|v. mohodology
ftis sdid
<lesdib.s rlE ndhodolory
u$d io i.sr 6c @jo. Lypoths ed 1hcn
c@lldi6. V€ b.gi! with 6c turuirthl &d !.teri@ of p.niciFnrs folloved by a
d.tailcd d€$dflid of the vdi.bl6 oFndoulir.d uder 0,c culMt sntdy dd rhe
b'trlDots us€d to m6@ thm,
4.1
Sdection of Partlclpanas
Dar. for this s:tudy w6 obtaincd rrtrcud s $erured q@riomn€ swey. Th€
parttctpets Irw rcmird in rhr!. difreEnr w.ys. Abund 40 orgeidtioB $e
d
&t€rt
FMDIy &d
oadizrlioN
450
qu6rionEiB
rhreugb U€ir hads or
se
disribd€d to rhe
{E Hl|ru R6ourcc
l|l@sa
in tbee
Dcporlmenr !o b. fiUed in
ln.n
lcim d@ @l@brily. |E5 ponicipo.rs wr. co &i€d vi. mit srd ier.riolR md m
cLdonic fom of ibe qEtiomiE ws srr io tlEn. A rohl of 250 -"""gs g*
mtarted dEdy in irdivid@l &d gmup s{iugs ard tlq|sr.d to fil ard rcnD rh.
fom !r th€i. @nvdiae. th6, d!l! I $Whl froo EE5 n1eg6 *o*jrg ar
diffeEnt public
sclbls,
dd
pnvale orSeiz.lioB thll inoludcd banb,
uivmiiis,
FMccs, NGos, hcpit.ts, HR
insume ompejes, hish
fifts 6laLmts,
advenising fims,
Mufactuing @Dpdies ed @nsmctiotr @mpsh' Most of th€e orgdiatiom l@
frcm l<mrhi (85%). The @st {erc contacicd fton hldabad (l0ro), rjho@ (2Zo).
Norlhm
AM
(2%) md P6hiwa! (lol.).
od.S6 conia.ied, complct dd. w.s avaitabt. fo 522 hMs€6 (252 ber
ed 250 Mdfl) m*ing ar a 10*6, Did. . or scnio. tev€t of m@gdent &on tui€d
public, govment, NCOS ed prisrc dgdiarions ii rrjor ci1i6 of pstjid H€ne
Oul of885
rnc
EspoM 6ie
M
appoxinar.ly 56.4 pcaqr and ws! gcnda batded. Ildivid!.ts
45
{r.d* -y qE dt rdi-E sE d-rd i6 dtri!
kiit.qLlb
ir teqc@06
-a?tos)
v,t
did
rd
rb.doElb
did -b, tb !l?G E ndrC h Fiv:, tdb Eiir,
d 1116.- nrdrir, rL b tF .qri. rr€ .Iro
!r'd
ie - ldie d.qidra.t qia r. g! tC
db
*
-i
t n rit F!C!, Frnr rr-.J JF.1b J[ Lba.d.tro cqt.i.c
..lt lL on r! irS-dr c.Wta i Tiac -. I d !rd.{ii.I-Lb
it
rqrdt.r4rn
I de
A,
--r:qiL_r.-F-E-tEE
a
2a
542
a:
5i
@
tlant:
542
a2
102
16,
rbhbiaD-iids-|rtd..dlii*t
do.
IH,
lre
rffi---
8|tr r: &cin -dntcc&-vE
Dina.iroas*L![
se
hali
d rr*
l;.
b, Ao.ndqrllE
It r!edd.t! mFd baE
FriiFBlltlrqr dFidF
L.rrdof
ti!t{-
]dt o|tl *lt t F
of I I tEr 6.E|!g
25
-.155
of
l]l tai Tk
l
tte Fli.i*, IOI ta E liir qd (92 6,60 G),43I t{ ti.l
(56 @, 75
251X irr! ido. qlt
lcvd r! €q! (l@ rlE, It5 c)d
@).rt ldl€ e 2 -d sryes h. 3 id 4 EFtd rh. rEda wit -d te.f rididitdid ct nElant I di&d bEL
Of
r.rat:
Fru i
aa
!|-t! Ltt.h {S-t d raq.rid rad
68 doair Ca&+Si. Deiti!
