Teacher’s Guide
Atoms
Video Quiz
Grades 5-9
AVTV
CREDITS
Program Production
S u n b u r s t Vi s u a l M e d i a
Te a c h e r ’s G u i d e
Rose Bulau M.Ed.
National Board Certification
Print Material Design
Desktop Productions
© 2004 Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Hawthorne, NY 10532
Approximate running time: 26 minutes
Atoms Video Quiz
Table of
Contents
Guide Information ....................................05
Fast Facts..................................................07
Before Viewing Activities ..........................08
During Viewing Activities ..........................12
After Viewing Activities ............................17
After Viewing Quizzes ..............................23
Additional Resources ................................26
Answer Keys ............................................31
Script........................................................43
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Atoms: Video Quiz
About This Guide
Guide
Information
Providing students with visual media is an excellent way to take them out of the
classroom and into the real world. Our programs offer real-world footage, dynamic graphics,
engaging dramatizations, and first-person testimonials that keep students interested and help
them visualize difficult concepts. More importantly, they reinforce critical learning objectives
shaped by state and national educational standards. However, the learning doesn’t begin and
end when the program does. You can make the learning experience even more effective by
using the materials provided in this Teacher’s Guide.
This guide is divided into the following sections:
• Fast Facts are designed to give your students a quick overview of the
information presented within the video.
• Before Viewing Activities help identify what students already know
about the subject, what they are curious about, and what they hope to learn.
• During Viewing Activities may be used during viewing to enhance
students’ understanding of the video.
• After Viewing Activities help students summarize and draw conclusions
from the information that was presented.
• After Viewing Quizzes test students’ retention of the information presented
in the program and activity sheets.
• Additional Resources are designed to help you extend the information
presented in the program into other areas of your curriculum.
• Answer Keys are provided for relevant activities or reproducible pages.
• Script content is provided in an unabridged version for future reference.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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Program Overview
Guide
Information
Atoms provides a comprehensive look at this topic. Students will see historic
contributions made to the study of atoms. They will explore the structure of atoms and
learn about the Periodic Table of Elements.
Viewing Objectives
By viewing the video and engaging in the activities provided, students will be able
to:
•
explain history behind our current atomic theory
•
illustrate and label the parts of an atom
•
read the atomic number and mass of an element and determine its
average isotope
•
describe electron transfer
Correlation With the National Science Foundation:
All students should develop an understanding of properties of objects and materials.
Objects have many observable properties, including size, weight, shape, color, temperature,
and the ability to react with other substances. Those properties can be measured using
tools, such as rulers, balances, and thermometers.
Objects are made of one or more materials, such as paper, wood, and metal. Objects can
be described by the properties of the materials from which they are made, and those
properties can be used to separate or sort a group of objects or materials.
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Atoms : Video Quiz
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Clouds Fast Facts
Fast Facts
• The atom is the basic unit of matter that
forms everything.
• Each proton and neutron together have an
atomic mass unit of one.
• An atom is the smallest amount of a
material you can have that will retain all
of its original characteristics and
properties.
• The Periodic Table lists the elements in
order by their atomic number.
• An atom can only be seen with an electron
microscope.
• An ancient Greek philosopher, Democritus,
was one of the first Atomists.
• John Dalton, an English chemist, first
proposed the modern atomic theory.
• Dalton's theory had four main concepts: all
elements are composed of atoms that are
indivisible, atoms of the same element are
exactly the same in structure, different
elements have different structures, and atoms
of two or more different elements join
together to create a compound.
• J.J. Thomson was the first to discover a
particle smaller than the atom, the
electron.
• Thomson proposed an atomic model with
random placement of positive and
negative particles, which came to be
known as the Plum Pudding model.
• Rutherford determined that each atom had
a nucleus which contained the positively
and negatively charged particles.
• In 1913, Neils Bohr proposed that
electrons circle the nucleus on tracks.
• A more accurate atomic model was
constructed through Wave Mechanics. In
the wave model, electron movement
appears to be more like a vibration within
an electron cloud than a circular orbit.
• Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons,
and electrons.
• Protons and neutrons are found in the
nucleus.
• The atomic number represents the number
of protons in every atom of an element.
• The number of neutrons within an atom of
any element can vary; the variations are
called isotopes.
• On the Periodic Table, there is an Atomic
Mass number for each element.
• The Atomic Mass of an element is figured
as the weighted average of all its isotopes
as they occur in nature. That's why the
Atomic Mass number has decimal points.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus at different
levels depending upon how much energy
they have.
• Each level can hold a certain number of
electrons; the first level has two and the
second and third levels hold eight each.
• When the outer electron level is not full, it
bonds with other atoms to help fill it.
• The tendency for an atom to attract or
share electrons in the outer shell is called
valence.
• An atom's electron arrangement
determines the element's chemical
properties, or the way they tend to bond
with other elements.
• Atoms that have gained or lost electrons
are called ions.
• Atoms gaining electrons are negative ions.
Atoms losing electrons are positive ions.
• Ionic bonding occurs when an electron is
transferred from one atom to another.
• Compounds are more commonly formed
through covalent bonding, the sharing of
electrons.
• Electrons orbit the nucleus, forming an
electron cloud.
• Subatomic particles are measured in
atomic mass units (AMU's.)
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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Before Viewing
Activity 1
Name
What Do You Know?
Think about the letters in the word ATOMS. Think about what you know about this topic.
Next to each letter in the chart below, write words or a sentence that start with the given
letter. The things you write should show what you know about atoms.
A
T
O
M
S
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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Name
Before Viewing
Activity 2
Word Splash
The words splashed across the page are included in the video you will watch. Write a
paragraph about atoms, using as many of the words correctly as you can. Use a dictionary,
if necessary.
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Name
Before Viewing
Activity 3
Table Search
You will be learning about the Periodic Table of Elements in this video. Get prepared for
the information you will need by doing some advance research. Use reference materials
and write your answers in complete sentences.
1. What is an element? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. On the Periodic Table of Elements, what are the rows called? ________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the columns called? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Define Atomic Number. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Define Atomic Mass. __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is a shell? ______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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Before Viewing
Activity 4
Name
Atoms Preview
Each statement below is related to information you will gain in the video. Put a check mark
by each statement that you believe to be true. We will revisit this page after the video to see
if any of your thinking has changed.
After Viewing
Before Viewing
true/false
true/false
Everything in the world is made of matter.
Atoms can be seen with the naked eye.
The atom is the basic unit of matter
that forms everything.
People have been studying atoms for 2000 years.
Democritus proposed the first atomic theory.
Neils Bohr created the wave model of atoms.
The electron is the center of the atom.
Atoms are made up of three main
subatomic particles.
We measure subatomic particles in pounds.
Electrons have a negative charge.
Neutrons have a positive charge.
Elements are the simplest forms of matter.
The Periodic table lists the elements.
All isotopes have the same number of neutrons.
The number of protons and neutrons
added together is called the mass number.
An electrically neutral atom has
equal numbers of protons and electrons.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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During Viewing
Activity 1
Name
Take a Note
In the video, you will hear about several important scientists and their work with atoms. As
you hear each scientist’s name, write his or her important contribution or discovery in word
balloon above the corresponding name.
Decmocritus
John Dalton
J.J. Thomson
Ernest Rutherford
Neils Bohr
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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During Viewing
Activity 2
Name
Take a Note
Read the information below about atomist John Dalton. Then, as you hear the four main
components of his atomic theory, record them in the space provided.
John Dalton, an English chemist, was studying the science of weather and gases when he
found that atoms were influencing his experiment. He proposed the first modern atomic
theory in 1803. His theory included four main concepts.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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During Viewing
Activity 3
Name
Vocabulary Match
Draw a line to connect each word with its definition.
