ADDITIVES
LINKS WITH WASTE STRATEGY
REDUCE
VEHICLE EMISSIONS
ENCOURAGE CLEAN TECHNOLOGIES
e.g. EXHAUST AFTER TREATMENTS,
ROUTINE SERVICING / EMISSION TESTS
ECO DRIVING TECHNOLOGIES
IMPROVE AIR QUALITY
& MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE
Leeds City Council
Business Transport Carbon Emissions
14,477 Tonnes in 2007
Fleet - Other
14%
Grey Fleet
16%
Welfare Taxis
7%
Parks &
Countryside
10%
Fleet Buses &
Minibuses
10%
Fleet HGVs (>3.5t)
29%
Whizz Go
0%
Fleet Cars
1%
Fleet Vans
13%
RCV’s Ave. 3.5mpg, 6% of fleet uses 25% of fuel
Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type
Number of Vehicles in Fleet
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
under 3.5t
3.5t to 7.5t
over 7.5t
Bunkered Fuel Used (litres)
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
under 3.5t
3.5t to 7.5t
over 7.5t
Leeds Biomethane Trial for RCV’s
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Assessed performance of Dedicated Biomethane & Dual-Fuel
Engine Technology applied to 26 tonne Refuse Collection Vehicles
(RCV)
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The Biomethane RCV performed tasks well against diesel RCV
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Annual Tailpipe CO2 savings ~ 7.6 tonnes
Annual WTW CO2 savings ~ 32 tonnes, based on Biomethane from
Surrey Landfill
Substantial reductions in air pollutants & noise
The Dual-Fuel (Diesel/gas) application did not perform well, this
technology is best suited for long haul
Mercedes Econic RCV
(As seen on BBC Look North)
RCV Breakevens for LBM/LNG
Breakeven Periods based on Annual Mileage
Example - Diesel at £1.05/litre and LBM at £1.10/kilo
Change in Service
Delivery, less RCV’s,
now travel further,
approx 14K miles
£30,000
£25,000
£20,000
£15,000
£10,000
£5,000
£0
8,000
1
2
12,000
16,000
Breakeven
3
4
5
6
7
Years
Breakeven Periods based on Annual Mileage
Example - Diesel at £1.05/litre and LNG at 90p/kilo
 Low volumes of LBM
currently attracts a
delivery charge over
and above the base
price, LNG doesn’t
£70,000
Cumulative savings
Cumulative savings
£35,000
£60,000
£50,000
£40,000
£30,000
£20,000
£10,000
£0
1
8,000
16,000
2
12,000
Breakeven
3
4
Years
5
6
7
Gas RCV Refuelling at
Leeds LBM Station
Opened (24/3/2011)
Low Carbon Vehicle Procurement
Programme (LCVPP)
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DfT set up the LCVPP to accelerate the introduction of lower
carbon technologies onto the UK vehicle market.
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Opportunity to demonstrate the real-world performance of low
carbon technologies in high profile public sector fleets.
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£20m available to meet premium costs of procuring LC vehicles
□ Under the LCVPP, Leeds currently trialling:□
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19no. Diesel Electric Hybrids (Ashwoods/Ford Transit
5no. All electric plug ins (Smiths / Ford Transit)
Monitoring performance against diesel variants (Good start!)
LCVPP: Recharging of Smith’s Electric &
Ashwood’s Hybrid Transit Van
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Initiatives to Promote EV’s
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LCC has signed up to the Plugged in Yorkshire (PIY) project: Aims to provide European matched funding for EV recharging
 Targeted towards SME’s & some Local Authorities
Working with the EST & Tadea Sustainable Energy Solutions
Agreed to install of Photovoltaic's on roof structures of car parks
& LCC buildings.
Tadea is non profit making company, would pay for installation
& recharging points, in return for negotiated % of Feed in Tariff
16 buildings & 2 car parks are being considered
Possible partnership with Siemens & a local company called
Voltex, who could advice on ‘Smart Grid’ recharging systems
Other LCC Initiatives for LEV’s
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Waste Strategy links, potential use of Energy from Waste & AD.
(Sources of Green electricity/Biomethane)
Metro/First/Volvo/LCC Green Bus Fund: Successful Hybrid bus trials
on A61 Guided Bus corridor. A fleet of 22 hybrid double decker
buses (£6.2m) will operate by late 2011. (Series 7 Service)
Establish optimum 3rd Party use of gas station (YAS, ENE Homes)
Assess best viable options for BM/NG (Liquid or compressed),
working with DEFRA/DfT/DEC
Environmental Benchmarking of 26 LCC LEV’s by Leeds Uni/ITS
MSc/PhD student
Trialled tyre pressure sensors, often seized, now checked daily
Fleet driver training, MiDAS & SAFED Eco- driving, use of
Masternaut journey planning, City Car Club etc.
Summary of Presentation
□ Urgent action is needed to reduce Transport
related GHG’s, air pollutants & noise emissions
□ LEV’s will require supporting Infrastructure
Networks (Consider shared use)
□ Group Procurement & increased fossil fuel cost
will greatly improve economic viability of LEV’s
□ Widespread use of LEV’s will mitigate Climate
Change, improve local air quality & noise climate