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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Pueblo people are a Native American people in the Southwestern
United States.[1] Their traditional economy is based on agriculture and
trade. When first encountered by the Spanish in the 16th century, they
were living in villages that the Spanish called pueblos, meaning "towns".
Of the 21 pueblos that exist today, Taos, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the
best-known. The main Pueblos are located primarily in New Mexico and
Arizona.
1 Subdivisions
2 History
3 Culture
3.1 Religion
4 List of Pueblos
4.1 New Mexico
4.2 Arizona
4.3 Texas
5 Feast days
6 Pottery
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Laguna Pueblo dwellers
While there are numerous subdivisions of Pueblo
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People that have been published in the literature,
Taos Pueblo, circa 1920
Kirchhoff (1954)[2] published a subdivision of the
Pueblo People into two subareas: the group that
includes Hopi, Zuñi, Keres, Jemez which share exogamous matrilineal clans, have multiple kivas, believe in
emergence of people from the underground, have four or six directions beginning in the north, and have four
and seven as ritual numbers. This group stands in contrast to the Tanoan-speaking Pueblos (except Keres) who
have nonexogamous patrilineal clans, two kivas or two groups of kivas and a general belief in dualism,
emergence of people from underwater, five directions beginning in the west, and ritual numbers based on
multiples of three.
Eggan (1950)[3] in contrast, posed a dichotomy between Eastern and Western Pueblos, based largely on
subsistence differences with the Western or Desert Pueblos of Zuñi and Hopi dry-farmers and the Eastern or
River Pueblos irrigation farmers.They mostly grew maize (corn).
Linguistic differences between the Pueblos point to their diverse origins. The Hopi language is Uto-Aztecan;
Zuñi is a language isolate; Keresan is a dialect continuum that includes Acoma, Laguna, Santa Ana, Zia,
Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe. The Tanoan is an areal grouping of three branches consisting of 6
languages: Towa (Jemez), Tewa (San Juan, San Ildefonso, Santa Clara, Tesuque, Nambe, Pojoaque, and Hano);
and the 3 Tiwa languages Taos, Picuris, and Southern Tiwa (Sandia, Isleta).
The Pueblos are believed to be descended from the three major cultures that dominated the region before
European contact:
1. Mogollon, an area near the Gila Wilderness
2. Hohokam, archaeological term for a settlement in the Southwest
3. Ancient Pueblo Peoples (or the Anasazi, a term coined by the Navajos).[4]
Despite forced conversions to Catholicism (as evidenced by the establishment of a mission at each surviving
pueblo) by the Spanish, the Pueblo tribes have been able to maintain much of their traditional lifestyle. There
are now some 35,000 Pueblo Indians, living mostly in New Mexico and Arizona along the Rio Grande and
Colorado River.
These peoples were the first to successfully revolt against the Spanish in the
Pueblo Revolt of 1680, which expelled the Spanish for 12 years. The code for
the action was a knotted rope sent by a runner to each pueblo; the number of
knots signified the number of days to wait before beginning the uprising. It
began one day early, August 10, 1680; by August 21, Santa Fe fell to 2,500
warriors.[5] On September 22, 2005, the statue of Po'pay, (Popé) the leader of
the Pueblo Revolt, was unveiled in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington D.C.
The statue was the second one from the state of New Mexico and the 100th
and last to be added to the Statuary Hall collection. It was created by Cliff
Fragua, a Puebloan from Jemez Pueblo, and it is the only statue in the
collection created by a Native American.
Josiah Gregg describes the Pueblo people in Commerce of the Prairies: or, The
journal of a Santa Fé trader, 1831–1839 as follows:[6]
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When these regions were first discovered it appears that the inhabitants
Sculptor Cliff Fragua.
lived in comfortable houses and cultivated the soil, as they have
Unveiling and Dedication of
continued to do up to the present time. Indeed, they are now considered
the Popé statue in Washington
the best horticulturists in the country, furnishing most of the fruits and a
DC, September 2005.
large portion of the vegetable supplies that are to be found in the
markets. They were until very lately the only people in New Mexico
who cultivated the grape. They also maintain at the present time considerable herds of cattle,
horses, etc. They are, in short, a remarkably sober and industrious race, conspicuous for morality
and honesty, and very little given to quarrelling or dissipation...
Most of the Pueblos have annual ceremonies that are open to the public. One such ceremony is the Pueblo's
feast day, held on the day sacred to its Roman Catholic patron saint. (These saints were assigned by the Spanish
missionaries so that each Pueblo's feast day would coincide with a traditional ceremony.) Some Pueblos also
have ceremonies around the Christmas and at other times of the year. The ceremonies usually feature traditional
dances outdoors accompanied by singing and drumming, interspersed with non-public ceremonies in the kivas.