14
covalent bonding
the number of protons and neutrons added together
ionic bonding
subatomic particle has a negative charge equal to 1
ion
the weighted average of all of the isotopes of an element
valence
an electron is transferred from one atom to another
neutral
the philosopher who first theorized about atoms
mass number
lists the elements in order by their atomic number
atomic mass
scientist who constructed the wave model
isotope
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
Periodic Table
Atomic Mass Unit
element
sharing of electrons
neutron
subatomic particle has a positive charge equal to 1
electron
tendency for an atom to attract or share
electrons in the outer shell
proton
the smallest amount of a material you can have that will
retain all of its original characteristics and properties
AMU
an atom that has equal number of protons and electrons
nucleus
the center of the atom
atom
subatomic particle with neutral charge
Neils Bohr
occur in nature at different rates
Democritus
the simplest form of matter
Atoms: Video Quiz
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Name
After Viewing
Activity 4
Diagram Time
Information is provided in the video about the structure of atoms. In the space below, draw
and label a diagram of an atom. Be sure to include the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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During Viewing
Activity 5
Name
Cloze
Write each word from the word bank in its correct space in the paragraph.
matter
proton
neutron
electron
mass number
periodic table
atomic number
electron microscope
AMU
mass
1/1836
elements
isotopes
neutral
outer
nucleus
atom
properties
subatomic
valence
ions
negative
positive
Everything in the world is made of __________________. Matter is made of
__________________s. The __________________ is the basic unit of matter that forms
everything. An __________________ is the smallest amount of material you can have that
will retain all of its original characteristics and __________________. But, atoms are very
small, and can only be seen through an ___________________________________. Inside an
atom are even smaller particles called __________________ particles. They are
__________________s, __________________s, and __________________s. The
__________________s and neutrons are packed together in the center of the atom called the
__________________ and the electrons orbit the nucleus forming an ____________________
cloud. Subatomic particles are so small that we measure them by atomic mass units, or
__________________s. Each proton and each __________________ __have an atomic mass
equal to 1 unit. But the atomic mass of each electron is extremely small —
__________________ of an atomic unit! __________________ are the simplest forms of
matter. The __________________ lists the elements in order by their atomic number. The
__________________ represents the number of protons in every atom of an element. But,
unlike protons, the number of __________________s within an atom of any element can
vary somewhat; these variations are called __________________. Isotopes occur in nature at
different rates. Because __________________ have varied numbers of neutrons, isotopes of
the same element weigh differently. The number of __________________ s and neutrons in
added together is called the __________________ of the element. An electrically
__________________ atom has equal numbers of protons and __________________. Their
positive and negative charges cancel each other out. Electrons orbit the __________________
at different levels depending upon how much energy they have and each level can hold a
certain number of electrons. When the __________________ electron level is not full, it
bonds with other atoms to help fill it. The tendency for an atom to attract or share electrons
in this outer shell is called __________________. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons
are called __________________. Atoms gaining electrons are negative ions and atoms losing
electrons are __________________ ions.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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After Viewing
Activity 1
Name
Atom Prove-It
Read the statement at the top of the page. It is a true statement. Use
information you have gained from the video to write a paragraph
that uses details to prove the statement to be true.
Atoms are made up of three main subatomic parts.
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After Viewing
Activity 2
Name
Periodic Tabling
Use the periodic table to answer the questions below.
1. How many protons does helium have? ____________________________
2. What is the atomic mass of helium? ______________________________
3. How many neutrons does helium have?
__________________________
4. What is the most common isotope of helium? ______________________
5. How many protons does aluminum have? __________________________
6. What is the atomic mass of aluminum? ____________________________
7. How many neutrons does aluminum have? ________________________
8. What is the most common isotope of aluminum? ____________________
9. How many protons does lead have? ______________________________
10. What is the atomic mass of lead? ________________________________
11. How many neutrons does lead have? ____________________________
12. What is the most common isotope of lead? ________________________
13. How many protons does silver have? ____________________________
14. What is the atomic mass of silver?
______________________________
15. How many neutrons does silver have?
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Atoms: Video Quiz
__________________________
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After Viewing
Activity 3
Name
Atom Anatomy
Use information you have gained from the video to complete the Venn diagram below.