,fsi||1.'.1
of
Serl @ llqaid rael
FaE r.: A. CLr
idiB Di*iL.t oas.4L&6M-arnrrrddTtFoa
Olttidio
E
d.
Qu.$ffcrthrB
s.d!r. (7I l@ bd 78 w@I55.6% Ird i Fd. grdrll4
ri l/t3 *!lM), .d ll.r% h.d Fofi{idd saliiqlion q docrml
Ftr cdqdor. 3l% hld
degre
(ll5
d.*G
(lE
'm
29 mI
'n -d
rrE.9. O- lronrG.&d. Dirdblbds.ot& @ t.d
..
oaEllE
s
Occdd 3.cb.!
A Ei.ry of @r.i8 !d ibb
E! qd
n &. rqb. A 6.
hftrbiioo r{r.* . vd *tiy 0f lh. Fri.i6 tdqEd b tunid cYi.a
(rsDd 25t() -d 6Crd.. d (l!ta' Ib daibri& oa rb r ndid in tlE
t hL N 3 !d th. srlb e 6 raBr*. rb tuy dja !!"I'.*
rrd ioh sd*
E4.8
&db'b..rrCe
5t,
rE-'
rE:-'
'|rr
|1
btuadlDlbas+arhadldllrF.'.
5t
1.2
Proc.durc
*@
Th. surey qu.3tiotuai6
d b rhr Mrs: a) rhrcu&h orseialioMl
hads b) dned, 0brsh efuit c) diBt in pcmi. ndioir.ry ,rrlys.s
Fv.sl€d m
sigdnml difcEic€ of uing dif@nr @rbodr tur miring panjcipdts. Horvd,
non-Bpoe d. w.s lighq for dail .onba (eud 60./0) as @hp!.€d to p€enat
Ifre pemission for psnicipating
@rra.&d
dilE(y ,rd thei.
disrlibut
ir $e
heads
rllrdy
I
iought
ton
both ih. Bpond.nrs wber
wh.n @!i&{.d indiErty.
oblabed rh€ qesdomaiEs *€E eirhd
one lh. Fmissiod
E
distrihd peM&lly, or in goup *nings
$mugh th€n h.ads or el€ctrodcally !o rh.s€ peni.ipmrs in<tivi<tually,
'['e
885
givd
llruB€rs
l[e
Ehorion
chosen
non difl@nr pivai€ md public s*tor orgmiaions
i Conpet€@ rdvdrory' (Sqt,
2002),
e
wft
sbridgcd veNion orrhe
'wort Asper PFfcr.ne sst., (p.yor, t9S2), rbe.p@ived D€ned Abitity Fn
Qu6lio@iE (Abdul Hdo, 1981) e.r [t n|!.3@ of m olenl .p.Ror-ENirclr|M1
Fit' (Saks ed Arhfonh, l9?).
All ofp.dicipants
wft sivo ihe ro owing insruclions:
'Ihisquqtiortur.Iocusesdhowpeopt ful abou ltei, eo an4 rtuNba at
w*
Ptee loIN tth.ctiob siven at the beettut,s oleach ycnon of the qwsiowire.
f
tou,eed alt .tdifcation, pt.6e @t Kirdly tuE thd all the infonation obtaiwd vil
rdai4
'fts,
th.y wd. cle{rly
oblai&d
sucd
hight, conltd.ntiat,
.
r[. &dynig ad mf&ntialjry of .lt jofomEiior
tteud thc queii{,@je. Thc insEucriors w@ sl$ ct@ty .xphiEd to th€
Fspoddls fo!
of
dh
sedod of lhe qu6rioMir!. WlFn EquiEd, th. irBrMdoN *@
@Fated ov€r phonc ss well for psnicipa s stD @dv€d lh€ q@3doMair indftcdy_
52
tlm .xplsirirg vcrbdly, the ilsrrdionr w! ale givo i! Fior bcfoE 6.h
Ap&l
qu.sri@iE fd cb.ity, Speift iDlrrxtim r!& 9w gih o6ly
8iv6 al@g wilh rh. tupL qu6rio@ire in th. at|MW.
s€di@ of
Milm
e
'Ite porticipants took bcr*ter 40-tO BiDr&s io @bpl€l!
