Revivirg the Collective Body:
l/on Anesthesiee
Gina Pane's Escalad"e
Fr6d6riqueBaumgartner
.{bstr.rcts
the- context of historic Drcscrvati()nuht.rc it has not l>ct-ntxamine-d. Firsl
lirrn-rulatcd in thc eightcenth-ecnturr .rcsthctic r,r.ritings ol' Johann Gottfiiccl
Ilcr<lcr ancl Johann Joachirn Winckchrann, thc Pvgrnalion inrpulsc mav bc
trar:c<l in the- clcl>a1cs,practiccs an<l publications rclatcrl to thc Zr,r'ingcr's
historv o1'clcstruttions, rcstorations antl rcconstructions,li>llou'ing thc
tlt-structions in thc Scrcn Yr:ars War .rnrl W<rrl<l War II anrl Gt'rrnarr
ll.cunillc'ationin lc)90. Inrrrcations of ['_r'grnalion'st n'.rtilt' .rntl rt. ( rr).rti\'\irlt'ntillt'ation u ith sculpturc an(l scull)turallr' pt'rccir,c<l.rrthitr.tttrrc firl<l in
subjccts as <livcrseas thc ovcrlapping priratc an<l public sph.'rr.sof vit'sing
i r r t , r n c t h i c ' so l ' l i r i n g u p t o a s c u l p t u r a lm o < l c l o r l a i l i n g t o r l o s o , t a c t i l t '
-fhis
m('mol-\', mo<lcrn intc-rvcntion, anrl art's theraltctrtir.lto'"r'cr.
cssa\' usts
r t . r ' c n t s c h o l a r s h i p r > l r s c u l p t u r a l i r n a q i n a l i o n a n r l h i s t o r i c . ; > r t ' s e r v a t i o rt <
- rr
intcrprct thc I)rgnr.rlir>n
impulsc in tht'Zuingcr anrl its rich rlot'urnt'ntarv
t ' r i t l t ' t t t c l n r r n r h c e i g h t c e r r t hr h r o t r g l - rt u t ' n t i l i r s t c u r t L r r i t ' si n l ) r t ' * r l t . r r i s
l n h i v c s , I i l r r . r r i t ' s. r r r <rln u s c u r n s .
'fhc 'lragic
Imagc: Action Painting Rc{igurcrl
Robert Slifkin
Ilart'nt'lost
tht'r'ap.icilv 1o pcrttivc
A b s t r . r c t F . x p r c s s i o n i s lp ; r i n l i n g i n t h t '
t l t . l t l t l ( ' t ' i t s t r t ' . t ( t t t ' st - r t i i s i o t t t ' < l ?l ' h i s p a p t ' r c x . r r r r i r r t ' st l r i s < l t r t ' s l i o nt h r o r r g h . r n
.rttallsis ol' I larol<l I{ost rrlrcrq's (\)n(('l)t ol Ar'1iorr I)ainting. Whilc tvpically
tunrlt'rstoo<l rs tht. <lvnarnit' apltlit.rtion ol
1taint, Ar.lion I)ainting \\'.ls
o r i g i n a l l v n r ( ' i r n t 1 ( ) s u g g c s t a < l r ; r . r n l 1 i ru n t l t ' r s t a n < l i n go l t h t ' n o r k , , 1 ' a r t 1 i . . ' .
. r tt i o t r a s a t ' t i n g ) i n * l ' r i t ' l ' r t l ' r t ' b l t r r n ' < l
l)irssa{('s an<l hall t'rast'<l lornrs
prorluct'rl
t'rn<>tionll clli't ts
inragt'rv in
trp<>n tlrt' .rurlit'rrr.t' ol
.r rlct irlctllr, unrt'solvt'rl t ontlilion,
vit'r,r't'rs. llv
Atlion
<lcpit,ting
l)ainlings lirrgc<l .r
1 r ' t r r p r > r a rl n l l t ' i x i t t u l r i t h
bollr llasl .urrl lirlrrrc r'ontliliorrs ol rrrorplrt>logitrrl
'l'his
l r o r < ' r ' i n { Is t i t t ( . o l , r l l u s i r t . i r r r a g t ' r ' , 1 .
possibilitv totrl<l lrt. rt.prt'st'n1t'<1.
i n v t ' s t t ' < lt l r t ' n o r k s
nith
t h c i r o l i c i t t ' < l l r u t r a r t ' l ) ( ' x l ) l ( ) r ( ' ( lt r ' . r g i cc t l r o s . l . i k t '
r l r a t n a t i r ' l r a g c < l y , t l r r ' P r r r P o s t ' o l ' A c t i o n I ) a i n l i n g \ \ , . 1 st ( ) r r r a k t . t h t ' i r u ( l i ( ' n ( ( '
t t t o r t ' s t ' t r s i t i v t ' t o t h t ' i r ( ) w n s t a t u s a s a ( ' 1 ( ) r st ' u r g h t i n t h c n r i < l < l l co l t ' r ' t . n t s i r r
t ' r ' r ' r r ' < l a yl i l i ' , i r n r l s D u r t h t ' n r t o a r ' 1 r n o r t ' < l c c i s i v t ' l v i n t h c i r r > r , r nl i v t ' s .
llcviving thc Collcctirc llo<lv: (jina Panc'sEscalatle
Nttn.'lnc.sthesiic
Fr6d6riqueBaumgartner
This artitlt'[irt'ttst's on (iina I'anc'spcrlolrnlntc Esccr/crc/c
(1971),
r]()n(rrcrthl.siic
uhith tonsistc<lol 1hc artist rnotrnting a ll<klt'r sltr<ltlc<lw,ith sharp rnt'tallit'
shar<ls,causing injrrrv to ht'rst'lf in tht'protcss. [)rt'r'iousart historians havc
rt'a<l I'anc's Pcrli,r'rnanc'csthrough a Psr, hoanalvti<.lt'ns, t'nrPhasizingthc
plrt c o1' Lat atrian thotrghl in tht' nasct'nl l:r't'nch li'rninist lnr>rt'rrrt'nt ol' tht'
1970s. This .rrtit lc posits that psvtho.rnalvti<at'r'ountsot lhnt"s lr'ork h.rvt'
ncglt'r'tt'<lthc p()liti(al ('ont(.xt of th.' rvork's t'xt't'utiorr.rrr<lrt.t,t.ption.l,ane
spccilicallv rclcren<i:<l thc Victnarn \\hr vl l'rt'n shc <lcst'ribc<lhcr intr:ntion
uitlr lscalaJc non onesthlsiic.Accorrlingh', this articlc links hcr pcrlirrnrancc
t<>trrt socioloeiquc a tcrrn appliccl to .l rangc of p<>liticizc<l
u'orks prorlucc<l
in l)aris in thc nakc <.l1'thcMav 68 r'rents
an(l th()rcl)_\'
tr> thc: politics ol'
thr' /nrcrnrrtionolcSitttcttionni.stc.
Strcssing tlrc importancc of' thc t <xrc.cptof'
alit'nation in thc' <liscourscof th.- l97Os anrl in l)ant"s rvritirrgs, tlris artic.lc
a r g u c st h a t t h t ' r r a s o c h i s t i cc l c m c n t s o l h c r p c r l i , r n ) J n ( ( ' \ \ ( ' r ( . J n J t t ( . r n l ) tt ( )
cntl crillct'tivc ltassivitv.This t:ollcctivc <lt'ant:stht:tizationu.rs carricrl ()ut l)v
l l 2 ( ) x r ( ) R rA) R ' Jt ( ) U R N Al +T. 22 0 l l
I
A1>sr
nc rs
l)anc throuqh thc photo <locumcntatir)n()l'h('r
l)crfbrmancc, in rr.hich shc stagcrl
thc-inragc of a non-slrccillc,r;ithcr than individual l>o<lv.
Fans o1'Feminism: Re-rvriting Historics .f Secrnd-w.ave Feminisrn
in Contcmporary
Art
Catherine Grant
In |ctt:nt ,vcars,thcrc has lrt'cn ;r rcappraisal
ot intcrcst in lerninistar1 arrrl
activisrn,ccntring on st'con<l
*arc fcminisrnfi'onr thc 1970s.'fhis artic.lc
ustrsthe figurc ol thc l;rn tr>t.xplorethc ayrpcalo[ sccontluavt. li'nrinisnrirr
thc ('()Irtemlx)rarv
trl()rtrctrt,
tonsi<lt'ring
thc tlilli'rcnt uays artr.rorksrc rr ritt.,
r c - i n r a g i n ta' n t l r t ' - a t t i r . r t t ,' " , , , , r , lr n l a . ' .f c l n i n i s t . r i r r r r l D , , l i t i t s . - f h c
gt'nt:r.rtionll tt'ttsiott lirun<l in artr'r'<>rks
that rt.r isit this hirtorical lll()nl('nt is
<lisc'tlssc<l
irt rclation (o lirtr<krnrils il \\'a\ into thc rlt'siring arr<l<lt.rotrrir.rg
i n t t ' r c s (t h a t < r u n P l i t , r t c lsi l n i l i r l n r rr t l r . l s, , l l t r l i n i s r g c n c r . a l i o r r s( -. o n s i < l c r i n q
i r a n g c o l c r > n t t ' n r P o r ; r r ' _ \ ' . r r t l r , otrh. ck sc, o r l r a l c x a n r P l c sa r c M a r , , , K c l l 1 . l s
r('(cn1 l)roi('(1 1.o'c.\onr7.r.
2005 7, w,hith int,lu<k'sIr-agrrrcntso{ inter-r'rt'us
l r o t t l l t o n t t ' t t r t h o w c r t ' i n r r r l v t ' < il n l i ' r n i n i s n ri n t h c 1 9 7 0 s ,r r > n t r a s t t ' ruli t h a
v()ung('r gt'rit'ratit>n,.ur<l tlrt' zint's ol'tht' llrr>okl_vn
lrasc'rlr.6llt't.1ivt'tTTl{
w h i t h r t ' c r t ' a t ( ' Js l ) a ( ( ' o l l i ' r n i n i s lr - o l l t . t ' t i v i l r ' r , r ' i t hai n( l L r ( ' ( .arr t c r r n l t ' x t .
( ) x t : ( ) l r . r{ )t { T . J ( ) U I I N A1I 4 . 2t ( ) t 1 l l l
Reviving the Collcctive Bodv: Gina Pane's EscaladeIJon
Anesthdside
Fr6d6riqueBaumgartner
(iirrr l'lrc
L
u.ts lrortt itr lliarrilz, I rin(o, lr
19i9, ol rn Itnlinn lnthfr in(l in Auslrinn nr()thcr
l 1 r ' e i n gN a z i s r r r . I ' r r c s p c n l h e r r r r L r l l r i r r I l . r l r . r r r r l
n ) ( ^ r 1 l t { ) I ' r r i s i n l 9 ( . 1 t o r 1 1 r . r r rIl : r o l e r r a t i o n r l t ,
s L l l x l r i (r r r ( ( l { s I l t N r r A r t s . S b c r e n r a i n c r l i n I t r r i s ,
lrut rlso trarellctl 1hn)ugl)()ut IrrrroPt, rcturrring
to lt.rlr until h(r (lcilh in lc)90 alit.r r long
'l,lrr,rrrrl/rrtirJ
l : x a l . t t o t i i s l r < x r J c r r r r i l ri
olitn
illrrcss.
l l l c s s i n g l r . r n s l a t t r l t l r t t i t l e o l I ' . r n e ' sr r r i , n . \ t t
'(iina
I ' . r r r r " s\ \ ' i l n c s s t ' s . l h e
Jcrrnilir lllcssing,
.\tr<licnr r' .rn<l I'hotognphr'',
rol
7, rro -1, 2002, p. l.l
/'r'rfornuncc /l, rcurtb,
All tlrc otlrcr
l r . l r ) s l . r 1 i { ) r )i ns t l r i r . r r t i <l t ( l r c r l i r r r r r . r n e
r titlcs,
r ' s r i l t i t l e s , i n ( l ( l u { ) 1 (\ ) i r ( n l i r ( , u r l ( s s
ollrcr-uisc irrrlir,rlc<l
).
/lcrn
J , r 1 , / . r . l c(r/ ) r y / , r c , / \ t , n c r 1 i t t r o l r t r l t l t t
i r - l i s l n r ( ^ i r r { a p i l t o l s r r r a l ls l o n t s l i o r r r t l r t < h r k
i n l ( ) . l s l ) . r e r r l r c r r ' l h t r u r . r t . r r l r r r r c r ll l
IttrlL ltttnn
i t,rk
tlrt .rrtist h.rrl plrtlrl
ulrith
1hesur.
pl,r< in a rhrk rrxrnr ulrcrr'
r strits ol rolotrrlirl olrjctrs
s l r t t r s e t l t o o r ' . r t t a r l r c ' . r r r r l i k cl i n l l t i \ ( .
J . I ' . r r e ' s s t r l r s r r l r r e n lr l t i r r r r i n r o l r r r l r r r u l t i p l e
\ ( \ l t l ( r t (e s l t t s u r l l r r s r ' r i ts o l t l r r e e ) .
.1. l).rnt nrrirrlairrrrl l lrslirrg rrrllalroratirn uillr
l r . r r t q o i s t M a s s < r r . ( ) r l l r i s i s s t r r ' ,s c e J u l i a
'(iin,r
I Iorrnlorr,
lt,rnt r't Iirlnqoist Mrsson:
I . t r r r r r l r l e r k u x s t r r s i l r i l i t ts ( ) u l . r ( r ) n n i \ ( r ) ( \ ' ( l ( s
rtgarls',.lrt
lnr'rncc, rro. 5lt, r\pril
.lrrnc200.1,
pp.20 9.
5. See lilrrrrline ( lrarrnne in(l t\nr)e Mrrthrrr,l
'l.r
(\risinr (l'unc.rclion',
(rrls1, (iin.r I'.rrrc,
/cttrc
) r t n l t ) t n L o n n u ( c )( l : t r r l t r t . r l i o r a l t s t r p i r i t r r r t r k s
llcrux r\rts: I'.rlis, )(X)3;, p. 19. ()riginallr
l r r r l r l i s l r t r fi n . l r t r r r , l l I n r t r n , n t o n , t l ,n o . i 9
: \ p r i l N o v n r l x r 19 7 7 , p . l i t .