When you are finished, you will have an excellent comparison of the parts of an atom.
neutron
protron
electron
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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After Viewing
Activity 4
Name
The Human Atom
Follow the steps below to create a human model of ionic bonds.
1. Gather materials: white kitchen trash bags (with holes for head and arms), small round
balloons in different colors, tape, scissors, construction paper, markers, string
2. Your group will be given an element to represent.
3. With your group, identify your atomic number, and the number of valence electrons
4. The ‘model’ for each group will put the white trash bag on and the group should label
the ‘model’ with construction paper hanging around their neck with the string. On one
side should be the element’s symbol and atomic number. On the other side should be the
charge of the resulting ion after they have transferred electrons.
5. The students will then tape the “valence” electrons to the ‘model’s’ bag. The number of
valence electrons determines the number of balloons – use different colored balloons for
different elements.
6. Your group will then act out electron transfer in order to achieve chemical stability for
your element.
7. Once transfer is complete, then the models must identify their appropriate electrical
charge and turn over their tag that has the correct charge written on it.
8. After the activity is completed, show what happened in words and in pictures on a piece
of paper.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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After Viewing
Activity 5
Name
What If?
Follow the steps below to explore life without an element.
1. Imagine that one day, out of nowhere, one of the
elements in the periodic table suddenly starts to
disappear from the face of Earth. Depending on the
element, the results could be cataclysmic.
2. Choose one of the elements from the table and
write a fictionalized “firsthand” account of the day
your element disappeared. (An example: the day
Earth lost its iron—buildings crumble, bridges
collapse, blood gradually becomes anemic, and so
on.)
Gather the following information before you begin writing.
•
•
•
•
•
Where do they appear in nature, if at all?
How do scientists, engineers, artists, doctors, and so on use them?
Where are their presences crucial?
How would life be different without them?
Would life even be able to survive?
3. Be prepared to present a dramatic reading of your work.
4. The class writing will be published in a “periodic table of disasters” to share with
another class or publish on our school’s Web site.
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After Viewing
Activity 6
Name
Adopt an Element
Follow the steps below.
1. Your teacher will assign you an element. Research the information below for your element.
Name of element: ____________________
Classification: (nonmetal,
Symbol: ______________________________
metal, metalloid): ______________________
Atomic Number: ______________________
Family: ______________________________
Atomic Mass: ________________________
Origin of Name: ______________________
Number of Protons:
Discovered By:
__________________
Number of Neutrons: __________________
______________________
in: __________________________________
Number of Electrons: __________________
Other interesting details: (uses, facts, compounds, etc.):
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Create an advertisement for your element. It must include all of the information gathered. It
must be neat and colorful. Add pictures that relate to your advertisement theme.
3. Prepare to share your advertisement with the class.
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Atoms: Video Quiz
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After Viewing
Activity Quiz
Name
After Viewing Activity Quiz
Choose the best answer for each question.
1. When did humans first theorize about
the atom?
a. During the last 200 years.
b. About 400 years ago
c. About 5 minutes ago
d. Over 2000 years ago
2. An atom can be divided into a smaller
piece that still retains all of its original
characteristics.
a. True
b. False
3. The air is made of atoms.
a. True
b. False
4. Who proposed the first modern atomic
theory?
a. Ernest Rutherford
b. J.J. Thomson
c. John Dalton
d. Abraham Lincoln
5. Which of the following was not included
in Dalton’s atomic model? Make sure
your punctuation is correct.
a. Electrons travel in energy levels
b. All elements are composed of atoms
that are indivisible
c. Atoms of different elements have
different structures.
d. Atoms of the same element have
the same structure.