qu*domiF
(nd
rine in
All lonicipora lft (bri.f.d .hour rt a.|@l ,erss of rhc snldy
dr€ir qEsti()mircs weE cotl6rcd, To app@i!r. rh€n F.ticiplrioq de
birure =
!n!r
rhc
@d itr
46.5).
invaiig.lor promisd to shdc ihe Fsdi nnding! in lhe fom of sunDary wirh rh.m dd
lheir @lrcls 0ddrKe wG sl$ obrair.d. Sod. prnicip.rrs .te Equ6tcd lo loow
lb.i. i.dividual Bulrs etich qw GCEi d by rte invetigdor s ta @rir.d wirh Hay
CmW IncO did not pe@ir th!r.
'IrE
sr6
for
@I
suls.t of $e $|cslioMirc \N* cdcut.Ld &ed'n8 lo rhe
for @h vdi'ble (d{.lcriptid qill foltN ij the @irbl6 *clion)
F@d@ d{reaib€d
fld th.n trca!€d sarhdcally
Ttte debih ot
ih ordq tor
lo b. able to acc.pt oi rejecl oui hypothess.
@h mcsw ed r!€ pbclde followed io $ore dd eatyz lhce
1.3
Varlabts
a.
ControlledVartable3
Individui
u3
diftl!'B
enat
theh lte,{'ure€
in dcnogbpbic r..i.DlB
e
on6
Mi.rcd
wilh bou
.mdoal
cmpelerd$ a rell a ilE pelq flvillm.it fii. To d.at wnh 1his pcjibililX
Sender,
edEarion. rh€ l.vel ol rnan.gement dd r}?€ of org&izltion (public or piilsr,e)
w€r
cdd$
kas cod€d
poinr 8cd.
s
eirhd 0 (Mrle) or
whft I = l.s thln
14
|
(F.md€). Ed@tion
sq es6d
rrds ofdkarion (udcrgadlate),
2
=
on
. rhe
l+t5 ye6 of
53
(gadul€), .nd 3 = 16 y€d of.ducdi@ (!on gradulo/pbf*iolrl). .n€
Megdid lwel *B hejsued on a thE-poi htiDs sc{tc wlEE I Ff€n€<t ro lo\r€r
educalton
nargd.nq
rfcdld lo niddte mog.dtc! ed 3 rfdld ro sior ba@gclMl
iftl'diDg the helde of oqEialio6. T!. orgoizaliG B@ cod.d 6 I (public
organiatioB). 2 (Privar., lor Prcfit OglrizatioN), 3 o{on-Covem€nt / Non-prcfir
OrSflizati@) ed 4 (Covelmd O.gejzliois) 6 mponded b! th. panicip&rb. Aolh
ihc Non-Gov€Mcnr'l srd cov€mor OryejadoB \,ft sle Fn of public
orS6iani@ d otcy exin rc tu rh. Dublic i .Gr.
b,
2
Independont.ndDepend€ntVertabtes
T[e ildepoddt !a.iru. trda
sdy
wre
ill. Emrional
ConpcGncics
6 def&d
by
D&i.l Gd@d (l9E). Ih. etrd of rh. ind.p.ndat veirblc E inv.nisaLd oi (r)
lh. P.Mived reen " Envilomot Fi! (2) rhc Pe@ived Dmoad - Abinv Fit, md rh.
(l) AcnDl Supply.Valu. Fii. The fo'm tM lr@ dier n€.sue of D.rn-
.nvibnnor fit whctls ihe Ihid oe ws n4uEd indi@lly_ fhe aedenic
qu.lifrcado4 l|]mg.rial ld€I, c.nd€r ud gac of cganiadons
b.lonsed
\@ q@incd
ro which rhe DeniciDdrs
B controt vdiabl€s.
qEstiomiFs itulud.d s hief denogdphic prctile ed rou stf_
reFn iN6bn4. hstnmdrs x@ simil& in rh.n ordq of DEsntarim for a[ ih.
pnticipets. MaslB inchded 9@ tc Ebori@nt CobFG@ ItrHrory - S.tf
The @Dplete set of
vadon (Sab, 2002); dF P*eiv€d Pctg Envirc.neld S.at. (SalG md Ashfonh,
1997); th. P@eiv.d Denand - Abiliry (Abd.l Haln, l98l ed e abridsed v6ion of
);
th. Wo* A5!el Pcfcrcoc. Scale (P4!r l9E3).