.10,
( r . l i r r t x r t r p l r ' , ( n r t l r ( \ 1 ' r s ( )( ) l i n n s s (r n l ) l n { c ( ) l '
(r)nti(1
l)rints rloturrrcnting I'arrt's.rsrort, kePt iD
llrt axhivcs ol lilngris I'lrrchalt, I'rnc intlicrtcrl
t h e u o r r l s ' l : s c r l a r l t s r n q l a r r t r " . S i r r r i l a r l v ,I - r r r r q r r i s
I'lurlrrrt rtlilrtrl
1o /rto/uJc ndD dnrvrfJiic is
'l:stirla<L
'\rilr's
singlrnle' in
s u r l ( s n ( 1 i ( ) n s( 1 .
(linr I)rnr'', Sr'lvit Mokhtari
(crl.;, /'.1rt: rrn uoc
J r l d r t i ( i p L l i o n a r r r r , r n r / c( l i r l i t i o r r s J ; r i r ; r r c l i n t
('hanrlxrn: Nirncs, 20021, p. 232. ()riqinallv
p r r l r l i s l r e <iln t l r c t x h i l r i t i o n c a t a l o g u c A t u r r l c r
url/cun, Music (l'art (r)ntenll)oriin, Ilorrlcrux,
1973, rrr Page nunrhr. For.r lirll,rrrrrunt ol thc
((rr1sl)(rr(leD(e belrrcen I)ane .rDrl I'lutlrarl
rolir(linL
l:satlalc non drcvll\irj., scc Janig 13(grx'
'l)ossitr: (iina
Iirukruch,
l).rnt',
anrl \athalie
I,stllrtle non iurcsthcsiic, l97l',
(
Thc ,\uthor
201 L
Janig l3igoc,
Publishcrl lrr'()xlirrtl
t l o i :I 0 . I 0 9 l / o x a r t j / k c r 0 2 0
I n t h c s l ) r i n g ( ) l 1 9 7 I , t h c l t a l i a nA u s t r i a n a r t i s t ( i i n a l ) a n c l ) c r l i ) r n r c ( l
l
Escolalcnon (rneli.hisi;c(.Unoncsthctizctl
Escolotion)in l-rer l'arisian stutlio.
Accrrr<ling1o hcr, this rr ork sh<>rrl<l
bc <lcsignatc<l
as rn .rclidn. For this is
hor'r'l)anc, a rnclnl)cr ()l'1he lirtlv Art nro\'('nrcnt, rlcfine<l all hcr
l)crli)rman('cs, tl'rat is, all hcr \\'orks \\'hosc nrcaning InJtcrialisc(l throtrgh
ht'r bo<lilv cngag('ln('nt. Thcst' sl).rn an clcvt'n ycar lx'ri(xl, ll'onr ht'r
r(.\'('lalorv (.xl)cri('n('('u'hilc nraking PicrrcsJiTrlatic.\,hcr lirst spontatrcotts
c r . r i ( ) no u t ( l ( ) ( ) r si n J u l v 1 9 6 8 , t h r o u g h L i t t l c J o u r n c l ,J i n 1 9 7 9 , h e r l a s t
l)ul)lic
-l'hc I)crl()rn)ar)('('.'
single s('(lucn('c ttttion Escdlutlcnon dnc$htsiiccrrnsistc<l()l thc artist
clirnbing, bart'lirot, an(l l)ar('l'ran<lcrl,a la<klcr likt' slrr-rclrrrc\\'ith run{s
r
stu<l<lcrf
r.r'ithsharp rnt't:rllic sharrls. Scenringlylnas(xhisti(, 1hr' pcrlirrnrantt'
laste<llirr l'rall'an hour u'lrt'n thc artist, lrlccrling I)r()lLsel\',r('a(hc(l a strt(' ()l
total t'xhaustion.
Althotrgh l)('rli)rmativc in naturc, I'.stalo.lc
non dncsthcsicc
took plac'c$ ithout
an au(li('n('('.IIowcvcr, Js \\'ith l)ant"sothcr (r(tion.s,
it rli<linvolvc uhat shc c'allc<l
a .on.st.rt,tl'rat is, photo <lot'unr('ntati()n,('x('(Llt('(l in crrllalroration r'r'ith thc
photographcr l]rangoist' Ml*.,,n.* F,rl l'.rnt', photo rlocutn('r)tati()I)\\'Js JIr
intcgral l)art ()l tht'w'ork, bv no rrcans s('('()n(larvto thc lrcrlorrnarrct'itscll'.
S h t ' c x p l a i n e <tlh a t a l ) e r l o r m a n ( c i n c l u < l t ' rtlh r c r ' p a r t s o l ' c < 1 u a il m p o r t a n t ' t ' :
thc grounrlvr'ork,consistit.tg()l l)rcl)rrat()ry (lra\\'ir)gs,photographs, an(l lexts;
thc actual l)crli)rman(c; an(l thc s('lccti()n ol photr>graphstakcn rluring thc
(on.sr(rt.[n this cr>ntext, thc prcscnr:col'
l)crli)rnrilncc, u'hich c'onstitut('(ltht'
an au(licn('('(li(l not al)l)clr as ('ssontial, Js the .on.rl(lt, in I)anc's vitu,
transmittc<ltht'pt:rlirrrnanco most r:flicicntlv. L'r lict, shc marlc clt:ar thal thc
(dnrldf \\'as rx)t scl)aratofi-<>rnthc l)crl()rmancc; instcarl, it u'as 1lar1ol' hcr
I)crli)rmativt' languagc, as it allo\\,c(lhr:r to gui<lc m()rc cl()scly thc vicu,r'r's
gazc in his/hcr cnc()untcrr\\,ith the l)crli)rmincc.
In thc casc ol Escalalc non oncsthisiic. thc consraf t()ok thc lirrm ol'
sixty nint: black-an<l-lr,hitcenlargc<l c()ntacl l)rints, rcc()r-rlingcvcry <lctail
of l)ant:'s painful asccnsion. Tht'sclcctc(l prints rr'cre aflixerl to a verticral
\\,()(xlcn l)ancl thc crxact sizc ol thc larl<lcr, 123 x 160 crn. Thc la<l<lcr,
placcrl ncxt to thc pancl a fi'r.r'ccntimctrcs apart, c()ml)]ctc(l thc consrarof
[,sca]arlc non (tncsthisiie (Fig. 1). I1' uo vicu'cr attcn<lctl Panc's [sca1o,1c
Sanglante(BlooLlyClimb\, as thc artist an(l somc crritics ()ccasionallvrlubl>crl
this violcnt pcrli)rmancc, thc constar attcstccl to thc highly disturbing
nJture ()f hcr gusture.
Thc consrat<f [.rru]url" non trnesthisi;c
is kcpt t<>rlavat thc Mus6c national rl'art
mo(lcrnc Ccntrc Pon'rpirl<iu
in Paris. How,cvcr, s()mc of thc photographs also
circulatcrl in magazincs. In particular, thc crcation in thc autumn of 1971 of
thc Frcnch c:ritical journal rlrtitutles (rcnamccl ilrtitLtles Internutionnl thc
Unirersitv l)rcss; all ri{hls rcscrvc(l
(l
()xr()1rr) ART JOLrr{N-AL
l.l..2201l 247-261
Frcrli ri<1uc llrumgartncr
F i g . 1 . G i n a P a n e , E s c a / a . i en o n a n e s t h d s i d e ,1 9 7 1 , b l a c k a n d w h i t e p h o t o g r a p h so n w o o d p a n e l a n d s t e e l s t r u c t u r e ,3 2 3 '
FranQoisel\4asson.Musee national d'art moderne-CentrePompidou, Paris. (Photo: '
firllouing _\'car)l)r()\'i(l('<ll'ane uith an ol)[)()rtunilv to <lisserninatt'hcrw,ork.
Founrlc<lhv thc art ( ritic Frarrqois l)lut h;.rrt an<l tlrc lJorlv Artist Nilitlrcl
()clober 19'71issuc an<l its
J<rurni.rt',thc journal sut'ct'ssirclvpul)lishc(l in its
Oct<>lrcl l)cccmbcr 1974 issuc a sclcctiorrof pl'rotographsfl'on'rE.scalurlc
non
f
,,.,
dnc.\Incslec.
\.rth.rlic IJorrlorrrh,lrlr.rrr l.rlrLrrn,rn{trls1, Ir
l \ 'r l , ' r n t r n ,t.. 1 - n t r c , r al ] r L r ' e r / ' r r r i t r i f \ i i , n l c r r f, t i r . i r i l i \
(l'rcsscs Llrirclritrjrt
20101, p. l+l
r rl, l\'oncs:
urotc
a b < r u t h c r u , o r k a n r l a r t i n g c r r t ' r a l ,p t r l , l i s l r i r r.gs s . l r s i n
l r r i n q i r r r rt h i s h x r l
1,, rrrr ntlcnti()n.
2 5 0 ( ) x t ' () l u ) . { t r Tl ( ) L l r t N A Il + . 2 2 0 1 1
. l r t i t u J c t l n r c r n a r t , t u , r /r.r r . I 5
[)ettrtlxr
lLtnre.,
5 1 . I t l r a n k J . r n i gl l t g o t l i r r
7 . S c e l r t i t r r r / c rt ,r o l , ( ) r l o b c r
I n a < l < l i t i o n t o c a r c f r . r l l v c r r n c c i v c r l c o n . s r d l rol' hcr cphcmcr.rl irctions,l)anc
occasi<rnllll
32O r 23cm. Photographs:
Adagp, Paris 2011.)
I97.t, p. iS.
1971, I
r rn<l
17, Orrolx r
Rcr iring tlie Collectilt- Bocll
journals srrch as .lrtitutlcs, ()pus Intern<ttiondl,an(l Art PressA
. collcction of her
manv not('s pulrlishccl in 200] ollcrs furthcr- insight into her artistic outlook.3
li-
T h c l - a r : a r r i r n i n f l , ' r i o n o l ' l ) a r r c ' s \ . \ ' r i t i n g s , a s J c n n i l - c r 1 3 l e s s i n gh a s p o i n t c c l
'
is cvi<lcnt.
,\t cor<lingl_r, psvchoanalvtic thcorv
has bccn
usc(l
I)lDc, .l crrrc.
9- Sct lornilcr lllcssing,
'Sornr'\o1r's
out,
on Cin.r
l ) . r n e ' s\ ! i r u n r l s , i r t h c c x h i b i t i r n t . r t . r l o g u c ( i r n r r
/ ' . r n c , j o h n I I a n s a r < ]( i a l l t r r . S o t r t h , r n r p t o n , 2 0 0 2 .
I)l). -25
l(.).
. l, ru,r/irrj' rr;/tlri'.r'r lrrr ( I 97 I I an<l thc
rrr.rlsllgc in (rrrrrurr rr;l/; r/rc \lrn..l/,rrthrvn,
\orrrnrrrc
ol
N l i r r u c s o l , r P r . s \ : N l i l l t ( . t l ) o l i s . r r r r lI o r r r l o n ,
It)()S). l)l) t9
I L
ltr
'Sorre
60
Nrics rn (lin.r l'rrrt s \\irrrrrrls ,
l o r r l c r r r r r n s t r ' . r t i l gt l t c r L l r l i o r r s l r i p l x . t u c o r
l).rnt,s
r r r l r ) r ) irr ( l / ' r , / r r t / 1 , . I I e l i l t , ( i r , r L r s r, r r r l o l t l r r .
r r . r i n r 1 l ) r 1 \ ( n 1 . l t j \ t so l i l r r r / rr r / ' , , ,t l . t l x , r . r t r xtll t c
l l r l r r r r o l , t , t t t u n l L n t n u n c . . rr l r r l t , o l r r r i l i n g
r l i r t t t r r l s p t t i l i r . r l l r t r n r . r r r l sl i n r . r l r r. l , s i r r . .
l l l c s s i r r gr r s t s i 1 r s . t r r c r p l . r n . r t o r r r r r r x [ . ] l i r r l z r , , r c
\rrrtlrrrrt,r/,.rr,rtr,,rrlixrrsil{] orr lirrirriur.
.t
lcns
t()
havc
bct'n
through
\\'hich
ol'ht'r
work.
I s r . r l . r r l .r r' s s . r t ,r l ' t r r r , l r r r i l i o t r . r r r ) r r ) \ ( . rr )l r r ) ( .
\ 1 r . r 1 ( t i ((. l u i l , r r s i s l r ' , r { l ) \ i r l t . \
" , , l r , l , ' r r . " I ' , r r . t l . r r l ,r l l , t t r , l i l t , . ) l \ i ( . l r , r r ) .
,, lr,ll,
\t tt.t,
l l s , r rt i . t , ' . l u \ \ i . l t i J l l t r . r ) l I ) ( , r ) l i . r ) )
(,u
,1,'trlltrr'
l r l r r . i r l L r .Li r r r rl r , , i r r t
l ) l u \ r il r ' \ l r . r r l s
< l r r o r p s . | ) o r r l t L r il r t l r r r L .
l r r , r l o r r , l .t ,. , r r l l i . r r r , t .
I ) , r r r l , L r lr r r , r r . r l r "(.) L r o t L r li r r \ n n (
rtirn(r(.j (,r/r.r
/ i r r r r l , r , r r ' 1 l r l i t i o r rI . r l l : l ' . r r i s , l ' ) ' ) 7 t . l r . ( r 5 .
its
\\'ith
thc
lllcssing rlcnronstratctl that
ovcrlalt
thc
t h c ; l o l i t i t . r l ( o n t ( ' x t ( ) l ' t h c t i r n c s t . t ' r ' r ' r sn c ( . c s s a r v t o
( r n c . r l h ( j s i . jhci s t o r i c a l l l . I n r l t ' t ' r l , I ) a n t " s c x p l a n a l i ( ) r ) ( ) l h ( ' r n
(
)
n
ltlact'l!.rc,r/,r,1c
itrtt'trtiotr n ith rlris l)('rlr)rrJn( r' r( \ ( .rl,s lrt,u sht' ( ()n( ('i\'(.(i it prinrarilr' .rs
ar)alvti(
1hcor_t to
.i l)()liticrl slit('r)l('r)1:
A f t e r f i x i n gi h e m e t a l o b j e c t , l a d d e r 's, t u d d e d w i t h s h a r p m e t a l l i cs h a r d s ,t o a w a l l o f
m y s t u d r o ,I c l i m b e d / e s c a l a t e db a r e f o o ta n d b a r e h a n d e d , u p a n d a c r o s s i t s f u l l l e n g t h .
A m e r i c a ne s c a l a t i o ni n V t e t n a r n .
l r . t t l ( n l . l l q ( , 1 o r r 1 r s' . r r r r r l i r r ' .
artist's
intcnt ol l)ant"s \\()rk, (()nsi(lering thc li'r'r'rinist liruntlation
,
Pych ct Po." Yct, a nrort' tangiblc shifi ()f cml)hasis li-ont psvchr>-
I ).
c s r , r l . r , l cr I
thc
to tht' polilical
E s c a l a t i n g a s s a u l t i nag p o s i t i o nw i t h a l a d d e r
'steps'.