6. J.J. Thomson proposed an early atomic
model in which the placement of
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charged particles is random. We
sometimes refer to this model
as________________. Watch the style.
a. the Ford Model
b. the Plum Pudding Model
c. the Modern Atomic Model
d. Rutherford’s Model
7. Which scientist is credited with
discovering the nucleus of the atom
through his gold foil experiment?
a. John Dalton
b. J.J. Thomson
c. Albert Einstein
d. Ernest Rutherford
8. Who was the Danish scientist that
proposed electrons orbit around the
nucleus, like planets around the sun?
a. Democritus
b. Niels Bohr
c. Albert Einstein
d. Ernest Rutherford
9. What is the current atomic model
called?
a. The Wave Model
b. The Plum Pudding model
c. The Atomic Model
d. The Bohr Model
10. Which association most accurately
describes the size of the nucleus in
relation to its electron orbit?
a. A penny inside a gallon jar
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23
After Viewing
Activity Quiz
Name
After Viewing Activity Quiz
Choose the best answer for each question.
b. A drop of water in the Grand
Canyon
c. A bee inside a football stadium
d. A slice of pickle inside a hamburger
bun
11. Which of the following is NOT a
subatomic particle?
a. Electrons
b. Neutrons
c. Protons
d. Ions
12. Where in the atom might one find an
electron?
a. In the nucleus
b. In the electron section at the
supermarket
c. In the electron cloud
d. Inside a neutron
13. Which two particles have the same
atomic mass?
a. Protons and electrons
b. Protons and neutrons
c. Electrons and neutrons
d. Neutrons and positrons
14. An atom’s atomic number represents
the number of __________________ in
the atom’s nucleus.
a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electrons
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Atoms: Video Quiz
d. Ions
15. The number of which subatomic
particle can vary within an atom?
a. Isotopes
b. Neutrons
c. Ions
d. Protons
16. Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium are
three ____________ of Hydrogen.
a. Ions
b. Bonds
c. Neutrons
d. Isotopes
17. If the atomic mass of the element
Calcium (Ca) is 40.08, and its atomic
number is 20, which is the most
common isotope of calcium?
a. Calcium-40
b. Calcium-20
c. Calcium-60
d. Calcium-20.08
18. What is the name of an atom that
loses or gains electrons?
a. Ion
b. Charger
c. Metal
d. Atomizer
19. If a neutral atom gains two electrons,
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After Viewing
Activity Quiz
Name
After Viewing Activity Quiz
Choose the best answer for each question.
its charge with be
a. 0
b. Positive 2
c. Negative 2
d. Neutral
20. An atom’s electron arrangement determines the element’s chemical properties, or the
way the element tends to bond with other elements.
a. True
b. False
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Atoms: Video Quiz
25
Extensions
Additional
Resources
Biography – choose one of the scientists that has studied or developed a theory about
atoms. Research that scientist and write a short biography about his life.
Flash Cards – On one side of each card, write a vocabulary word from the video. On the
back of the card, write the definition of the word. Illustrate the card if you wish. Use these
cards to quiz your friends about atoms.
Mnemonics – use mnemonics to develop ways to help you learn the vocabulary in the
video. Make up a sentence to help you remember the different scientists who have
contributed to atomic theory, a sentence to help you remember the names of the subatomic
particles and what they do, etc.
Creative Writing – Write a story from the point of view of an electron. What happens
when it is transferred or shared through bonding? Be creative!
Historical Connections – Using your library or the internet, research the atomic bomb.
Why was it invented? What was it used for? How has it changed the world?
Science and Culture – Using your library or the internet, study what part of the world is
home to most scientific research on atoms. Write a short report describing this part of the
world and why you think this research is focused there.
Atoms and people – Using your library or the internet, research how atomic research
affects people. In what ways does new knowledge of atoms help people and in what ways,
if any, does it hurt, or cause potential harm to mankind?
Periodic Table – Use a standard periodic table with just the atomic number and mass
labeled. Fill in other information that you can figure out using what you have learned in the
video (e.g. number of protons, number of neutrons, most common isotope, etc.)
Math quiz – Using some of the concepts from the video, create a math quiz to give to a
friend. Create questions about atomic mass, positive and negative charges, or how to
determine the average isotope.