Me.lodtrg thc Edotiotrst Comper.Nh.
To
n6@ tE Ehotional Conp€t€eie of the managers, th. S.lf_V6ion
Enrotio8l Cmr€is|cy lnvfttqy 2.0 (2002), dcvetop€d by F.bio
Cmup,
Mccl.lhld
C.
q
for R€s€@b ald
tmrErion
TlE ECI 2,0 is originally a 360{€grcc rool
B
Sd
of
ph.D. ar rhe
rhe
Hly
us.o.
ro .ssess ur€ €norio..l
by thc iidividul, the peu,
design€d
conpeten€is of iddivid!.ls md org&iariois ar pq@ived
supdiss ed the subordidtes. tr h basc<t on €notional conpelacies idehlified bv
Dr. Dari€l col.lM in woiking with E,notomt h.IjgeM (t998), srt o.
the
@bpeleeie ftom Hay,McBq's c€lcric CompeGncy Dicti@ry (1996) s wert s Dr.
tuchard BotEeits S.laAss.ss|@r eucaiomft (SAe) ed lll€s about jO_45
hin to
me6h
€obplete. It
ed
18
conFr€nci* uodq th. fou
major
dBleB of *lf@nD€ienci6
socirl conp.tenci.s dtroueh 72 ilens rnc6u.d on a 6 poini siing sale wh@
nqd dd
5 = dqsys. IteN Uar aE ooi .pplicabte @
sEd s
0. The foE
I=
clue6
n6urd e: L Sclf Ava@s;2. Sctf Mlargcnoq 3. Seial AwsFness;4. S@iat
Skjlli siM w w* @nc{Ed wirh l[c slf lss.ssent of €norioral @nFrencies, w
ordy
Nd
'Irte
q6w
rhe
slf vsio.
has
sjlh d
(Dimtopouloq
to 0.85
pove. b
intenally conlisrent (cronbach.s alpha langing fion 0.61
.vcFg. of 0.?5) ad .temonsrlles a high levet of @Ntrucl ulidity
speifc
I
E
b€
2001i Burckle,2OO0; MuMrs[y, 2000; Sala 2002), Thc ECI2.O
nol @Dpo|e a silg€
the
oflhe ECI 2.0 tor lhis paniculd sludy.
dc
dorionil iffetlig.E src. turbs, ir gives scoB (av.6c6)
cmotionat @mp€i.rci6 wilhin ihc fou ctustqs
enabling N to malc a
dirffitiat arlysis.
TrbL a: Trbr. shdh3
trrrmt cdstrtu'g
ot
hdtvtd!.t
Bt ECI
comFki6
a
on
nenriorcd b.low rhus
.nd
ri. ctrdB
M€r.d
2,r,
55
Md.rirg nt
folowing Blwlr& (1991). the lhFe dhrircr inrrumenls w* us€o ro n€4w tnG
sp{i6c t}T6 of ni i,e., te p@ived p.sn{nvibm€nl fit at work mdured by Sats
ard Asbfont's trc-it n sal€ of P.Mived pcen-EnviroM€nl Fir, ihc &nul supply-
kyots woir Asper pEf.me s.jtc
(1982) dd tt! F..ived dF""d ,.bitity fr 66$Ed by Abdel Hdm., (tgsl) fiE_
val@
i&m
fit Dosuld by $ldt€d
P@iild D.mrld-Ability
cotuept in iis
te
deprh
ed
$bsbs
nom
Fir sqlc, TbG$
inv€sligaie
atloxd ln.
eeeh.r
ro
m€lle rlc
$tui rFcific @ori@al @d!.r.nci6
e
with ihe specific typ. of fit. Ir also ailosld rh. EsEehd to conp@ dirt l &d
lint€d
idiel
56
Or.nA
D..d M.6@
of Pd.tu
dP.^on-Ea
rcn,n
it
Fi.(Sa*J and
Ashforth, 1997)
Pcc€9lioc of dF
ongune bcte@ cmploye needs sd *o*plae
wft
m.durld usitrs Srls dd AsMonh s 09?) pa.ptioB of fir
E.,sN. lbis is 3 didl lirEdE4 gloh€l n6w for Gselsins pqc.prim of
EinfoMa
$bj€ctive lEMnqvirenrna|l fit. T]G
ilds
m€asEd borh pason-job (P-J fi1)
lld F.Mtr{4eiadon
(P.o Fi1) compodcnts of th. lEenaviroM€nt fii.