They may also include a Roman Catholic Mass and processions.
Formerly, all outside visitors to a public dance would be offered a meal in a Pueblo home, but because of the
large number of visitors, such meals are now by personal invitation only.
Pueblo prayer included substances as well as words; one common
prayer material was ground-up maize—white cornmeal. Thus a man
might bless his son, or some land, or the town by sprinkling a
handful of meal as he uttered a blessing. Once, after the 1692
re-conquest, the Spanish were prevented from entering a town when
they were met by a handful of men who uttered imprecations and
cast a single pinch of a sacred substance.[7]
The Puebloans employed prayer sticks, which were colorfully
decorated with beads, fur, and feathers; these prayer sticks (or
talking sticks) were also used by other nations.
By the 13th century, Puebloans used turkey feather blankets for
warmth.[8] Cloth and weaving were known to the Puebloans before
the conquest, but it is not known whether they knew of weaving
before or after the Aztecs. But since clothing was expensive, they
did not always dress completely until after the conquest, and
breechcloths were not uncommon.
A Zuni drying platform for maize and
other foods, with two women crafting
pottery beneath it. From the PanamaCalifornia Exposition, San Diego,
California. January 1915.
Corn was a staple food for the Pueblo people. They were what was called "dry farmers". Because there was not
a lot of water in New Mexico, they farmed using as little water as possible, which restricted what they could
grow. Because of this, they mainly would farm many types of corn, beans and squash. They would use pottery
to hold their food and water. (See also: Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest)
Religion
Further information: Hopi mythology
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The most highly developed Native communities of the Southwest were large villages or pueblos at the top of the
mesas, rocky tablelands typical to the region. The archetypal deities appear as visionary beings who bring
blessings and receive love. A vast collection of myths defines the relationships between man, nature, plants and
animals. Man depended on the blessings of children, who in turn depended on prayers and the goddess of
Himura. Children led the religious ceremonies to create a more pure and holy ritual.
Further information: Ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples
New Mexico
Further information: List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in New Mexico
Acoma Pueblo — Keres language speakers. One of
the oldest continuously inhabited villages in the US.
Access to mesa-top pueblo by guided tour only
(available from visitors' center), except on Sept 2nd
(feast day). Photography by $10 permit per camera
only. Photographing of Acoma people allowed only
with individual permission. No photography
permitted in Mission San Esteban del Rey or of
cemetery. Sketching prohibited. Video recording
strictly prohibited. Video devices will be publicly
destroyed if used.
Cochiti Pueblo — Keres speakers.
Isleta Pueblo — Tiwa language speakers. Established
in the 14th century. Both Isleta and Ysleta were of
Shoshonean stock. The isleta was originally
Shiewhibak [10]
Jemez Pueblo — Towa language speakers.
Some of the pueblos in New Mexico
Photography and sketching prohibited at pueblo, but
welcomed at Red Rocks.
Kewa Pueblo( Formerly Santo Domingo Pueblo) — Keres speakers. Known for turquoise work and the
Corn Dance.
Laguna Pueblo — Keres speakers. Ancestors 3000 BC, established before the 14th century. Church July
4, 1699. Photography and sketching prohibited on the land, but welcomed at San Jose Mission Church.
Nambe Pueblo — Tewa language speakers. Established in the 14th century. Was an important trading
center for the Northern Pueblos. Nambe is the original Tewa name, and means "People of the Round
Earth". Feast Day of St. Francis October 4.
Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo — Tewa speakers. Originally named O'ke Oweenge in Tewa. Headquarters of the
Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council. Home of the Popé, one of the leaders of the August 1680 Pueblo
Revolt. Known as San Juan Pueblo until November 2005.
Picuris Pueblo, Peñasco, New Mexico — Tiwa speakers.
Pojoaque Pueblo, Santa Fe, New Mexico — Tewa speakers. Re-established in the 1930s.
Sandia Pueblo, Bernalillo, New Mexico — Tiwa speakers. Originally named Nafiat. Established in the
14th century. On the northern outskirts of Albuquerque.
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San Felipe Pueblo — Keres speakers. 1706. Photography and
sketching prohibited at pueblo.
San Ildefonso Pueblo, between Pojoaque and Los Alamos—
Tewa speakers. Originally at Mesa Verde and Bandelier. The
valuable black-on-black pottery was made famous here by
Maria and Julian Martinez. Photography by $10 permit only.