Create a game – Before your next P.E. class, create a physical game that you can play to
help reinforce some of the concepts of the video. Be creative, but use evidence from the
program.
Game Show – With a group of students, create a game quiz show to practice your
knowledge of atoms. Fashion the game after your favorite TV game show or be creative
and make up your own format.
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Atoms : Video Quiz
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Extensions
Additional
Resources
Board game – create a board game for other students. The game should include the
history of atomic theory, subatomic particles, the periodic table, and electron transfer. Test it
out on your classmates to see if it is fun and educational.
Poster – Make a poster showing a diagram of an atom. Be sure to label your drawing
Fortune Telling – People have been interested in atoms for over 2000 years. Think ahead
two hundred years. What do you think will happen with atomic research? What do you
think we’ll find? In general, how do you think the study of science will change in the next
200 years?
Extension – You have learned about atoms and subatomic particles in this video. Now,
extend your knowledge by researching elements and compounds. Make a short report of
what you learn and present it to your class.
The Dramatic Element
Divide your students into research teams, and assign each team either the alkali, metal, or
noble gas groups of the elements that make up the periodic table. Ask the teams to
investigate the basic properties of the elements in the group they have been assigned. The
teams should also include the element hydrogen in their study: Point out that hydrogen does
not belong to any group but stands alone in the periodic table. When their research is
complete, ask each team to express its new knowledge of the elemental group they have
studied by writing and performing skits in which they personify each of the elements in their
assigned group. The skit’s dramatic action should be based on the interaction—or, in the
case of the noble gasses, noninteraction—with the other elements of the group. Since
hydrogen reacts with many other elements, they should also include a hydrogen “character”
in their skits. One interesting extension to this activity is to have students perform short adlibs between element characters from other groups. This will give students the chance to
demonstrate their understanding of the ways in which different elements interact.
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Suggested Reading List
Additional
Resources
Knapp, Brian. Elements. Grolier Educational, 1996. This 15-volume set provides an
accessible approach to the elements. Each element is highlighted in its own volume.
The volumes contain descriptions of each element’s characteristics, behavior, and
occurrence, as well as step-by-step demonstrations that link each element to its realworld applications.
Kramer, Stephen. Hidden Worlds: Looking Through a Scientist’s Microscope (Scientists in the
Field Series). Illustrated with photographs by Dennis Kunkel. Houghton Mifflin.
Stunning photos of microscopic images invite the reader to investigate the amazing
hidden world that comes to life under a microscope. This captivating book discusses
how a scientist becomes interested in microscopes, how he uses them in his work, and
what he has discovered in his research.
Levi Biel, Timothy. Atoms: building Blocks of Matter. Lucent Books, 1990.
Mebane, Robert C. Adventures with Atoms and Molecules: Experiments for Young People.
Enslow Publishers, 1998.
Passachoff, Naomi. Niels Bohr: Physicist and Humanitarian (Great Minds of Science).
Illustrated with photographs. Enslow. This book will captivate any student with an
interest in physics or the history of science. Written to highlight a mix of Bohr’s
scientific accomplishments and humanitarian efforts, this book gives the reader an
appreciation of a great man.
Richardson, Hazel. How to Split the Atom. Franklin Watts, Inc., 2001.
Roxby Cox, Phil. Atoms and Molecules. Edu Dev, 1993.
Stwertka, Albert. A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, 1996. This beautiful
book is devoted to making the elements easily understandable. Stwertka begins with
an introductory session on the basic concepts of chemistry and the history of the
periodic table, then discusses each element in separate articles. The book also
includes photographs and examples of each element’s practical applications.