Itens irchde qu6ti6s litc "To $tut .xrelt do6 youjob me$w u! lo rhc kjnd
orjob you w@ s€€ki!g?" Resro s @ sEd on ! five poirr Biing sle
tuging Aom
\l@
I
(to
av€rage{l tbr
Hid eoB
!
vE
y lirde €xrmD lo 5 (to a v.ry tgrg€ cxldo. R.spoes
I lolal s@e.
$de FpE*nt d lbAl padicipdls rlon a berler lir. The
pcM-job fir (co.fficidl dpha = .89) rrd p@rcrydianion fi! (co.ffici.nt
on this
.lrh
= .92) rubsds .lso distlay ad€quie inten l
cudi6 (s.k & Alhtun!, t9?). vslidity.bl. oD rht $aie EE @ltdr€d EoD
participdis ir thc Sats &d Ashfonh (19?) snrdy s {ell Ls a s€p@t spl€
tnn
rc
triliz.d slely for vrlidiry dala Tle mulr, from both eudi6
.lcnoNlrat€d high lcvel ofco$lruct validily (turchie, 2006).
The total scale
ws uFd for $e preed
snrdy, The eliabitjry coefficient obhined
wos.l$ @isid.nbly bis[ (@mcicni alDhd = O.9l for p@.job ft and 0.92 for Posn-ors&iarion fii) conpaEd witb th. rcconm€nded
rlph ld€l a@din8 to Numatty sld Bes.in ( l9"r).
for ibjr s.nple
57
Dlrd ra.a'tte 4 Pec.J'.n F,
ANU6
(Abdel
Mru'
Job
lreture .rd
tob Eotttus,
IIsIc,n lgEI)
fir wd h@u€d by Abd.l-Halent (l9si) nve-ite6 Dcrcdjved
.lanrnd!{biliiy fit qB$ontuic, IiGm included ..t fel that ny wort ue! my
tull $ilili.s" dd Myjobgiv€s n ! cbre b do rhe ftitrss r &.1 r do be1" (d
= 0.74). Tt itens r4 n!.d oo r s-poi ele tusirs tm | (NGEi) ro 5
Th€ D-A
(CoNisledly)- Tte
@
d.
5
DA
Fn s.oF
E
oti.in d by @bpud4.vdgc
for tldnss
i&Ds (Man = 4.3, SD = r.82).
'Ih. origind ede u!€d
a
ge@-poilr !c.t. wNch
9s
modificd fo. rhis rcs.aFh
inlo fiv€-point nting scde lo standldiz€ r.spose ets for all qu$lioDairc! as
tnrch s posible. Rdtrb lhat @npard llc tM gps of nring sq!1. suggcai
that 'd@ @ m signi6@i g.i$ ia sing moe tha 5 respoM alr.nstiv€r
(Cotrv* ed PtE$,
cr..n ed Rm,
l! chrlB
|
970).
1986;
Ale,
J..tiB &d Tabq,
e
of5-poid
saste
dd N@in. t9E5:
pasimr, lDd t!d|c
l9?7i Slem
ilt.les
@i A pilor ardysis (r = ?5) sroeed bish @Gtario (r = ?9,
P<.01) b.tten the wB oblrincd on tlc 7-poin srd j-poinr *.tc for DA Fit.
of
TIE int nul @Bistffiy Eli.bitiry (dph.) for tbe rcvied
pr.sali mple tud ihue ws acsDrable,
Indtr.d
mion
n 6ue of Actt tI SrdJit{/t . fi, (Ditwion
was .80 in rhe
SpaiJtc) (p,r/or,
I9E2)
To
I'*c
Voll
Daegdial job vatB
Asp@t
ued. Thb
Prfel!@
iBlrmot
Scate
.id ri.ir
suppliB in rhe o.gdizriotrs, thc
(VAIS) CoBlncted by Roben p.yo. (19E2) ws
is dcsiSi.d to se33 rh€ quatili* of
rc* ll.r ildividlslg
'E
@Nid.( imporralt ro rhm. S.dpL ir.s imlude,.At !vor*, you d€ slMys
itl{iBirg you ttuvt.dg." od "Ar eort you hrvc . g@ ffic-.