. \ P r , . l i r . r l i o r rr l t " l o l r j c t r L l x l l L J ' (n n ) ( l . r l .
Lln(lcrstan(l
w l'rir.h l)anc's l)racticc (,an l)c situatc(l \\.as that
t f c v c l < r l r c t l l r _ v t h c g r ( ) u l ) P . i l ' . h (nrd l ) s c c t P o l i t i c y r c ( P s , v c hc t P o ) ; t h i s
lx)inte(l
s \ l l l l r ) l \ , l t r ( l t t \ i t t l ] r l ) . l l (r r r . r l r r r Ll a P l r o r - s .
l r I r i s s r ' , l r ' l ) ( ) i n l (s l r . i l l ( l t . l l ) l (r . s L r r r r I
,l, rrrLrr
P.tI
' 1 , t r r ' , r .rr t 'l r ' r . , 1 , ,l ' , " r . . , ,. r i l . r . i lr\ r r ! \ , i , l
J
to
Lln(l(.r J(.kno\r'lc<lgcrl, rlcsltitc
l)svchoanalvti('(limcnsi()Il
Lacanian (lis( ourse u ithin
o|
llllssirg lrxrks lrrli( lllrrl\ .rt I).tre's lzionr
. \ o r r a r r r r r , r (/ ,l .9 7 l ) . s h i ( l l s l x L r s c s . r s .( r. , l s e\ l u ( l \
as
l ) ( r t i ) r l n J t i \ r ' r J t i o r r . r l t ' . 1 "B u t l ' a n c ' , \ \ ' r i t i n g s , p a r t i c u l a r l r l n r m t h c 1 9 7 0 s ,
arc als() stron{lv l)oliti( is(.(1. Houcvcr, this aspcr.t ol' }rcr artisti(. pra(ti(c
sccms
10. Sec lirr errrrrpleKrtlrr ()'l)r'tl rn
/ ' , r ' f , , r r r , r n , rl n . n t J t l t L / 9 7 ( ) r ( U n i r c r s i l r
rccurrcntlv
Artist
s t r a t e g yw
, h i c h c o n s i s t so f c l i m b i n gt h e
artiststooescalate/ascend.
p h l s i c a l p a i n i n o n e o r s e v e r a lp a r t s o f t h e b o d y .
Pain
I n t e r n a lp a i n , c i e e p ,s u f f e r i n g .M o r a l p a i n . r T
I ' l n t " s n ' l i ' r ' t ' n c t ' l o l h r ' \ ' i r ' l n r n r \ \ ' . r r i n t l i t , r l t ' sh , n r h c r ' \ \ { ) r k \ \ . r s 1 h ( ' r ){ r ( ) u n ( l ( . ( l
i t t l r t t l ' t t i t t qi s s t t ts o l ( ( ) n t ( ' n r l ) ( ) r ' . l r 'p\ , r l i t i t s . l ' h t ' r r , l i , r t ' n r ' t l' o l l t r ' \ ' i t ' t r r a n r W a r i s
i r t t t ' r r s i l i r ' t l l r l t t ' r ' t t s t ' o l n t i l i t a l ' _ rt t r t t t i n o l o g . v ( . r s s . r u l t ,
l x ) s i t i o n , s ( t ' . t t ( ' { _) \ . l t ( l
r t ' i r r l i r r t . ' t l l r 1 l r t ' r ' ; l l . r r ( ) n t h ( ' \ \ ( ) r ' ( l i l . r , i r L r , /u
c l r i < l r i r r F r - t ' n t h r r r r ' . r n st i i r r r l r i n q
( . r s ( ( ' n ( l i n { )( ) r '( ' s ( . r l , t ( i n ({ i r r . r r ra r n r t ' t l ( ( ) l l l l i ( ( ) .
( ' o n s i r l t ' r ' i n g s l ) c ( i l i ( J l l _ vt h i s p o l i t i c a l ( o n ( ( . x (
whith, in [:rant.t',\\'.lsals()
( l r i s . r r t i t l t ' ( ' x J n r i n ( ' st h c t ' x 1 t ' n t
l I ) . l r k ( ' ( ll r l t h r ' s t r r < l t ' n t
o
l
M
a
r
'
6
l
J
l)r)t('sts
( i t r _ r 'l ) t ' l r o r r l ' s 1 r r . \ o i r r l l r l
t o n ' h i t h S i t r , r . t t i o r t i s tt l r t ' o r - i t ' s , . u l ( l n r ( ) r ' ( '
l).ir-ti(ul.rrl\'
. / u y ' . 1 1 . 1 . / 1( 1 9 6 7 ) , l i ' a n r c < l l ' . r n t ' ' s
(rnc.\rficriJc.
P o l i t i r ' . r l g t ' s t u r t ' i n , l l s t i i / a , 1 cn ( ) n
I t a r g u t ' s t h . r t I ) t ' l r o r r l ' s t h t . o r ' _ r ' ,n I r i t h { r ' e i l t l v i n l l u . ' n r t r l 1 h t ' . l l t i s t i ( .
l n ( ) \ ( ' n r ( ' n t k n < l r r n a s ( t r t J ( ) ( , ( ) / ( ) g i V r r cl ,c t l I ) . t n t ' t o
(.()n(.('l)ts strr,h as
l)lJ(('
( ( ) r n r n L r n i ( . r t i ( )an1 t l ) ( ' ( ( ' n t r ( ' ( ) l h t ' r w o r k . M o r t ' o v r . r ,
lx)liti(.rl .l(ti()li.it)(l
i 1 s h o u ' s t h . r t l ' a n t " s u s ( ' ( ) l t h ( ' n o t i ( ) n ( ) l . r r u ( ' s 1 l ) ( . s i (a' l n ( ' r { ( ' ( l i r r r t ' s p o r r s r .
1o tht'rlistourst'()n
a l i ( . n . r t i ( ) n< l c r r ' l o P c < l r l
l)clrorrl an<l his lirllrxlers.
A t c o r < l i r r g l r ' , i t . i r q u t . s t h a t t h c v i t ' u i n g o l ' I ; s c c i / . r t 1 cn o n d n c s t h ; s i c c ' st u n s r i r l ,
thanks
largcr
to
visu.rl s(rJ((.gics hi{hlighting
social
lrotlr,
his/hcr
l)r(xlu(('s
l)r()ral rcsl)onsibilitr is contt'rrrt'<l in
thc
rclrlrr)
vicuer's
t()
(.onn('(,ti()n 1o thc
( . ( ) n s ( . i ( ) L l s n e s sa s l i r
r.ontcxts as criti(,al ;ts lltat
as
()l'tlt('
Viclnan-r War.
Pane,a PoliticisedArtist Ralliedto Art Socio/ogique
At tlretinrc I)anr';:lt'rlirrnrerl
[.sca1aJc
nononcsthisiic,
thc LISAha<ll>c.e.n
inxrlvctl
(()lrfli(tfirr ovcr six vcars.In France,tl'rcconllic't\\'asl)r()ught
in thc Victnarn('sc
to thc public.'s
att('r)tjor)
thr,,uqllartit,lt.s.rn(ll)h()t()graphs
ol thc ra\aqcs()f ahc
()xr.()r].l).1N
J (I ) L I t { \ . \ 1l .. + . t2 0 1 I 2 5 1
Frtlclcricluc Baumgartner
\\'.1r publishcrdin thc rccc-ntly creatc(l an(l in(r(.asinglr'ltopular lt-r.U.rzincs
I'Erl,rcrs and I-c \bule1 Obsentrrerrr.Within ['anc's ocuvrc. .'r t()t.rl of thrt'r'
\\ orks (,e
Riz. No. I ,
1970 1971, Escalarle non .rncvhtisrc:t'.-rntl
ll
\rrrrrri.rrrc,lctu,rlitls tlleyisics-Fcu,
l97l I rcfcr cxpli<ritlr t() tht, Vietlranr \\hr.
T h t ' r ' r r r n s t i t u t r ' . 1u n i q u c b o < l vo f n < r r k , l s n o r > t l r c ra r t i s t u t > r k i n q i n F r a n c t '
a t t h c t i m c o v c r t l v t a c k l c t l t h c V i c t n . r n rW a r i n h i s / l r c r ' . r r t i s t i t l ) r a ( t i ( c . I n
llt t, thc bac'kgroun<lot' thc polilir'is.r1ionol th. ar rrrt qllrlu shoulrl l:tc
n a t i o n a l l r ' < l i f l ' c r c n t i a t cr<al (: l i c a lp o l i t i t ' si n t h t ' L I S A a n < li n F r a n c t ' r r c ' c c s s a r i l l
rlt'r'clrpt-clr.r'ithinscparatc spht:rcs,u ith tr>rlcsporrtlingtlitlcrt'rrccsin tho u ar
i n u h i c h t h c a r t i s t i c a v a n tg a r ( l c r c s p o n < l c <hI .r t h r ' L I S A , t h t ' n t ' n s , r t i a l a n t l
political (()nt(-ntsr'r,hichart practiccscntailc<lncrt'intcrtuincrl not r>r'rlvuith
thc anti u ar movcm('nts, but also u'ith thc li'nrinist anrl minoritv
('r-nl)()\\:crmcnlm()\'cmcnts. In Francc, it is in thc tonlcxt ol thc Mav 6['l
('\'cnts, fi>r uhich tht IntcrnotionttlcSitutttionnisrc
an<l its lc.r<lt'rGuv l)t'lror<l
pr<xitlc<l an itlcologir:al [)'amcvr,ork, that i] llc\\' political anrl social
t ' o n s c ' i o u s n c scsm c r g t ' r l , i n t ' l u < l i r r ga m ( ) n g v i s u a l a r t i s t s . ' * I h i s p o l i t i c a l a n < l
social artistit' <lrivc cngcn<lcrctlin Franct' a spt'tilic tcrn'r
ort sotiolot1i,ytc
I i.
1 , R r z \ ' , , i i n c l u < l r ' < l .trr . r g r r r c n t , , le r i t r .
p.rrilr evokirr,l \'ictrrrrr,
r . r r j o u . r l i r r r n r rn 1 s
I , , r l , r I i l t r : ,t , ' r ' r . i . r r r , lr r t ) ( ' i t r \ t ' i l r r r , l r r r ' l l r L
r r , , r , l/ t r z . i l r , ' , . , ' r r , l . , , 1 r r , r r L, , 1
\ r , r r r r i t r r r r l ( t r / ( r / i t f rt . l l l r i i l c \ / r r r t r r n s i s t L r l r r l I ) , r n L
u . r 1 tl r i i g I \ ' D ( \ \ s 1 1
\\.rr'.
l)()rliD{ {)n thr' \ irlDaDr
u i t h a l r r i g l r t l i g l r l ( l i r e ( 1 ( ( l 1 < r r a r r l s l r e r l . r rt .
l,l.
I Iont rt,r, (iLn l)clror<l s llrc()ric\ nr. it linre\
rllf\nnl
1(r the \nrerirnn
1 . i l ( , I ( ) 6 0 s a r r < lc r r l r
\\i.lt1s'ri()ts rrIrt
politit.rl tontert
ol tlrc
1970s. Ii)r in\1.ur(1, thc
interPrt trrl in tlrt, issuc oi
I )rrtrrlrer
I 9 ( r 5 o l / r r t c r n , a r o n u / Lr r r u u r r r , n n r i r rLr r
lcr,,rtllntt
rith
the Situati<rnist hcrrries th.rt
I ) e l x r r < l l r t e r s v t t t h e s i s g l i n . 1 o . \ r r r i l r . l , / uS / , r , r , r / c .
I 5.
'tlrrc
r o n r l t r i t cr l i r r r l e n r c n t l i i r ' . \ l . r
trrnslirlrrraliorr rlt l.r stx ictt . Agcrt rle
( r ) n t e s l . r t i ( )(r1r ( 1 . ( 1 i ( ) n ' . I r e r l I o r e s l , . l r t
which sornchou <li<n
l o t m a k c i t i n t o t h t ' n a r r a t i r r 'o l ' a r t h i s t o r r ' ,l r u t w . r s i r r
voguc it-rFranc'cin thc 1970s, as (()nt('ml)()l'arvarticlcs att(.st.
(rrrst'.io/orli,/uc.
In tht'carl,v 1970s, I)aner'r,asconsi<lt'rr'<l
a rt'prcst'nta1i\'('()l
In
r r r r r , / r , g r , 1 r(rtcl r r i r n ( i i r r r : r r l e r l ' l : r l i t i o n s : l ' . r r i s ,
1977, Fre<l Forcst, thc instigalor ol'1his artisti( mo\'(.nr(.ntin th(' l.itc 1960s,
t t t t ' n r l r t ' ro l ' 1 h t ' ( i r l / c c r i ll ' o r t s o c i o l o q i t l at rsc o l l 9 7 4 u i t h I I t ' r v t ' F i s c h c r . r r r r l
'an
J c a n l ' a u l T h c r r o t , p u b l i s h c <al b o o k t ' n 1 i t l c t l, . 1 rrt o t i o / o g r , 1 trrlct ,' l i n i n g i t . r s
'.r
.rqt'nt ol contt'stalion an(l a(ti()n' an<l thcrt'lort' as
lrt'hariour' <lirt'ttlt' lirrkt'rl
t o l h t t r J l t s l i , r t t ) . l t i ( )onl s o r ' i r ' 1 r ' . ' ' L , l t i . , , r r t t . t r t i s t i r l ) r ' . 1 ( l i ( 1I,- ' ) t i ' s t
I n . r r L l i t i o n , I i r r t s t < r r r r r l r rl t r l . r r r i n l r ' r n . r l i o u . r l
r t ' j t ' t t t ' < tl h t ' t r a < l i t i o n aal r t i s t i c r n c < l i i ur h i c h h t . r o n s i < l t . r ' t t. <l ilt i s t . l l i s r r o r k s
li'onr tht' lc)70s (r'r,hich,likc I'anc, ht' <lt'scrilrt'<l
b,r' tht gcrrt'rit tt'rrrr tztirrl)s)
(o
rvt'rt' c ltar.rt'tt'risc<l
by .rn attcml)t
lrring to tht' au<licn<
t"s .rttt'ntion r'r'tt.titt
socio t'trrt'rorrticrt'alilit's trv rnr'.rnsol <1trt'stionrrairt's,
srn'rt'r,s,rlt'lratcs,t'lr'.,
l h u s t ' r r c o u r a g i n qa r - r r l i c n r 'l()'. r r t i ( ' i l ) n t i o r r . 'A" c r ' , r l r l i r r g l r 'I,i > r ' r ' s tr l t ' l j n t ' t l t h t '
l i r n c t i o n o l ' h i s u o r k a s c x c l u s i v t ' l yt l o c u n r t ' n t a r r .S i r n i l . r r l r ,l ' . r n c o c c a s i o n a l l \ '
tuscrlrloc'urrrcntsprovirling socio r:rrrnonrir'l.ri1stltrrinq ht'r' pt'rlirrmantt's.