Sketching prohibited at pueblo. Heavily-visited destination.
Santa Ana Pueblo — Keres speakers. Photography and
sketching prohibited at pueblo.
Santa Clara Pueblo, Española, New Mexico — Tewa
speakers. 1550. Originally inhabited Puyé Cliff Dwellings on
Santa Clara Canyon.The valuable black-on-black pottery was
developed here
Taos Pueblo — Tiwa speakers. World Heritage Site. National
Historic Landmark.
Tesuque Pueblo Santa Fe— Tewa speakers. Originally named
Te Tesugeh Oweengeh (http://www.indianpueblo.org
/ipcc/tesuquepage.htm) 1200. National Register of Historic
Places. Pueblo closed to public. Camel Rock Casino and
Camel Rock Suites as well as the actual Camel Rock are
open.
Zia Pueblo — Keres speakers. New Mexico's state flag uses
the Zia symbol.
Zuni Pueblo — Zuni language speakers. First visited 1540 by
Spanish. Mission 1629
Arizona
Further information: List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo
peoples in Arizona
Elk Foot of the Pueblo Tribe, painting by
E. Irving Couse, 1909 [9]
Hopi Tribe Nevada-Kykotsmovi — Hopi language speakers. Area of present villages settled around 700
AD
Texas
Further information: List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Texas
Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, El Paso, Texas —originally Tigua (Tiwa) speakers. Also spelled 'Isleta del Sur
Pueblo'. This Pueblo was established in 1680 as a result of the Pueblo Revolt. Some 400 members of
Isleta, Socorro and neighboring Pueblos were forced or accompanied the Spaniards to El Paso as they fled
Northern New Mexico.[11] Three missions (Ysleta, Socorro, and San Elizario) were established on the
Camino Real to Santa Fe. The San Elizario mission was administrative (that is, non Puebloan).
Some of the Piru Puebloans settled in Senecu, and then in Socorro, Texas, adjacent to Ysleta, Texas
(which is now within El Paso city limits). When the Rio Grande would flood the valley or change course,
these missions would lie variously on the north or south sides of the river. Although Socorro and San
Elizario are still separate communities, Ysleta has been annexed into El Paso.
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January
Pojoaque Pueblo Feast Day: December 12, January 6
San Ildefonso Pueblo Feast Day: January 23.
May
San Felipe Pueblo Feast Day: May 1
June
Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo Feast Day: June 24
Sandia Pueblo Feast Day: June 13.
Ysleta / Isleta del Sur Pueblo Feast Day: June 13.
July
Cochiti Pueblo Feast Day: July 14
San Felipe Pueblo Feast Day: July 25
Santa Ana Pueblo Feast Day: July 26
August
Picuris Pueblo Feast Day: August 10
Jemez Pueblo Feast Day: August 2
Santo Domingo Pueblo Feast Day: August 4
Santa Clara Pueblo Feast Day : August 12
Zia Pueblo Feast Day: August 15
Dancers at Ohkay Owingeh
September
Acoma Pueblo Feast Day of San Esteban del Rey: September 2
Laguna Pueblo Feast Day: September 19
Taos Pueblo Feast Day: September 30
October
Nambe Pueblo Feast Day of St. Francis: October 4
December
Pojoaque Pueblo Feast Day: December 12, January 6
Variable
Isleta Pueblo Feast Days
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There is a short history of creating pottery among the various Pueblo communities. Mera, in his discussion of
the "Rain Bird" motif, a common and popular design element in pueblo pottery states that, "In tracing the
ancestory of the "Rain Bird" design it will be necessary to go back to the very beginnings of decorated pottery
in the Southwest to a ceramic type which as reckoned by present day archaeologists came into existence some
time during the early centuries of the Christian era." [12]
Pottery of the Pueblo
people, Field Museum,
Chicago
Zia Pueblo, pottery
bowl, Field Museum
Tesuque Pueblo Pottery
Jar, Field Museum
Acoma Pueblo, pottery
jar, Field Museum
Tesuque Pueblo, Pottery San Ildefonso Pueblo,
Jar, Field Museum
Black-on-Black Pottery
Bowl. Field Museum
Bird effigy, pottery.
Cicuye Pueblo, Field
Museum
Deer effigy, pottery.
Cicuye Pueblo, Field
Museum
Pottery Jar, Acoma
Pueblo, taken at Field
Museum
Pottery Bowl, Jemez
Pueblo, Field Museum,
Chicago
Pottery Canteen,
Acoma Pueblo, taken at
Field Museum
Acoma Pueblo, bowl.