a a 52 ir.D qesli()Mire with rtlr.hdts Eted otr ! 5,poi s..le meine fon
| (Naq) ro 5 (AlMyt .nd rat6 $out 15-20 hin|x6 to.ooplcc. crelba.h
It
ad 0,82 have bfto rtFn d suSg.sling hiel Flidbilily ed inteml
@nsisiency (Eisl€r. 1994). coilnuct vdidny hs ben catablished tlwueh
signis.mt positiw |ssiarioB *irh Inrerst Involoricst Abitity T€s1s,
Pmndiry Ms@ and orher wolt volue 6cs@ {piyor, 1979 & 1986:
M&@b & Fit2simons, 198?i C.ier, 1989: Eissl.r. 1994) ard rsulls stongly
srpton the pbfeEd comeprdizdid of WAPS. The @ftmn ed cont ni
alpb6 of 0,81
validity b
d$
hiel !s &norstr.rcd
(37 or, of 19
posiblc
F_
valws sienificer ar
0.0i or 0.05 level).
TtE Wo* Ap.ct PrefeE sc Scdc giv6 infomaijon on It mrk valu.s,
AddirioMltx
the turthq sales d€ dovetoped by @mputine $oes on difieFni sub$ales. For th€
purpos. of ou !!s@h! a i.tcl€d nmhfi
of !atu6 q@ ,ncrude<l shich had lne
pot
rtial
b
be inflwnced by chotionsl comFkncics
Sp@ilicslly, ihe following scatcs
(Al!),
ME
b.ed on our Fsmh rcvi.w.
lsed for ihe pupos
ofou
reseeh: Aliruism
CG@*6
(Cow), Indepedd@ (Ld), Moiey (Mon), pBiige (pre),
S*uiry
(S.c), ed s.lf-D.!.topnor (SD) molg fi.
basic $alcs dd Fr-itob (FF) and qlltM
/ Pdronal Corcm (Hpc) .mong the *cotrdary scat$ b D6ue ihe s_v fir
for
etonony, achi.wnoa 6rcn, !6uiiy, ed clarioNhiD vat@s.
ft.
wlues
st€
sclded on lh. brsis of
a
Fview of 6.rrches invesliSaring fie vatue
L\rl e noR eughl and in th. work .rvibM€ni. ,ft* five vdB v@
mn
cosilr.dly pnf€.Ed md hene wE *talcd f@ rtis inv.sigalion (B.ltol ard luror.
1990;
Malow, 1970i Heebd& €l sl.,
1959; Tulor. 1986j Catdwelt
P.rq ( l9E3) dmonstrared sisniticot int€dd @sisr€ncy for aI
in ihe 1able b€low. For this studn th€ valud m€Nued by
dd
O,Riellv, I S90),
subsrt* s ehoh
thce scd€s dd lhei. inrenal
rhe
59
dli.biny
$ m6u€d rhrcu€i Cmnbeh Atph! e
pEsor€d in labtc no. 5 hclow.
OveEX. tl|€ subsc"rle, sho*€d moden&
Itcmn
nd.d
inlqml coNisEncy but low€r ilDa rhe
ldel !e pttgibd by Nurdry,trd Bdi.il (t994) dcDr fo.1h. s.rf
rrbL !r Shorllg l!r.m.t Cotrd ercf
Ip.cnd ft betw€e!
indiedy
the
Fso.\
ot
V.tu6 m.lurqt
p,€feEncc
ed
by the WAIS
!!h6cd6
or83lizaronar supptis w.s meburcd
6 avould by @31 e@he^ (Edwdds, l99l; xrisroi 1996)
b@w th.y ce be(.r d€al with problm ofcorfounding dd consislency bis,
Th€
in this Estarch
iDdier
n6lM€nt
i.c., I[e
sc,rr'@.ioB c trBqlEd @ th. $ppty &d
ot suppty,latue fir Equirs that the n6u,€s
e
@meBurc
rb€ vduc sid. (Knsbl 1996).