S<lt'tt'r'riticsw,ho rssociatcrll'anr"s r'r'ork with dtt sociolotlitlrrc
nt't't'Fr';rntr,is
I)lut hart, u'riting not onlv l<>r tlrtitutlcs but .rlso lor (,rnrAot, arrrl I)icrrt'
I l c s t a n l ' . I n 1 9 71 , I ) l u c h a r t c l a i r n r : <iln a n t ' s s a yt l c r o t c t l t o I t a n t ' ' s( r r r r d n J :
"l'hc intr:ntion ol' bo<lilv dction is t() ()r)ur thc in<lirirlr.r.rlrrrnsciousrrt'ss
1o
It
nraj()r soci()logicallhcts'. Similrrlr, Iltistanr rlcscrilrt'rlhcr artislit practicc
l')
frorn 1970 otr as socio/r17i,1uc.
Mort'<)\'or,,4rritu(le.r,
thc nrlin Frt'nch journal
rle<licatcrft<r ll<r<lvArt, sin'rr,rltancously
l>ecamea platlirrm l<>rort sociolooitltrc,
which in(licatcs hovl' ctrt sociolooitluc
an<l []<xlv Art n,t'rr' perttivctl as rclate<l
)"
artislic tr,,ua,rna,ntr.
Tht' tt:rm drt sociolooiqLLc
may apl)car, at first, unspr:cilic. For any artist
clrmmcnting <ir.rsocial issucs which rcprcsentctl a vcry lar.qe, intcrnational
sl)cctruln of artistic pro<luclion in thc 1970s
coulil l>c lx)tcntiall_\,callcrl a
SocriologicalArtist. Hou'cvt:r, it is crucial to notc that critics lookin{ at .rrr
sotiologitltteargucrl that artists'sociokrgical intcntions \^crc historically
<lctcrmincrl, the-rclirrcncccssarilylinkccl to thc political (ontext ol'the tirne.
'L'art
In his artickr
sociologicluc' f r<im 197.5, tht: art historian llcrrrar<l
Ti'\'sst\<lre(a subscqucnt crrntributor to Forcst's lxrokl wrotc:
Lart sociologique
arisesat a specifictime in history:the time when manyartists,
whoseartisticendeavours
werequitedifferentat first,becameconsciousof their
commongoals(is it by chanceif, in France,
thistime arisesafterMay 68?).. . .Instead
252 ()xtjoRl)\ttT J()LtI{NAlt4.2201l
l ' ) 7 7 ) . l ) . + i . l ) r i o r l o l r r r c s l ' s p r r l r l i t . r l i r n ,t l r t '
( o l I c Lr i J ' a r t v r r , , / r r / i g r r pr u l r l i s l r , " l ' i \ ' l l r i l i s t r , I r k
I
l ' . r r t s < x i o l o g i r l t r r i"n / r l / r r r J r , l 0 ( ) r t o l x r
197-1.
s r r r r t r . i n . r r r . l 1 l (n r l ) l t ( ) i n t ( , r l r . l t i ( ) | . l l i s e, r / r
' , u , , / , 1 / r . / r r r .I r i g l r t r r r l i s l s . r n r l c r i l i t s o r r l o l l l r t
-)09 th.rt ]rc rort.rttcrl in liuroPt,, Arreri<1,.rrrrl
. \ s i r a r r s u e r t < l l r i s l h r c t r l r r ts l i r n s ; ( i ) | ) o c s r r r r
r , , r , , / , r 7 r , 1(u\ ic\ 1 / ( i i ) l ) o r o r r l i e l r o t t l x l o t t { ( r ,
llris rrrrrtDr.oli'(iii) \\'lr.rlis rorrr o$rr <ltlirritiorr
0l rrr vrr,,/,rlrVrrc?
It'
llr
c r . r r r r p l t , i n / r r t c r r , r 7 , l r , , r r) 9 ( l 9 ( r 9 ) ,
r r l r i , l r i r r r , r l r , r l r l i s , r r . ' i , , r r u. i t l r t l r r ' . r r r r l j l r r r r ' .
l I r L . t . ' , t r " l r lt , ' l l h , l . t r ( , ' t . t l r , , j r . r D r ' . I ' , r r r , r r 1 , ' l
l r u l r l i t r t r s t i l L r t i o nr rsr l p r i r a l t l i r r r s l i , ' n r r r r l l r r r ' . r l
ir)iti.rti\(\.
I 7.
I lris rrrs llr
t r s e , l i r - t x a r r r p l t, i n
\r){/rrrlrlrc .l.r1d/trir till(ir\ri'J /rrr, rrltert tDagazirrs
r r , r , < l i s p l a l . l r r u . r t . r l r l r 'p l l c l
l r r r n r k . r s t i r r gt h
rerrs. l h
p L r l r l i t i r t i r r r lsi o r r t h
ntxl lo r I \1
rrragrzirtr irr lrrl,rl
l l , J S I r l r1 L r s t i t u t N . r t i o n a l r l e l a
Strtirtirluc cl rlts Itrrles IrrrrrrrritlLrs).rrrl
t r r r r r r n i c j r l r r n . r l s , r l i s ru s s i r r gp r o b l t r r s o l n u t r i l i o l
itt tlrt uorlrl. I )rx urrt rrls ner, rlso inr lrrlrrl in
r r r r l i c r i n s l r l l a t i r n s , s r r c h . r s/ c / t t l \ , , . / .
lfl.
'1.'intentirrn
rlc I'ltion
tor;xrrcllt tst
r l ' o u r l i r l r c r r n s c i r . r r ticr r r l i r i r l u c l l ei r l e s l r i t s
s r x i o l o g i r l L r t sr r . r j c u r s ' . I ' l r r r ' l r r l t , ' N o t c s
sur lcs
rttiorrsrle (iirta I'rrtt', (l',trt: rtn,rrr, p. 2)11.
l'luchart rrrotr' .rlso ahrut tltt rrrrrk ol Nlitlrcl
J o u r t t i a t , t l r c o 1 l ) (r r f l ) r ( s ( r r 1 . t 1 i v eo l l l t x l t A l t i n
l : r a n c e r t t h c 1 i t l c , r ' r n p h a s i s i r t gt r r o r , , t r r r l t r r o r ,
tlrt rtl.rtitrr lreturtn
lJ<xlrArt.rntl urt rorio/rrTigrrc
in Journi.rr"slork19. See l'itrrc
l{cstrrrr,
'l.r
rilliti
soriologiclue
<lc (iitra l'attc', (onllut, lc)70, an.rrliclt
rrrcntionul in lirnche's lribli,rgraphr. In Julr
I c)70, Ilestanv \\cnt t() lirrin sPctilicallr 1{) .rtt(,n(l
t h e o 1 r ' n i n g o l l ' a n c ' s s h o u . ( ) n l l e s l a r r , r ' s< . r r e t . r
is nrr.rrl (rili(,
sce IIcnrv
l)i'rier, &crrc /lcrrulr:
I ' a l , h t n u r t J r / ' a r r ( E r l i l i o r r s( i r c k
rl'Art: l)aris,
Rer iving the Collcctivc Boclv
'the
o f w o n d e r i n ga b o u t
n a t u r e o f A r t , ' a b o u t i t s ' e s s e n c e ' ,t h e i s s u e i s t o r e s i t u a t e t h e
'questioning'
a r t i s t i cp r a c t i c ei n t h e c o n t e x to f a s o c i a l P r a x i s T
. he
has been altered:
from the realm of Art as an ldea it reached back to history.21
1 9 9 8 ) . l h i s b r , , r k . r l s on ) ( n 1 i r ) n s( h n t l { ( s t i n \ ' .
i( tilr{ .rsthe ( ufal()r r)l
\ i r r r . , .l t i , r r r r . r l 1r 1 ,1 . t ; l , . , , 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 . , , 1 l. rr ., r1r ,r, , r r . r i r
' 1, r r r' , r , , , / r , v i v , c
p r ( ) ( ' c s s < l c < l i t . r 1 r . r1l o t h t ' r l t ' n u n < ' i a t i o n o l ' a l l t v p c s ( ) l ' . r l i ( ' I r a t i ( r ) s ' , h i n t s a t t h c
1hc I:rcntlr prrlrlir that lixlr' ,\rt srs .r rrrrjor
fctishisati<xrol'thc r>lrjcctan(l thc l)()\\'(.rol thc rnass nrc(lia as tl'rc csscntial
stoo<1.Likcnist', in 1969, I)luchart $'r()tc
lirrces against uhich urt so(ioloqiqLrc
'ar(
r v a sn ( ) l o n g ( ' r a n ( ) l ) j c ( t ( ) l ' ( ' ( ) r ) t e n r l ) l a t i oonr f c t i s h i s n r ,
that lirr Journiirc
( 1 ) r l ( r r ] x ) r ' . l r \ t ) t ( ) \ e l l t ( , t ) 1 .I ' . l r t r o r y , r l ,
r o t r s i r l tr r r l l r r i t s o r g . r n i s c ' r s. r s r n t . r r r i l is t o
t r i r i l r i t i o n . i t t t l u , l e r ll , r r k s l r r A t r , , r t i , l l r u s ,
jl""'.
)t']"'"]l''
\ l u t h l . N ' r r n r ' r rN
t .i t : ' h ,
l , . r r r , . ri rorrrrl r n i . r t ' sLs;r1, r1
1[ r ( . ( ( , n r ( . 1\ ll(r,(l. ' r
lr,,r'.1r,.i ,,,, .,'ttl.',
.,lll
l'll\,,r1\ir,r',,
l'.,'.,
lttt
,1,l,rrr \t\,,
as
an
rrtist
'lighting,
<lc'nouncirrg an(l
('nqaging
in
a
battlc
against
'
C l r l S t ' t t l F o f t ' S t ' S\ i ( ' \ 11 ) ( l i t l t .
t t t . r tt , , .
! , , 1 1 1 1 1 r ,r ! : l , ,
'r'sscrrr",
l \ r l , s r r rs , r n
i l : . r g i t , l , . r , , r r t r , rl . r
l ) r ' . r l i ( l .l ru(t i s l i ( l u (r l . t r rls( r , r r r l I r 1 r ' rilr r r , l ' r - . t r i r
. ' , r . ' 1 ,I , l i ,r r , l l r ' , l r r . . t r , , l n . r r , r. tr ! t ,
. r r l ' , r r r, l r r " r . ' r r l r, ,1 ,| \ r t , , ' n ' r ' , l ' 1 , , '. l ' . r
, r , . , i , , r 1 . t . r '.rs, i s r , i r rLt., . , , , . r, ,i.,.r, , , r , , .
1
:..
._
.._|
.
:
I
(()t)t('xt 6l tht' ilttrrt.<li.rtt' .rltt'r'rrrallr<ll Maf
68.
The Body in Action, or May 68 at work
.l..rrtsrxirl|rlgit1rrt',,()ytlsItltetn.lt',tl.ll'rl.,i>.ItlaIrititt'rr'it'rr|i.rlttl]97]ll'ithI]l|'icStcrlharl
l ' ) .' . r ' l r , r
'Ll0
| r , , , , . . s r r sr l . r . t i o n r l r . s l i n t, t r i i , r r , r r r c !l r , s
a l i r ' r r r l i o r r sr l t l o t r l r ' s r r r l r r r r ' s ' ( l r o r I s t , l r t
)).
v r r r , l , a r , 1 r r r1, r . i - 1 1
'l'.rrl
)I
r ' t s l l r l t t st r r r , r l r j t t , [ ( \ ) n l ( n ] l ) ] . l l i ( ) D
l t t i s l r i s r r r r n' . r . r i r L r r r ' l t o i r 1 t , ' r r rl , r r r e i l l c r r r
L r s r g , , l ,l . t \ i ( ( l ' l u ( l r . r r t , ' l c r l r r P , k l o r r l r r i . t t ' .
ott rI
I t r t : L t u, r r , , p
l 7 - 1 1 .( ) r i . q i r . r l l r p r r l , l r s l r , ri lr r
(,urrl,,a, lO Nlrrrlr l')(")
'
l
r
',,lrl,.rt
t . r r r t . l , r ' ,' r ' . . " " , I t l l . r ' 1 ,, . l . l r . l r l
, i , ) ) ) l ) , )(1r ) r ) l | ! l r ' s r l r ' 1 r ' r r r r i n i s r r l. s l ' l r r , l r . r r t ,
'\rrtls
s r r r l c s . r t l i o n s , l L( i i n , r l ' , r r , . / , r r r : r r r , r r r ,
1 , .) : l - l
15.
'llllottrtattrr'ol (
o r r t e r r r .( i i n r l ' , r r r ,
I ) i s t t r s s ts I l l r \ \ i r r k u i t h I r l l i t , 5 1 r , y , l r , r r r , r l' r, t , r r , /
lrrrv', rol. S, rro. 1, 1971, p. 1.1.lu thi'
i n t e r r i c r r , p r r l r l i s h e r li n I n g l i s h , l ) . r r r l r l i l r ' r r l t r l
p r r l r l i rl r s o n r e \ i ( \ \ s s h ( l r . l l p r c r i o r r s l r , x p n s s e , l
ir lrcr rrolr's: l he rrlist, uhil
r c l r l i o n s , e s t . r b l i s h t r l l r r i n s l i t L r t i o r r :. r r r < l
{uirint(
t rtrrtt
Kt't hcrt'is
l ) a r r t " s ( ' n r l ) h . r s i s( ) n t h c J r ' 1 i s t ' s r ( ' s l ) ( ) n s i l ) i l i t t ' \, ' ( ) i ( c ( l t h r ( ) u g h J
c r i t i ( p l ( ' o l ' r n o < l t ' r n i s r n . l s i l ( l ( ' n i . r l ( ) l s ( ) ( i ( ) l ) ( ) l i t i ( a l r ( ' a l i t \ ' . I l o r r . t ' r ' . ' r ,s h t ' r ' r ' a s
n.'itht'r Jn il( ti\ ist tror llt'lonq('(l t() .rn! politi( rl l)llt\'.