(background: Tesuque
jar.) Field Museum
Arizona Tewa
Hopi
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Tanoan languages
Navajo people
Paquime
Pueblo Revolt
Tewa people
Tiwa
Keresan languages
Zuni people
1. ^ On June 2, 1924 these peoples were granted US citizenship. In 1948, they were granted the right to vote in New
Mexico.
2. ^ Paul Kirchhoff, "Gatherers and Farmers in the Greater Southwest: A Problem in Classification"
(http://www.jstor.org/pss/664319) , American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 56, No. 4, Southwest Issue (Aug.,
1954), pp. 529-550
3. ^ Fred Russell Eggan, Social Organization of the Western Pueblos, University of Chicago Press, 1950
4. ^ Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press and Smithsonian Institution, 1994. ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
5. ^ Paul Horgan (1954), Great River vol. 1 p. 286. Library of Congress card number 54-9867
6. ^ Gregg, J. 1844. Commerce of the Prairies (http://books.google.com/books?id=6NwaAAAAMAAJ&) . New York:
Henry G. Langley, Chpt.14, The Pueblos, p.55
7. ^ Paul Horgan, Great River p. 158
8. ^ Turkeys domesticated not once, but twice (http://www.physorg.com/news184834568.html)
9. ^ "Elk-Foot of the Taos Tribe by Eanger Irving Couse" (http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork
/?id=5829) . Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery. http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search
/artwork/?id=5829. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
10. ^ "Isleta Pueblo". Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) VIII (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08191a.htm)
11. ^ Newadvent.org (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08191a.htm)
12. ^ Mera, H.P., Pueblo Designs: 176 Illustrations of the "Rain Bird, Dover Publications, Inc, 1970, first published by
the Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1937 p. 1
Fletcher, Richard A. (1984). Saint James' Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de
Compostela. Oxford University Press. (on-line text, ch. 1 (http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm) )
Florence Hawley Ellis An Outline of Laguna Pueblo History and Social Organization (http://links.jstor.org
/sici?sici=0038-4801%28195924%2915%3A4%3C325%3AAOOLPH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6&size=LARGE)
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 15, No. 4 (Winter, 1959), pp. 325–347
Indian Pueblo Cultural Center (http://www.indianpueblo.org/) in Albuquerque, NM offers information from the
Pueblo people about their history, culture, and visitor etiquette.
Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. Vol. 1, Indians and Spain. Vol. 2, Mexico and
the United States. 2 Vols. in 1, 1038 pages - Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-8195-6251-3
Pueblo People, Ancient Traditions Modern Lives, Marica Keegan, Clear Light Publishers, Santa Fe, New Mexico,
1998, profusely illustrated hardback, ISBN 1-57416-000-1
Elsie Clews Parsons, Pueblo Indian Religion (2 vols., Chicago, 1939).
Ryan D, A. L. Kroeber Elsie Clews Parsons (http://links.jstor.org
/sici?sici=0002-7294%28194304%2F06%292%3A45%3A2%3C244%3AECP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S&size=LARGE)
American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 45, No. 2, Centenary of the American Ethnological Society (Apr. - Jun.,
1943), pp. 244–255
Parthiv S, ed. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 9, Southwest. Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1976.
Julia M. Keleher and Elsie Ruth Chant (2009). THE PADRE OF ISLETA The Story of Father Anton Docher. Sunstone
press Publishing.
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Media related to Pueblo people at Wikimedia Commons
Kukadze'eta Towncrier (http://www.tribalgrowth.com/lp/page_kukadzeeta.html) , Pueblo of Laguna
Pueblo of Isleta (http://www.isletapueblo.com/)
Pueblo of Laguna (http://www.lagunapueblo.org/)
Pueblo of Sandia (http://www.sandiapueblo.nsn.us/)
Pueblo of Santa Ana (http://www.santaana.org/)
The SMU-in-Taos Research Publications (http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm4/browse.php?CISOROOT=/sit)
digital collection contains nine anthropological and archaeological monographs and edited volumes representing the
past several decades of research at the SMU-in-Taos (Fort Burgwin) campus near Taos, New Mexico, including
Papers on Taos archaeology (http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/u?/sit,24) and Taos archeology
(http://digitalcollections.smu.edu/u?/sit,25)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puebloan_peoples&oldid=522091928"
Categories: Puebloan peoples Oasisamerica cultures Southwest tribes Native American tribes in Arizona
Native American tribes in New Mexico Native American tribes in Texas
Native American history of New Mexico
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