'ntcrcfoE, the *l€cred sca.l* foin
WAPS .mued $at h€ Desues or supplies md
EIB v@ oll]':rsuic
&d
6vNm.nl vei.btci
1990). Foi
(i.e.,
ir r€m
Eflecrcd rhe
thh r&po$. rhe it ms
w.
tu
@cnr dimcGio6) $
thal De.son
th€oEticat dit@siois (Edvr.d5
a c@D.r.
of 0F
fd @h $de w@ pe6l€d tw,e
to oc Espoldot .
Firn d!.y r€E asked |o Epqt how tqudrly e sF.l ir exp.riaced
.| wort (t =
ncvd,5 = alMyt md lheo they wde sked to rcpon hoB inpo(mr rhat
6p.ct @ for
thcm {l = lorally uimponan! 5 = extcrcly inpoaao.
Tlu! fo. @ch vdjablq ih.
*oFs ww c er€d twj.q t61 for $e exp€d.nce ed th.n for the inpond@,
60
Blsed or $e Evicw of
evral dncusiotu
(FFncL
1993; EdsErds, 1994;
1982;
Edqlrds,
$B nasrBd otld b.
include da difeFncc
oFr.li@aljzed in
$ocs
oo ihe fiDctional foms of suprly_valu€
vimie.,2000) rh.
Eiou posibt
scruat supply_valuc
ways.
Th*
fil
fii
Dosibiliti6
c.tcuhring rh. sq@€d difieen@ lfo_p)21, absolue
difer€nce I O-P l, or algeb€ic ditr€€d@ [O.p] or the inte@rion soi* i..., detemining
th. Glalionship b€twn rhe qlB qpdicDc.d lad @Niderd import d wort (Ocp).
i.€_,
frmiioGl nod.l for 6is Esarch ihlt bd deibd tlE Et.iiotrsbiD h€r*e lh.
itrdivid@ls' vslB &d orgdiz"lional supptj€ B cbostr anq a sysr€nalic ddysis
The
folloving the f@tslcps of Oitl6?ie
the
lhF
Dossible
n.ihods
!i*
the me&
K.?itrs ir
€t
d., (2003) considding
eftlarions, n
w
th€
hee
@relalions for aI
abstut direMe Eo<tcl
se opeDtio@tiud seply v6t@ fit
fouid
thar lhc
wrt b€t sir€d for rhis reseeh purF*. TheEfoE.
in dis Es.eh Mo.dinS ro the exlslr of iditfw.e' b.rw€en rhe ptu
cnviomenlal feios. The lit ws n6urcd a! 1h€ absl e difi.sence
thc
$06
,t md th.
to,pj b€tw.n
obtaiftd on ihe p€Mml pEfffi@
ed org&izriolrl
avaitability of
vsios
vqk 6par. pEfcFnG urda @sidenrid. So, ir ihis tfs€dh, a s.@ of O (eslttina
lioh subd!.dlg dp..h.rd froD pnf.nd v.t!6) wuld indic.re no .lif.mcc
be|wem individual prcfmce dd organidioml supplies md a $or of 5 woutd
similrily beNeeh exp.denced od dsired !al!es. Sine we wee looking ai
ihc prE€dcnti of peen<nviomdt fit dd not rhe oulcones of i! we w@ nol dfcdcd
by thc i e@lion bctGn rh. tw sG and rhcEfoE did no! h.re to @ the individual
figu6 dd tleir Fodet in ou a.alysis.
indicate no
4.1
Statisticd f.Eatn
errt
for Hypgthesis T$tjng
B.sids deeiptive slatisti€s, I lesl ws ued to edysd dgnifimce of difl@nces
belw€en groups ed rc8€ssion aalyses weG uled tor m€dms of asocilrion belween
thc lwo sels ofwiables. Sp(ifically, simple lin@ Esr€sior q6 used to demine ihe
6l
dd vdous foms of fir dr wo*.
us€d to lsnain (h. @ndnions ud€r shich rhee
@tnp€te.cies
p.lr.n of nodendon, Modcr.phs Ere ued
6
62