At thc sarnt' 1inrt , irr
.r languagt' r('n)inis(('nt ol l)r'lrorrl, shc cxlrrcsst'rl ht'r rlcsirt' to t hrrllcngc,
tl'rrough Ircr n,rlk,'1hc
svst('nrs'.'' As.r
i n t t ' r n . r l r l e t t ' r n r i n i s r r . r ' l ) r ( ) l ) l x ' (u
l l) l)\''thc
rc{ulat()r\'
r t ' s t r l t , I ' a n r ' ' s l ) r ( ) \ ' ( ) ( a t i \ ' ( ' l ) c r l i ) r n r a r ) ( c sc J n l x ' i n t t ' r p r c t c < l
a s m ( ' t a l ) h ( ) r i t a l a l i l r n r a t i r ) n s o f i n s u l ) ( ) r ( l i n a t i ( ) nt o l r ' a r r l s . r u l h ( ) r i t v . l l u t t h c
artist arti('ula1c<l in nrrre
sl)ccifi(' tcrn'rs thc rclationship bctut'r'n
Art practict'an(l thc (()l)tcrnJX)rary l)()litical statc ol'a{lairs.
'llcf<rrc
Ma'n 6lJ', \\ rittcrt in 1977, shc rccallc<l:
hcr
In hcr
ll<xlr
tt'xt
h l o r r g i r r gl o . r
g r r r u p o l i n r l i r i r l u . r l s. t n r o n g u h o n t t r i : t o r { . r t t i z t r l
o(l lrr santtitrrs, (il
l f t h e a r t i s t h a s a s o c i a l c o n s c i e n c e ,h e f e e l s h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t yi n t h e s o c i e t yi n w h i c h
h e l i v e s .I b e l i e v eh e c a n b e c o m e a c a t a l y s to f s o c i a l a n d m o r a l c h a n g e b e c a u s eh e
h a s c o m p l e t el i b e r t yo f e x p r e s s i o nH
. e c a n , o f c o u r s e ,d e l v e i n t o a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a
n a r c i s s i s mo r s h u t h i m s e l f u p i n h i s t o w e r ,b u t h e d o e s h a v et h e c h o i c e o f b e i n g
r e s o o n s i b l eo n a s o c r a ll e v e l . 2
il lr(./:lr(. s,' rr islr.s
h i n r s c l l / h c r s c l l l i r r r r r r r r i , r l , r g i r . r li : r u e s
o l l { ) n l l ) ( ( r ) D l f n f \ ' 'l x ( ( , n l ( . \ ( . n s l l l \ ( ,l r ' .
B e f o r eM a y 6 8 , a l l l i v i n gf o r c e s i n P a r i sw e r e w o r k i n g i n t e n s e l yt o b e a b l e t o g e t b e y o n d
'real
t h e ' S o c i a l C r i t i c i s mT h e o r y 'i n o r d e r t o b e a t p e a c ew i t h
l i f e ' . l n t h i s b r o k e n ,u p s e t
e n v i r o n m e n t c, r e a t i v i t yw a s e m e r g i n ge v e r y w h e r eT. h e c o n f r o n t a t i o no f m i n e w i t h t h e
p o s t 1 9 6 8 p u b l i c b e n e f i t e df r o m a r e l a t i o n s h i pt h a t I c o u l d d e f i n e a s ' A c t i v e 'a n d m y
work was not only looked at, but lived.28
( ) x r ( ) l i l ) . 1 R 1J.( ) L | t \ A t ) 1 . ) ) 0 1 1 2 5 ]
Frtlclcricluc Baurngartner
'Activcr'
I'anc's emphasis on thc $'ord
is critical. If rxrc agrt-t-srvith hcr that
subjcr:tivitv in Mav 68 \\'as inscparable firrm concrctcr action, thcn
I'crfbrmanc'c Art, bascrl on thc artist's bodilv cngagcmcnt, logicalll cmcrgccl
as a highlv rclcvant artistic morlt:. In oth.r' st;r'<ls, ttttion,thtJlrasiso1'I'ant:'s
r r , , r k ( l n , l . i n t i r l l n t . r l l r ,t h t ' t i l l t , , l l j , , u r r r t lt h l n r a r r l ) \ s t t - l ( l ( . n t \\)\ ,J s i n
'
svml>iosis lr ith a ccntral aspcct o1' thc Mar 68 rhctorit.
ln fact, thc
principlc of' action kept cxlran<ling in the. political rliscourst' as (.\'cnts
unlirl<lc<l in rcaction to govcrnmcntal rcsistanc'c to sturlcnts'rlc'manrls.
'Explanation
<locsnot intcrcst thc
Jt'an I'aul Sartrc rlcclarc<lin March 1969:
sttt<lt'ntsJnvrn()rc.
. Thcv halc cornc to a ltoint n hcrc onlv actiorr
l"
nrattcrs'.
Si,r'rilarlr,, ;r g,.,u1, r,t \\'(,nr(.lr ,n,,.k"r., alier rnorrths ot
tuttpr<>rluctivc
t'tcgotialiottswith thcir c'nrplovcr,t'r'cntuallv <lt'c'i<lctl
1() ()c(Lll)\',
< l a va n < ln i g h t , t h c l a t t c r ' s o f l i c c , r l c c l a r l l g ' n o w , \ \ ' c i l r e i n t h c ' a c t i o n ' , a \ r ' a v
t o s i g n a lt h c i r s t c p i n 1 ( )l r u c r c s i s t a n c ' t ' . ' ' - l ' n , , , ' arliscow c < lt l i c b < x l r , i n . r . t i , , n
'soc
as tlc nr()st p,,."crlirl ll('ans through n l'ri.Ir lo ( \l)n ss Ir..
ial
t ' o t t s c i t ' r t t t " .A t l n r i t t t ' t l l r ' ,s h t ' p r o r l u c t ' < ln o n p c r l i r r n r a l i r t ' , r ' e 1p o l i t i c . r ln o r k s
p r i o r t o h t ' r , r c t i o n s s, u c h a s t h c i n s t a l l a t i o n s1 . , r/ t c h c c n , l c u i l l i c( l 9 6 l l 1 9 6 9 ;
r n < l l i n c z r o, l c r l u r rt t l t r tP . r / i( 1 9 6 9 1 9 7 0 1 . \ ' I l u t : r s t h c l r o < l v* a s i n t ' r c ; r s i n g l v
l r t ' i n gt ' x P l o i t c i ll r l a r t i s t s t o a t k l r c s ss o c i a la n r l P r , l i t i t . r li r . u , r , l ' . r n . ' . s h i l t t o
l J o r l v A r t i n < l i c a t c st h a t M a r ' 6 l i o r i t ' n t t ' r l h c r a r t i s t i c < l i r c c t i o n .I t i s i n t h i s
s t ' n s t ' t h a th t ' r s t a t t ' n r t ' n t ' , , , r1 . , ' g , , . , g t . it sh . r t , r l t h c b o < l t s i n c t ' 1 9 6 | i ,n h i c h
i s t o s . r vt h . r t . r l l o l ' r r l u o r k i s n r r l t ' r i a l i z t ' r<l l i r c t t l r b _ vn r v l r o r l v l s l l r c r n a r r r
r r r t ' r l i L r n. rrn t l l o o l l i r r n r v c o n t r ' p t s '1 l k t ' s o r r i t s l i r l l n r c . r n i n g" .
'l'hough
s h t ' t o n s i < k ' r t ' t lh t ' r s t ' l l a t t t c t n l r t ' ro l t h t ' I J o < l v A r t r r r o r t ' r n t n t i n
t h c c . r r l r l c ) 7 0 s , l ) . r n t ' s i n i u l l . r r r c o u scl ryr r P h . r s i r . t, hl t i n r P . r ' l r n t c o l ' t h t '
'sociologiriil
''fhc
lrorlr'' in ht'r xr>rk. As sht't'xpl.rinctl irr ht'r t'ss.l,
I . l t .t r\'-t t . t r 'rt, l t h t 1 3 , r , l r ' ' :
rrrlttt rtctl <n, sutlt issucs'.
'l
Jpp.rrlcrlml i I'tnscmlrle rles
l c s t l u c l s c x i s t c n t < l ts r a p l r r r t s
lrlr
(l(s institrtli(rrs rl {nrinlis
l r c u t s ' . t l r s 1 r a i r c ,s ' i l l c r l e s i r c ,
s o c i o l o g i t l t t c s( ) t l i u ( r ) t r 1 r . l i r (
'l 'artistt
r r r n (L r l L ' . l ) . r r r ' ,
et
p. -li. \\rrittor
on 2 ltlrrrrrrr
- 1 6 . ( ) r r t l r i s i s s r r r ' ,s t t ' A r t
is nh.rt nt.rkcs lii,
nr()r( interc!1ir){ tlrrn .rrt. A ( ()n\r'rs.rti()rl
lrtlrrccr
Ilern.rrrl Illistire, (arolint
SltPltcn Iirsttr',
l S r i s t o l ) ,p . . ) l
17.
'l
(ollier
rn<l
i t r ( i r r r , r 1 ' , r n r( S o r r t l r a n r P t r r rr n r l
.rrl lirllrrring
r' rlrltr'rnrinisrrt inlrlricrrr' .rn<l
'l'.rrlis1t
r r s l r ' D r c s r i { t r l . r 1 r ' t r r s- l ' . i l r t , ,
'lt
s
et l.r
s < xi i l r l ' , / r r r r r . p . 4 . 1 . I ' . r n t ' s s t r n r r . r l s o r t . l r t r r l t o
I l t r l x r ( N l a r t u s t ' r i r l t , r s ,r h i r l r s t , r t , n i r l t , l r
t i r r t t l a l c r l < l r r r i n g1 \ 1 . 1( r S I n r l t t r l . ( l u L l ) t n t < n ' t , t n , t l
l / , r r r .r l i r t u s s i r g r t P r t , s : i r ; n , r r r n r l i l i o r r i r g , . r r r < l
. r r l t r r i n i s t c r t lrilc r r L r r r r ,u . r s l r n r ) \ l i l ( ( l i r t o I r c n t l r
r t r l ' , r . r , l t r , tl , , , r \ , 1 1r t i l o l , , l r , l t. ,r t t ,r t r ' r .
n u r l L r r i n { s l L r r l tn l s r l i s r r r r r r s t i r r . r r k l i t i o n t r r
I )r'lxrrrl'sn ritirrqs. .\rr irrlit rtiorr ol ,\l.rrtrrsr"s
1 r ' P r r l . r r i t rr , t n l r r ' . t P I r t r i , t t c r ll r r h i s I o r t r . r i t
I i a t L r t e r l , r nl l r t t r r e r , , l t l r c i i l . l \ l . n l ( ) ( r Si s s r r l
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a ( ' ( ( ) u n tl i r r h i s c ( ) n r l ) ( ) s i t i ( )(nF i g . l ) . - ' A s t l c l l a c c q u c c m p h a s i s c ( I ,l ) a v i < l ' s
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Frcclcrigue Baumgartner
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t l i t ' 1 9 7 0 s . A s r r t . s u l t , l ' t ' r ' l i , r ' r n . r r r t , ,' \ r 1 l i r > n r t l r i s P t ' r ' i o r l l r . r s o l i t t t l x ' t t t
. r t ' il : l : '
l a l r . ' l l , ' , 1i s n r . r s o t l r i s l i t , t r r t . t l r l l l r _ v K a t l r r ( ) ' l ) t ' l l I i r l n h o t n
r r r . r s oht i s t i c g ( ' s 1 u r ( ' s t ' r i < l t ' n t , ' r l t l r t ' l r r t ' , r k < l o nr r o l
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K . r n t i . r n a c s t l r t ' t i c t ' x p t ' r i c n t t ' b l s . ' , 1 o r t t l i s i n t t ' r ' t ' s 1. r r t l t o r t l t ' n t p l . r t i o n . \ \ ' l r i l t '
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. r t ' s 1 l r t ' t si t . r g , r i n s ( J n ( ' s ( 1 , . ' . i . ' . ' t A q , r i r r , t l r i s i s s u t ' , . r p t ' i t n . r r l t ' l t ' t l t ' t t ( o l '
cnrplrasising tht'
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1ht'orr orr .rlit'nation:
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t h e o u t c o n r eo f h i s u n t h i n k i n ga c t i v i t y )w o r k s l i k e t h r s :t h e l n o r e h e c o n t e m p l a t e st.h e
l e s s h e l i v e s ;t h e n r o r e r e a d i l yh e r e c o g n i z e sh i s o w n n e e d i n t h e i m a g e s o f n e e d
p r o p o s e db y t h e d o r n i n a n ts y s t e m ,t h e l e s s h e u n d e r s t a n d sh i s o w n e x i s t e n c ea n d h i s
own clesires.as
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t l i s p o s s , ' s s t ' <o l1 ' l r i n r s el l ' l h c r s t ' 1 1 ,s l r v h i s / l r c r e x i s t t ' n t ' c s t r b r r i l l t ' r l t o a n o r t k ' r ' i n
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C i v i l i z a t i o .n . . i s t a k i n g b a c k t h e b o d y ' s l a n g u a g e . . . i n o r d e r t o t r a n s f o r mt h e t h r e a t i t
c o n t a i n s i n t o a n e n l e r t a i n i n g ,o s t e n t a t i o u sp, e r v e r t e d ,l u s t f u lg a m e , g i v i n gt h e
258 ()xl()ttl).\l{TJoul{\,\r l+.1-)0il
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, r n , l ( ( ) r r 1 { r r l ) ( ) r ' . lIrn' \, ( l \ . \ r 1 . l t u t t , , t l ' , 1
I)trrlr
l c , r / ; c l r ,/ , / r r , , l r , , r r . r o l .
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.rurlictt,. ,
as a lvletaphor for Alienation
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< l t ' ; r . r r 1 t ' r1l i - o r n 1 . c . \ c r n r c n tJ u l c u J c P , r r r n r cn: h i l t ' i n
c i l i z t . n s \ \ ' o r ( ' L l n i 1 ( ' ( lt h r o u g h . l L l n . l r ) i r ) r ( ) upso l i t i t a l s t . r n tc r r ' h i t h t r . r r s p o l t t ' r l
t()
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rrrrlrs cs1 il lc rrricni antl
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l i r r i t i r r r l i c a t c s t h c l i n k I ) a n e c r t ' ; r t t ' < l l r v t h t ' a t t < , 1 'u o r . r n r l i n g h , ' r s t . l l ' i n I r . ' r l;
a t t ( ' r ) r l ) 11 o c o r - n r r r u r r i t a l cw i t h r > 1 h t ' r s . l n t h i s r ( ' s l ) ( ' ( 1 ,1 , . r , . , / , , Jn. { ) n ( t n { r f l / l c l { r ( l c
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J)our triD\lir_nrer l.r mtnacc <1u'il
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individual
the illusionthat it giveshim/hersomefreedom,
whereas,
in truth,Society
power:'cybernetic
alienates
individuals,
transforms
theirpsychomotricity
intoproduction
body/competitive
body'.One resultsfrom industrialSocieties,
the otherfrom
withthe muscle,the mechanical,
sportorientedsocieties,
the alienation
and the
oooression.4e
pcrrcrs, lulrriquc, rLrrn,rnt I'illtrsion i I'inrlirirlu
rlt le lilrcrcr alors qu'err rirliti
l.rSoiicte l'alii'nc,
tranlirrnranl
s.r l)slch()motrj(i1a t'n trnc lrrrissance
rlc rcnrlenrenl:'cor-Ps <rlrtrni'licluc/crrrps
( r ) n r l ) c t i l i l ' . | ' u n t l i < < , u l . r D<t l t s s r x i i l c s
i n < l u s t r i c l l e r , l ' a u t r t . < k . sr l r r r t i r e s , o l l i c i n e s r l u
I r t u s t l r ' , < l r r r n c c r n i < 1 u e ,( l ( l ' . l l i ( n i r t i ( ) n c t ( l a
l'<lrprcssil' (l).rrr,, I r.tlrr' .1 un(r'i in({)r)r)u(c)!
/rtn,
pp. 14
Ii.
( ) r i g i r r r l l r p L r l r l i s h t ri ln
. l r l ; 1 r / J c \/ r r . r n ( l r ( , r ( r / , n i ) - I 5
I 7, ( ), trrlrr'
| ) r ' rc n r l r r I 9 7 - 1 . p . 1 - l - 1 .
iO'l.r
r l , , r r l c r r r ( ( n t l 1r (r ) u 1 r( s l x r r r l ' a n t , s l l t i s i c
r l r ) f . r l ( ( l ) , r r ) ( ,/ , r r r i . P . I 5 5 . l ) . r t t r n r k r r r r r n l .
i I
I ) i s r t r s r i o n s , ) n . r l i ( r ) , r l i { ) r l)) r ( , l i l ( , r i l ( a l i n
'l
l n t t n t , t r i o n , t l c. \ r f r l ( x , r , r r r v r ' .\ r ' r ' l r r r t r . r r r r I l e
)r'
l'alicnatiott. l:xrrr, r ,l,
l r l t t r i l t t r s . r s 1 rtt1 s
( i ) r r r ' r (l s , l n t r , r n o t n n , r l t \ r t r l , r i l r ) , ) 7 l i \ t r. ,r ( ) . 1 0 ,
Nlrrtlr
5).
\til
l()(r9. pp. 56
SIreeh.ur,
SJ.
'Shrrrlrl
\\t
llart
Iiialsl',,\crr )i'r&/rnrrr, lS Mrrih
\\'.rr ( rinrc
1971, str.
I l l l I . S l r e c l r . u r ' sr r t i r ' l c u . r : t r . t n s l . t l tr l i r r l o I r c n c l r
, r r r r lr t p r o r l r r t r r l i n i t s l i r l l l , n ! 1 h i r r / r \ o r r r t /
()lrvn,/r.r/'', l() -)5 ,\l)r'il 1')71.
(-7 Sl.
Plr.
r I
( ) r r o l r r l i n \ l r c c l r . r u ' , r rt i , l t -
r - 1 . l l r i s . t o r r ( i r r l r r r l i r r ll r l r . t , r g r . r 1 r l rrsr 1. r s
t i l , " t I . . l r r r l r , I r , r r .l r 1 ' r r' . r , . I r r r r l ,
( i r r i k r r . r ( r . ' l \ t r r , r r < l r r r. ' . r r L r r r " . / / r l ' r i ' , ,
\
l J I r L . . r. r r l. r l . ' r J r . l , l ,
ln agrccmcnt rvith l)cbord, Panc associalerrl
man's statc of alicnation with thc
functioning ()1' latc intlustrial socictics. Civilisati<xr, although potcntiallv
allolr'ing pcoplc's libcration liom the. tirrcc ()1' pro(lu(ti()n, actuallv
manipulatcxl tht'ir nrin<ls to thc point of nllml)ncss, thtrs sccuring thcr
()[ s()(ict_\''s<lorninati<>n
an(l I)()\,cr. Thcrc[irru., [)anr.'sc riticisrn
l)crpctuati()n
r'r,asa lirllos-ul) t() hcr stiltclncnt lrom 1972 about <kttcrminism, as \\'ell .rs J
s i g n o f h c r r a l l l i n q t o t h r ' S o c i o l ( ) g i ( ' aAl r t i s t s ' p ( ) l i t i c a la g ( - n ( l av i s a v i s t h c
s ( ) c i c t \ ' ( ) l ' t h c s l ) c ( t . r t l c .W l i i l c ( ( ) l r t r r s t i r l gt h t ' h r , r m a nl r o r l r c n t a n a t i n qf r o m
cnt('rlrinrrr('nt uith tht' hutnan l.lorlv rcsulting fr-onr l.ilrour, I'anc onphasiscrl
t h c i r s i u r i l . r r l \ i l i c n . r l o ( l ( ( ) n ( l i t i ( ) n .I n t h i s c o n t c x t , l r e r t l t ' l i l r c r a t cc h o i c t i l r
E.sculotla
non (rn('\IAl.si(lc
to tlirnb lcct an<l han<lsunrtrote(1e(l.l l;rtLlcr strr<l<lc<l
'rc-.',,rp,,ralir.'
shartls, intlic.rtt'rl h.'r cllirrt to
tht rlrstractt'<l
\\'ith
b<xlv as irrrage, as its ar.rtl'rcntic'itv
u as annihilat('(l bv thc s()('ict\' of thc
s l ) ( ' ( t a ( ' lu
c h i c h c o n f l r r t ' (ilt t ( ) t l - r cr'o l c o l a n o b j c t ' t ( ) l ' r c l ) r c s c n t a t i ( ) n .
Anrotrg l)ant"sgt'strtrt's()l rcsistanc('to so('ict\''s()l)l)rcssi()n,
in thc
c.r&,1d(1c,
s ( ' n s ( ' ( ) cl l i r n b i n g ,\ \ ' a sl ) a r t i ( ' u l a r l vc n r b l c r n a t i r 'a, s i t s i g n i l i c <ll> o t h . r nt ' f l o l t t o
()\'cr(()nrcan ol)sta(l('.rn(l at) allirmation ol'lrcc r'r'ill. I)anc'slirst .rsccnttook
-f
p l a t ' c i n 19 7 0 , u h c n s h . ' r ' l i r n l r r ' <al s a n ( l ( l u a r r v n ( ' a r l ) : r r i s . h i s p h v s i ca l l v
<lt'rnan<lingocrion, titlt'rl l)crrriinrc projct Ju .ri/cncc,involrt'<l <langt'r as thc
( l u a r r v \ \ ' J l l r n i g h t h a r c t o l l . r p s t ' <al t a n v m o m c n t ( h r r i n g l ) a n r " s. r s c t n s i o r r
( l - i { . 4 ) . T h i s p t ' r l i r r r r r . l n ( ( ' ( l ( ' r ) ( ) 1. (r 'n( la ( ' 1( ) l i n < l i v i < l r r ra(l' s i s t r n ( ( ' ,r ' t ' i t t ' r . r t t ' t l
\\'hi(h, .i<l<litionallr,(aus('(l ht'r' to lrlt't'rl. l).rttt"s
in /;stir/,r,/crlon rrncrthcl.rltlc,
tlinrlring ol tht' larl,l,'r \\is inlr'nrlcrl to rlrkt' ht'r phlsir'.rl scll antl,
'l'ain
( ons('(lu('ntl_\',
tht' r it'u t r, ll'onr an artilicial slr.t'1r:
r{.liltst rl)_\'kirrrl ol'
r n ( ) r a l a n . r ( ' s t h t ' s i . ra' ,s r h l . u r ' , r t . ' " I ' l n t ' s i n t r o r l u (t i ( ) l t ( ) l ' t l r t ' r r o l i o r r r > l
n()n .rna('stli('siilr('s()nat('(l in a l)ar1i(ular \\'a\' \\'ith tht' tlist Ourst' ()r1
, r l i c t t , t l i o t tl.r' tl , l . , , l , , l r ' r , ) ( \ l l l ( ' s si .ut r. rhs, r . t r . r ; , , , r r , r ' l iirrlr , r l , l i r l l r p t l s s r r r q
thc 1;rr1tlr.rt inrlivitlualsrlcrt' lirnrlanrcntallvc()n(liti()n('(1.
'l'lit'crrttst'tlrtcltt't's
o l r l i t t t . t t i , r t t ., , , . . , t 1 , ' . 1t o t [ 1 ' 1 1 r . ' , , . . t t 1 ) a t i (t)>nlsl ' a n t ' a n < l
h t ' r p c t ' r s , r c ( ( ' i \ ' ( ' (<l l r a n r a t i icl l u s t r a t i o na t t h ( ' t i m ( ' o l h c r p c r l i r r n r a n ( ( ' ,\ \ ' i t h
t h t ' a c t o u n t s o l t h c t r i . r l o l l . i c u l c n a n t W i l l i a r n ( ' ; r l l c ' r ' o n h i s i n v o l v t ' r n c n ti n
tl'rt' Mv
L a i n r . l s s ar ( ' i n M a r c l r 1 9 6 8 . C a l l t r ' s , l . l i l r . l . ' , - , p l t . r . l . ' < l t l ' r c
L i c t r t c n a n l ' s ' r o l r o tp t ' r ' s o n . l l i t v ' i n( ) r ( l c r t ( ) ( \ ( u l l ) J t ( h i , , - r . t tT h . r r ' t o r t ' ,
'
instt'a<lof rclL'rring to tltc .l/rinucl tl tllilitart (oml>cti<ln
\\ hich st.rt('(l th.rt
'not (
s o l r l i c r su ' r ' r t '
x l ) c ( t ( ' ( l t o t ' r ' a l u a 1 ci,n t h c c o n t c x t o f t h t . < l i s c i l t l i n co l
thc w'.rr, tht' lcgal r aluc ol a rt't't'ivc<l()r(l('r', Clallc,v's<lcfi'n<lt'rs('lnl)hasise(l
t h c i r c l i c n t ' s r n ( ' n t a l i 1 1 . r l ) i l i t r ' 1<op r t ' s t i o nh i s ( ' a p t a i n ' so r < l t ' r s ,r ' ( ' g a l - ( l l c sosf
u h a t t h c v c n t . r i l t ' ( 1 . 5I n] , r t h . r \ \ ' ( ) r ( l s t, h c r ' < l i s n r i s s ctrhl c l . r t t t h a t ( l a l l c r r . r ' a s
'lcgallt"
rrot lllonc<l to cxcrc'ist'aln()ral choicc n'hen h.'*,rs.rssiqnc(l thc
M v L a i m i s s i ( ) n , l x ) i n t i n g o u t i n s t o a ( l h i s a u t o m a t < ) nl r . l t u r ' ( ' a n ( l r n c l r t a l
c'atalcpsv.A countt'r inragc also camc ()ut ol'thc rcporting on Ml Lai
thc:
st()rv o1' a sol<licr x ho urrun<lccl himsclf' rlclibr:ratclv in t>rrlcr not to
r r . n r i r r i sr 'tn l o l '
p l r ' 1 i ti ; l . r l t i n t h t ' r r r , r s . a, ',, . ' ' l ' h i . t ( \ l u r ( n r , , , , - , i , , s
Panc's trcrion, \\'hich ha(l a military <limcnsiorr, although thc contcxts in
vvhich tht- sol<licr an(l thc artist u ounrlccl thcmst:lvcs \\'crc otrvior.rslvvcrv
t l i l l i r t n t 1 o n t l r r . , , n , . h l r r ,al .s , , l , l i c(rJ u { h t i n l h r . r r r g c n t ro l t h t . r r . r r
"n,1,,,t
oxt;oRt) Al{T Joltt{\,\l
l+.-lt0lI 259
l - r ' t ,l i r i q u . l l a u n r - q a l t r r c r
"?-**
T
'1,-,',
,-..
s:rqmmi
,;l
".r"r
'[
f.
l" ..i
;1t;'
,iiI.i':r:r
,1
Fig. 4. Gina Pane, Deux/eme projet du siience, 1970, black and white photographs on plywood, 106.8 x 180.5 cm. Photographs: Herve Gloaguen. Musee
c j e p a r t e m e n t adl ' a r t a n c i e n e t c o n t e r n p o r a r nE. p r n a l .( P h o t o : r A d a g p . P a r i s 2 0 1 1 . )
thc'otlrt'r
h a n t l , a n a r t i s t r c l l t ' t ' l i n g i n h t ' r s t u < l i o o r r t " r ' t ' n 1 su n l i r l t l i n g . r l . r
rlistarrt').
('orrsitlt'ring
ttnctht.siic, thc
thc
politit'al
s i g n i l i r ' ; r n ct ' o l ' l ' a n t " s u o u n r l s i n
pcrlirrnrant't'also
raist'tl tht'r;ut'stion
ol
an
l l . s c , r 1 a t 1ncr ; r r
intlivi<lu.rl's
rt'sponsilrililr'.In this r('slx'('1,it rclalr'<l to strclr uorks
as Michcl Journi.rt"s
P u n i s h n r c n t ) ,n h i t h c o n s i s t c t l
Piitlc lrour unc crtcution copitulc ('truy.litr o (opitol
o l . r u l r i t c l i r l l s c a l t ' g u i l l o t i n t ' < l i s p l a v c < li n t h c g a r r l c n o l ' t l ' r c A n r t ' r i t t n
(l.rrtr.r
i n l ) a r i s i n J t u r c 1 9 7 l . A s l : . s t o l o r l cn o n o n c s t h l . s i l c ,J o u r n i a r ' ' s u o r k n a s l t ' a t t r r c r l
in tht'()t'tolrt'r 1971 issuc ol ,lrtitulcs. Frant'oisI)lut'hart nrotr'.rlrotrt it:
55.
Art. . . is a critical exerciseand its efficacy is even greater when it confronts more
o v e r t l yt h e d e f e c t s o f s o c i e t y .D e a t h p e n a l t y . . . i s a n i n t o l e r a b l ep h e n o m e n o nf o r
a n y o n ew h o h a s n o t g i v e n u p b e i n g h u m a n . O n e n e e d e dJ o u r n i a c ' sc o u r a g et o d a r e
s h o w p u b l i c l yt o a n y b e i n g w h o a c c e p t sc a p i t a l p u n i s h m e n tn o t t o b e i m m e d i a t e l y
sentenced to death, that at every moment that goes by, he/she is the accomplice in a
p o t e n t i a la s s a s s i n a t i o n . 5 5
lllit.t
'l
r r l . . . ( s l L r rr ' \ ( r ( i ( \ ' ( r i l i ( l u (( 1 s ( ) n
i t i c s t r i . t t t l . t t t 1l r l t t s q r a r r r L r l r r ' i l s a l l i , , r r t e
( ) ! l \ (r 1 { n l c n l a L r xl a r r ' sr L l r s r x i t t i . I r p , i n c
l)llrs
r l c n r o t t . . . r ' : 1 u n l r l r c r o t t r i t r ei r t o l c r . r l r l t . i r l r r i
n ' . r p . r sr c r r r n t i i i l r ,
lr,,rrrrrt- ll lrll.rit le t,,urage
<L Jottrni.t l)()ur (rs(r rrrrnlrr'r pLrlrlirlrr'nrerti
1 ( ) u t i l f ( ( l u i . r ( c l ) 1 e ( l u e I r l r c i n e r . r l r i t . r l cn t s o i t
p . r s i n r n r r r l i , r l tr r c r l r o n r l . r n t n i t i r t r o r l r l r r ' i l r t
l i s s t . r r I r . t < l t t ti r s t . r r r l ( l u i p . r s s t l c t r r n r p l i r r ' < l r r n
'l
rlrcnlrrcl lsslssirrll (l nnqois l'luclrart,
rltrrre
Pii51cpour Ltnc cxttution
capitalc an<l Escrr/rir1cnon ttncsthisiic both sought to
'scgregati<>n
ol
passivitv, rvith _thc l)url)()s(' ol' stopping the
inrlivirlual qrnsciousncsscs'."- In both c'ascs, thc vicr,r'cr u'as confrontcrl nith
challcngc
cthit'al clucstions in rvhich his/hcr
thc
samc timc,
rcsponsibilitv
provc<l to bc inr'<>lvcrl. At
PiJgc pour Ltnc cxlcution capitttlc anil
oflcrcd
[sc.r/o.1c non oncsthisiie
a n-rajor cliflcrcncc: unlikc Jouniac's purclv sculptural uork,
I'anc's
. o n . r / . r t\ \ ' a s t h c r c s u l t o l a p a i n f u l p c r l i r r r n a n c c t h a t s h c s u b j c : c t c c l h c r s c l l ' t o ,
cl'cn though
no au<licncc u'itnr:sscrl it <lircctlv.
2 6 0 ( ) x K ) t { t ) . \ t { T l ( ) U u . \ A r .1 . 1 . 2 0 1 1
h plus lxll,',
l r t j t r r , / r ' r, r r r . l , ( ) t t o l r e r 1 9 7 1 . n o
llgc rrrrnrlrtr.l. l he rleath pcnrltr still cristcrl in
I : r a n r t i r I 9 7 I l t u , r s , r l x r l i s l r t riln I 9 i l L
l(r.'I.r
s t l g r i g r t i o n r l t : t r r n s t i c r r t c si n r l i r i r l r r t l l c s '
(l).rnr','lllcssurt /\,1ort: ('orps (irlletlil',
1crtn,
p . 2 5 1 . ( ) r i g i r r . r l l r p r r l r l i s h e t li r I 1 . r l i . r ri n
( o n t r o , r t l t u n tt,r o . 1 , S t l r t t r t t l r t r 1 5 , l c ) 7 6 , p . 1 2 .
Rrriring
thc Collec:tix' Ilodv
Returnto Consciousness:
ReadingEscaladeNonAnesth6siee's
Constat
57.
I ca \rtr-gine,
'll<xh
I artgrrage. Lea Vergine
I rxrks .rt thc ilsc ol thc llrxll in Art',
1r
r r r , . r . r. , , l ' r . n , , h . l e 7 l .
I)
.lrr unJ
rlrrllr,r1rr,rri,,rr,,l,,,
i\
I r i . . , r r . ,i r r
l)(rli)n)r.rl(\', scc also l)tggr' l)htlan, l,lnnrorir,/:
I h c l \ , l t t L ' o l P c r l o r n t o n . c( l { o u l l r r l g r ' : N r r r ) i r r k ,
l99l).
5r)
6{).
l , o / , r n , l c .n o
'l.c
t rtirutlt't
1, hll
1970, p.2.1
tor ps rlrri t st .r la liris: projt,t/trrrtrlrirtr/
< l ' t t t r r 'p r r l i < l t t t i r l i s l i ( l u (
tr()u\( s()n
s L t p p o r t l o g i < 1 r r cr l . r n s l ' i n r . r g t l ) i r l e r ) r ( ) \ (r l
p h o t o g r a p l r i < 1 u r "( l ' . r n r ' , ' l r ' ( o r - l ) \ . 1 s ( r l s u l ) l r ) r t
r r r ) i 1 ] (l ) ( ) U I t r r l ( ( l r l r r r l ) t l n i ( . r 1 i ( ) n
r r ( ) r rl i r r { u i s t i ( l u c ,
/rrrrr, p. I I I ()riginrllr pulrlisht,,lin .lrrirr,/rr
lrttLnttnontl, no. i, Ir'lrltr.rrr
ll,rrrlr I97i,
I unttn
T:ni rul,lc ( 1()66).
1 r , r / rr r r ,
un(lcrstan(ling of pcrfirrrnan((' Js J l)r'JLtiLLrcrquiring thc inclusion ol' thcr
vic\\,cr \\'ithin its sl)atial an(l termporal sl)hcrc, thus ()\'crlo()king t\"
'n
importancr- l'anc placc<l on l)h()t()<locumcntation in hcr artistic stratcg\'.
'l'l-rc
tcrm photo-<lot:umcntati()n
shoultl actuallv not bc un(lcrst()(xlas l)urcl\'
rlocumcntarv. Ilathcr, it is inrlicatirt o[ ['anr"s ('()n('cl)ti()r)
ol'pcrtirrmancc as
a non st'll'sullicicnt l)racticc, r,r'l'ricl'r
onlv lrhoto tlocumcntation ('()ul(l makc
( ( ) m r ) l tec .
TI'rc rclationship betuccn l)crfi)rman('c an(l (l()('ulnclttati()ngavc ris(' to
c()lrtrovcrsv in thc
I970s as lnanv artists cxl)rcssc(l s(cl)ti(isll
p h o t o ' t l o t u r n ( . n t a 1 i ( )A
n .s t ' r l l A , r , l , ' "l . r , r r , , u s lpt u t i 1 :
touar<ls
P. S
(rl . .,\rrrorg I).trr"s rnirrintalist n orks .tre l/r,1r
I\rl: ()tzon { I9()6) .lr(l lnttllut,,n
l.ea Vcrginc n()tc(l about thc prcscncc ()f'an au(licncc at a perfirrmancc: 'Thc
public is ncc(lc(l to complctc thc uvcnt; it must bc inxrlvc<l in a collcctivtcxpcricncc that lca<lsit t<>,rcconsiclcr
its quoti<liancxistcncc an(l thc rulcs ol'
its or<linarv bcl'raviour'." Ve.rginc's rcrnark rclatcs to the- c'onvcntional
(i,r/,r
The photograph
is a lie. I'm afraidwe get a greatdeal of our exposureto art through
magazines
and throughslidesand I thinkthis is dreadful,
this is antiart because
art is
a directexperience
withsomething
in the worldand photography
is just a rumor,a kind
of pornography
of art.se
I l s o t n t ' a r l i s l s ( ( ) n s i ( l ( ' r ( ' l()l h ( ) t or l o c u r r r t ' n t . r t i oan l ) ( x ) r ( ' \ ' ( ) ( a 1 i ( )(n) l ' a u n i ( l L r ( .
('\'('nt, ()1h('rs,inclurlirrqI'anc, intt'gra1c<lphotograplrv into thcir pcrlirrntant'c
l ) r a c t i ( ( ' ,h t ' n t t ' t h t ' s ( ' ( ' ( ) r x l a r iyn t l r o r t a n c co l ' t h t ' p r c s e n t ' t ' o l a n a u ( l i ( ' r ) ( ( ' .
'l'hc
I ) a n t ' w ' r o t c i r l r o u tt h c r ( ) l ( ' ( ) l p h o t o < l o t ' u r n ( ' n t a l i ( ) n :
lrtxlv, whic'h is at
t h t ' s a t n t ' 1 i n r t ' : p r o j t ' r ' t / n r a t t t ' r / t ' x r ' < ' u t i oonl ' a n a r t i s t i c l ) r a ( ' t i ( ( ' , { i n r l s i t s
logit'al nrc<lium in lh('irnage, lrv \\'ay ()l tl'rt'pl'rotogrirpl'r'.('('
l'lrus, l)ane an<l
l ; r a t r g o i s t ' M a s s o n< l c t t ' r r n i n t ' <t lh t ' s c r i t ' s o l s h o l s t o l r t ' l a k t ' n r l r r r i n g t h c
l)('rli)rllr.rn(('(l;ig 51, illt(l th(' rrakinll <>l'tht'const,rttht'n inrrrlvc'tlthoughtlirl
c < l i 1 i n qr,( ' s u l t i r u i n a v i s u ; r l l rt,r r r r r p t ' l l i n gp h o t o g r a p h i ta' ( ( ' ( ) u n t .
A signilitant ('xanrl)l('ol l'attt"s r,r'ishto lt'avt'a lasting tracc ol'an t'plrt'rnc'ral
ttt'tion,I'.staloLlc
non oncsthisilc's
crrn.itrrl
Irol ortlv irtclurlcsa carclirllv st'lt'r'tt'<lst't
, , 1 I , l . r t kr t t , l u h i t , P l r , r l o l r ' . r P hlsr ,u t t l r t l . r r l r l t . irt s , ' l l , . r t l t l i n q, l s ( l r l l ) l l r r ' , l l
r l i r n c n s i o n t o t h c w , o r k . T h t ' l a < l < l t ' r a g a i n s t a u ' a l l p l a c c < ln t ' x t t o t h t '
pl-rotographicl)ancl, li)r('ing ir li'ontal vit'r,r,ing,is a rlcpartun'li'orn the tvpt.ol'
's
phenornt'noloqicalcxpcricn('(' l)r()ml)tc(lby I'ane ('arli('r minimalist r'r,orks.'-'
At thc samc tin'rc, this 1r'ontalprescntation, r('l)ro(lLlcingtht' position ol'the
la<klcr in ht'r stu<lio, licilitatcs thc principlt' ol a rc cnaclmcnt ol' tl'rc
l ) c r l i ) r m a n c ct r i q g c r c r lb v t h c c < l i t i n {o 1 ' t h c p h o t o g r a p h s .
T h c p c r f i r r n r a n ( ( 'i s r e t ' n a c t c t lt h r o u g h t h t ' c o n . r / o b
t r,rncans ol'thc largc
nLlml)cr ol' prittls, a total ol' sixtv ninc ilisplavc<lon a sizeable ltant'l; as a
'rca(l'
rcsult, thc vi('\\'cr (anr)()1lakc in tht' u'holc l)ancl at once, but lnust
tht'succcssivc s('(lLlcn('('s
ol shots. Thc progrcssion ol thc vicw't'r's r('a(ling
thcrclirrc in'rplicsa tcrlporal unlirlrling u,hich intt'nsifics his,/hcr cxl)cricnce.
F u r t h c r r n o r c , t h e p r i n t s a r ( ' a r r a n { c ( l i n g r o u l t s ( ) l ' t h r c r c ,n i n e , ( ) r t u r : l v c ,
m()st gr()ups c()nrl)()sc(lol'<lillcrcnt liarnings ()l'thc samc n'rotil'. l'l'ris visual
rhvthrn infuscs thc pancl w,ith a ilynamisn'r cfli.c'tivclv cvoking thc physical
cllirrt ol' thc Pcrlirrn'ranccitsoll'. Finallv, though no Print is thr: samc, thcir
rcpctitivc (ontcnt strcsscsther lcngth of thc pcrlirrnrancc in timc ancl, morc
irnportantlv, thc artist's phvsical suflcring. Thus, thcr con.vatlunctions as a
'lir,c'
narrativc ol' thc Dcrfi)rmanccr.
As cliscussc<l
.,o.li"r, Panc's oction.s,inclurling hcr sclllinllictcrl r'r,ouncls,lr'cremoti\,atc(l bv l'rcr ambition to l)r()motLr an i(lcra <>fthc bodl' as a communal
( ) x l . ( ) l { l ) A K I J o L I I { \ A I _t + . ) ) O 1 1 2 6 1
Frt rlt ricluc Baumgrrtner
Fig. 5. Gina Pane. Escaiade irolr anest/lesiee, 1971, black and whrte contact prints. Photographs:FrancoiseMasson. (Plroto: '
Adagp, Paris 2011.)
r ' r ) t i t \ ' I. n ( l c ( ' ( 1f ,i r r h c r , t h i s n . r s t h t ' < ' o n r l i t i o rl ri r r a c o l l c t ' t i r t ' t l t l n c s t h c t i s a t i o r r .
Accr>rtlinglt',
thc consrat
sought to cn(()ura{e arrirlt'ntificationol l'anc"sou'n lxxlt
uirh thc rli"nr".', so that thc vit'u,t'r'srcturn to consc'ionsncss
coulrl oc'r'ur.l'an.
'('onlrarv
< l c s c r i b c rt h
l i s p r o c c s sa s l i r l l o n s :
t o t h c I ' r a p p c n i nngh i c h t c n < l c <" lt < r
nr.rkt'ot'tc l)articipatc", pt'r[irlttt.rttcc tcnrls to tl'rc assirnilationot'thc othe.r
t h r o u g h o p c r a t i o n s< > fi < l c n t i l i c a t i o n bs o t h b v p r o j c c l i o n o f t h t ' t < x r j u n c t i v a l
tissut-: tlrc mcmbranr', ancl b,v t'ncr{\''."'A psvchr>anal_\'tic
sul)t('\t is t.tnqiblc
hcrc anrl crrnsistcnt n ith l).rnc's ust' of' usvclroanaltti( t('r'nrs to rlcfint' thc
| . r ' r ' l r i t l ) r ( ) ( \ ' \ s ( ' si l l l ) l i \ u l r , r t r , n , , r t t , l r r , i , ' ,h1t r l , r ' r ' l i , r ' r r r lrr')\( ( ) r v i ( \ \ ' ( ( l
thc constars.
TI'rc proce-ssof''irlentilitatiotr' uas stagtxll>r'thc arlist through tl'rc
juxtaposition of' thc laclclcr-.n(l thc photo <locumt:ntatiorr tuo pancls ol
262 oxF()l{l)Al{t loLIR\Al_1.t.220rr
(r2- 'Au rorrtrrit
rlrr lraplxning cltritertrhit "i
lrirr' llrti< iper". lr 1r'rlirrrnrltt lcnrl i
l . L : r i r r r i l , r t i orrlr. l . r t t t t . l u r r l c s o p r l r . r l i , r t r s
(l'i(l( ntiliritil!r
. r l . r l i r i s 1 r . r rl r r r j t t t i r r r r l t r t i . s r r
rr:rjrrrrrlil: la nr, nrlr-rn, it lrrr l'rlrrcrgir". I'.rnt
/.itrr.. l). L)(. | ),rlL rrrlnrx n.
Rtlirirrq thc Cirllcctirt lJrxiv
(rl.'Attiturlr.
. r l , . o l L r n r c n tl n s a u t o b i , r g r . r I l t i r l u < '
'l
(l'ant,
, r , L r r r l e r r r ' , . 1 . c r r r cp,. . 1 0 ) . ( ) r i g i n r l l r
(;(()rt(\
Publi'h,rl in /ii /llrrrr1'd.Ll.r(LrntrL
I ' o n r P i < L r r r :l r a r i s , I 9 9 ( r ) , n ( )
l).tL( nUnrlx.r. l).!t(.
( ( ) n l i n u e ( l I l r r . r . n r r i r l e n t i t r t o l i r t r l i t . r g . r i ni l
otbcrs, lutk
. r r t r ll i r r t h , l ) n ] n D ( \ ' l ) . 1 \ \ ( ( , n t h c
i r r r l i ri r l L r . r al r r r l t h t r r r l l r , tt i r r ' , t l r t l r . r n s i n r l i ri < l u a l
lrrxlr".'lt
l r ' r - r l sn l ( ) n i < l t n t i t t t ' n l r r r ' l r o u r . r l l
, l t e z l , s l t r l r r ' . . \ . r ( t \ i ( l t t , r r l r r i l i l r r ,r l r
l ' i n , l i r i , l r r ,Ll r r l r rr r r l l c L r i l l, c r , r r p s
{ t . r r r s i r r r l i r i r l r r t (l ) I
l l t r , r i r . r r L r ' sR . l a t i o r r . l r i P
t0
t l t r ' p t r l i , r r r . r ' . r r r r ll l r c , , , n v u r , s , , K r r l r r ( ) l ) r ' l l .
'l)ispl.ting
t l r r . I l . r p t i t : l l r l i r r n r . r r r r r .1 r t . t l r t .
I ' h o t o g r ' . r p h i L I ) r x r r n r t t r l , . r r r r lt l r e l 9 7 O s ' ,
llrlornttnct /drr,rnlr, rol
pp.7i
.1, rro. l,
l'.t')7,
Sl.
( r - 1 . l r r l r r r ' \ u l r \ ( r l u ( . r ) l d . l i ( D \ , I ) . r r ) (, r l i , r r u , r r l r n
. r l l u l r i t , r , r r t l i t u, l r i r l r s l r r , , , r r r ' i , l , l r rl , , l , r .
tortlrlt tr'lr rrcrrtr.rl
(r5. Ir .rIliti.rr.
rcrr
litlle lriogr..rplrit.rl
i n l r r rn r . r l i r r r i s a r r i l . r l r l c o n l ' . r o r ' .
(r(r lilcssirrq, (ijn.r I).rre's \\'i1nr.ssr ',
;rp l-l
) ( r . I { r ' q , r r r l i r r gl ' . r r t r " s , a r r , r r l n t q n r t r , n t t ' ) .
'll
l l L s s i r r . gr r i , t r r l
r b . r J r r l t l r ( , r r r l ) l ) . r s i /\(
1; .){:
t l r , l r l L r r . till r l l l ( ( i ( l ( ,
. l t t t o y o t r r , u t r , t i r r , r r r l tr
t o i n r P l i r . r t . t l r r . r r l l r r . r '\ \ { ) I r ( l t
l ) r ( , i (l t . r s r r t l l . r s
l r c r s c l l ' , , t n r l l r r s i o r l r r t l r L r r r l l c t t i r r .l , , x l r
( ) 7 . ' l ' . u r i r ) l , l l ( l l r p a r s . t p l r ' . . , n , , 1 1 1 ) ]\)( ) \ . l l ) l ( .
'i
l r t r r t t l r , r t , r r i r l , r l r r r s r l ' . . r r r l i t . r r r l ' . r r r i n r Lr l . r
'i
l r o s r r '1 ' L r l ' jr, t i r i l r ' , r r rl i c r r r l ' i r r t rr s u l r j , . t t i r i r i) '
1| o r L s t , I r r , , I r , , / , 1 7 r , 1 r 1r rL. . ) I I
l l r t r r r c r r r r r r i .l ti lr l t t i o n l l t . l I l l l s s i n g . r l t ri l r r r t t r lt o
l ' . r u r " s / , r l l t h l : i t , l , . u t l l , l . r r r r l1 c / l r u \ o / : ' l \
t e r r r p r r r . rt lr c r r l s l r , r r r r i r {
l r o t l t l l r r ' l r r r n r , r r l r . i n q s . r r r t ll l t r ' t r n r r o r r r r r r ' r 1 1 ,
t l l { s ( i n \ 1 . ) l l , ) l i ( ) r )r\L 1 a s " s o r r l r ' r
(Ill..rirrq.
1r
r r r ,r r r o l i . t l r " '
's
\ o l r { . r r o ( ( , s( ) l ( ; i n . r l ' , l n ( \ \ , , u l , l '
)51
'SPIr
Epilogue
-['he
( r S . l ' . r r r r' s , , , r l r , r r o l / : r , , r / , r / , r r , , r r, r r r , v l , . r , i s l r r n . s
r r r r ' l . r p l r o r i r . r ltl r o l i l g
itl:ntical <limcnsionsn hclscvisual structurcs, rcscmbling gri(lri, arc' similar: tlrt:
rungs ol thc laddcr, Irlacrc(lirrcgularlv bctu.ccn thr: r.crtical posts, ccho thc
asscnrl)lagcof thc prints. As a rcsult, thc lrounclarvbctu,ct-n thc actual ladclcr
an(l thc prints is s()mL'll()\\'blurrt:cl,
as thor-rghthc printr \\('r-(-ins\'r-ilx.rluithin
thc latltlcr strutturc. This allou's thc r it-ut-r to visualist' himscll'/ht'rsclf
clinrbing tht- la<l<le
r, thus t'stal>lishing
.r kincl of'fluitlitr'()f subi((tivitics l)ct\\'rcn
thc pt'rlirrmcr an(l tll(.\'ic\\'cr. Ac.r.or<linglr,,
Panc, u.ho ass(-rtc-(lthat hcr
'attiturlc'
'atrsolrrtclv
\\'as
n()t aut()l)i()graphical',carclullv (.()nc'calc(lhcr
itlcrntitv in Estcr/oc/c
nL)n dnc$hi.\iicin r>r<lcr to thcilitatc thc iclcntillcation
'fhe
bt'trlcr'tr hcr bo<lv an(l thc vicwer's.('l
re lativclv r)('utr.ll ()utli1 \\'()rlr in
1:sca/,r,/c
,r()r)dncfrAcrilc black l)rnts rn(l .r s{)l)r.r..ire..k.'tlshir-t
is a llrsl
_
i t t < l i r ' a t i r >onl ' t h i s , ' l i i r r t . ' " M o r t ' o r ' < ' r 'l,n ( ) s t s h o t s . 1 \ ( ) i ( ls h ( ) \ \ ' i n gh c r ' l . r c , i a l
li'.rturt's bc1.n<l thc Prcfilc. Similarlr, tlrc sh.ts sh.*i.q thc la<l<lcri. its
('lttir('tv Jn(l (l(x'Llrnclrtingrlifli'rcnt nrorncnls ol'l)ant"s as('(.nsi()narc tak('ll
()pcraling as
lronr a (lislan(c, l)r('\'cnting a ( lcar insigl'rtinto Ir.'.
1r.'rr,r,.,...t'5
inraqcs ol r g('llcri(, ul)i\'('rsrl sulii'ring lrorh, thc
l)h()t()errl)hsarc Incalrt t()
t r J l l s t t t i tt t r t l r c r i t ' r r t ' r ' sp h l s i t a l s t ' l l t h t ' s ( ' n s J t i ( ) nos l t h c t l i n r b . T h u s , l h n r ' ' s
l x ' r l i ) t ' r 1 r a n ( ( ' \ \ ' irIls( ) t s ( ) l n u ( h a l r o u t A c r l r o < l vl r r . r r1a t h c r t h t ' i r n . r g co l a l r o < l _ r .
'a
g t ' n tl i t J C l r r ' ' , r ' t ' r r g n i s i n ! t h c a r t i s t ' s
. l c n n i l i ' r l l l c s s i n g< l t ' l i n t , l l ' . r r r t . r s
r e s i s t a l t ( ( ' t op c r l i r r n r i r t gi n a t r a r c i s s i s t i t ' n r a n n c r .l "n" t h i s r t ' s p t . r ' 1I h
, rrt'a{r('('(l
\\'ith F()r('st'sslan((' Jllilinst an artistit
l)r.r(.1i(('(.('r)tr('(ll)riln.rrilv irr()un(ltlt(,
p r o t r t r > t i o t r( ) l ' t l t ( ' a r t i s t ' s i t l t ' n t i t r ' . F o r t ' s l u a r n t ' ( l t h a t ' t h r o g g l t l r i s / h t ' r
({)l)sl)itu()us
l ) r ( ' s ( ' t ) ( ( 't,l r t ' ; r r t i s t ( J l ) l ) ( ' ( ( ) n r (t'h c " t h i n q " i n s l c . r r l( ) l J l ) i t ) l . t l i t ) l l
t h e " t h i n g " ( s u b j t ' t i v i t v i r r s t r . a <ol l i n t t ' r - s u l r j t ' c t i v i t 1 , ) ' .l"J' ) s u g g c s t i n ! . u r
. t l l i r r i t ,fvr t ' t r v t ' t ' d
n r t s o L i o l o q i ( tar n
c ( l l ) ( ' r l i ) r n l a n ( ' ( ' A r t t, h i s r t ' n r a r ki < l c n t i l i c st l r r .
t'onttt't'tirtttllt'twt't'trartist .u(l vic'r.r't'r
asan t.lt'rtrt'ntt'rucialto tltc art ol thc 1970s.
1 . r ' l t, A t 1 ( | 1 i r ) r ) ,
Orto/tr, ro. 50, lrll l()3().
,
p o l i t i t a l ( ( ) l l ( ( r r t o l l ; r r i r / a c / cr ] ( ) r ]( l r L ' f l h . i . \ i L i c a u n i ( l u ( . t o n t r i l r u l i o n
sotiologitlttc, an .l'tisti(
to rrrt
rn()\'('l)t('ltt inllut.nr,ctl lrv thc rlist,<>urs('()l M;rr, 6fi
r ' . l i s ( ' st l r , ' ( l u ( \ l i ( , l r r , l
i t s s i g n i l i t . r r r r . l , , . , , r r , l i t s , u - l l r i s t , , r ' i t . r lr a l t r . . .
A t l r r r i t t c < l l v ,t h c p c r l i r r r r r a n ( c u n l ( ) l ( l ( ' ( l i n a p r t ' s t ' n t t h a t c r n n o t b c r t ' c o r c r t ' r l ,
rr hich \\'as rnirrkr'tl lr) thc Vit'ln.rrr
War. IIout'r.t.r, thr. (unradi, alsO
t ( ) l l l l l l ( ' l ) l { ) r J l t 'lsh t ' t ' . t t . t g t ' s( ) 1 t h ( \ \ t t ' i r )
lltc trallt'ol
trrllcr'1irt'n)t,tr)rrr\'."*
T h i s s h ' * s a ( ( ) r ' r ( ' l . r 1 i ( ) .l r t ' t r ' t ' r ' r r I t r . t . a r r t l [ ) c b . r r l ' s t h i n k i n { . I n < 1 . . . ' , l ,. i s
'l)clxrr<l
(lllrv
* r.1t',
s('('s th(. (or(' ol tht. sPt't.lac.lc as th(.
Jon.rth.ur
annihilation o1' lristorical knovrlt'<lgc
i n P a r t i t u l a r t h t . < l c s 1 r ' u t t i ( ) no l t h ( '
r t ' ( ( ' n t l ) a s t . l n i t s 1 r l ; r t t ' ,t h t ' r t ' i s t l r t ' n ' i g r r o l a
lx'rlx'tual prcsr.nt'.(")This
( ) l ) s ( ' r \ . I 1 i o t tt l n ( l ( ' r s ( ( ) r ( ' s I t a n t " s l i t ' n l l r a t a p c r l i r r n r J n ( ( ' i s
inrrutr.r'ivablc
\l ith()ttt
.l
.()nftrrr, lirr
rro
othor
1('l))l)()r.1liti('sthJn thr'
ltlt'st.nt u ouirl
'fht'
continu()Lrs .rn(l rcpetitivt' r'isu.rl
< l c . l n t ' s t h c t i s a t i o n t h . r t t h c c o n r t d a( o m r ) r a n ( l s a l l o w s l i r r a l a s t i n g c f l i ' t ' t i v c r r c s s ,
( ) 1 h ( ' r ' \ \i s ( ' b c
at plav in ht'r
nork.
m('(liatc(l bv the artisl's staging ol' her ()\\'n lx)(lv JS a gcltcric onr'. l)ant'
urott'that:,-,'.,,r,rru is not ncccssarilv trcate<las a s()uvcnir but as a <luratir>n
( ) l ( { ) l ) s ( . i ( ) u s n c s s ' . 7 ( ) f h tr . . a , l i n g , , 1 11 h . , , . ' r . r r r r < l l ' E s c t l / t l , / cn o n L r n c . $ h l r i ; c
l l r i n g s a l x > u t a ( l L l r a t i l ) l r r > t t ' r > r t " -i ot l l s t t c s s ( ) n t h e v i c n t ' r ' s
1)art that folL'.rls llr('
rt'lt'r'ancc ol'this xork firr currcnt an<l luturc all(licn(.cs.
This urticle orillinutcJ.r.s .rn c.s.ig'writtcn in 2l)0;
lbr d [ltd(lLr(1tescrninor rduqht b)'
(arrie Ldnbcrt Bcattv at Ilartartl Ilniversitl,. I thank hcr.fitr hcr cxtensivc.lbctlbackanJ
gcncrous Llhice.
()Xf.)lll) \l{l
J () t l R \ \ l
l + ' ' { r t| 2 6 1