Wiker, Benjamin. The Mystery of the Periodic Table. Ignatius Press, 2003
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Internet Sites
Additional
Resources
http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/educatorsandstudents.html
This is a resource of all things chemistry for researchers and students alike.
www.chemicalelements.com
This is an easy to use, interactive periodic table site for students.
http://www.webelements.com/
This is a comprehensive site dealing with the periodic table of the elements
http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/textbook/atom.html
This is an electronic textbook with some fine pictures
http://education.jlab.org/atomtour/
All About Atoms is a very basic overview of atomic structure. Students can click on particles
to learn more about them and even discover some fun facts about atoms.
http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/textbook/bonding.html
This site includes many visualized links such as Lewis dots, sharing electrons, transferring
electrons!
http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/refbiog.html
Biographies of chemists and scientists in an alphabetical listing.
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/mysteries_l1/composition.html
This web site introduces us to the evolution of matter from its least complex to most complex
form.
http://ippex.pppl.gov/ippex/PhysicsModules.html
This online interactive multimedia tutorial should be your first stop to learn about the basics
of atomic structure and how atoms interact to create more complex compounds.
http://www.brainpop.com/science/matter/atoms/flashmov/subjmov.swf
A fantastic animated introduction to the atom. Complete with review quiz.
http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/
At this site, students can follow the path of a particle and see its function.
http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/protons.html
This drill & practice page lets you determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons
in an atom or ion if only given partial information.
http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/startestructures.html
This lets you practice filling the electron orbitals for atoms and ions given to you randomly.
Bring your periodic table
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Atoms: Video Quiz
29
Internet Sites
Additional
Resources
http://www.miamisci.org/af/sln/
The Atoms Family - Click on any of the links to learn some "astonishing" facts.
http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/
Welcome to the Periodic Table of Comic Books. Click on an element to see a list of comic
book pages involving that element. Click on a thumbnail on the list to see a full comic book
page. For technical information about an element, follow the link to Mark Winter's
WebElements.
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Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Answer Key - Before Viewing Activity Sheet 3
Table Search
You will be learning about the Periodic Table of Elements in this video. Get prepared for
the information you will need by doing some advance research. Use reference materials
and write your answers in complete sentences.
1. What is an element? __________________________________________________________
The building blocks of all matter
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. On the Periodic Table of Elements, what are the rows called? ________________________
Periods (elements have the same number of shells)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the columns called? __________________________________________________
Groups (have the same number of electrons in their outer shell)
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define Atomic Number. ________________________________________________________
The number of protons in every atom of an element
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Define Atomic Mass. __________________________________________________________
The weighted average of all the element’s isotopes as they occur in nature
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
6. What is a shell? ______________________________________________________________
Areas in which electrons are held, from one to seven
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
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Atoms: Video Quiz
Answer Key - Before Viewing Activity Sheet 4
Atoms Preview
Each statement below is related to information you will gain in the video. Put a check mark
by each statement that you believe to be true. We will revisit this page after the video to see
if any of your thinking has changed.
After Viewing
Before Viewing
true/false
true/false
Everything in the world is made of matter.
✔
Atoms can be seen with the naked eye.
✔
The atom is the basic unit of matter
that forms everything.
✔
People have been studying atoms for 2000 years.
✔
Democritus proposed the first atomic theory.
✔
Neils Bohr created the wave model of atoms.
✔
The electron is the center of the atom.
✔
Atoms are made up of three main
subatomic particles.
✔
We measure subatomic particles in pounds.
Electrons have a negative charge.
✔
Elements are the simplest forms of matter.
✔
✔
All isotopes have the same number of neutrons.
✔
The number of protons and neutrons
added together is called the mass number.
✔
An electrically neutral atom has
equal numbers of protons and electrons.
Atoms : Video Quiz
✔
Neutrons have a positive charge.
The Periodic table lists the elements.
32
✔
✔
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 1
Take a Note
In the video, you will hear about several important scientists and their work with atoms. As
you hear each scientist’s name, write his or her important contribution or discovery in word
balloon above the corresponding name.
found that atoms were
influencing his experiments,
proposed the first
modern atomic theory
first speculated that atoms
existed
Decmocritus
John Dalton
discovered negatively
charged particles existing
in gases know
to be electrically neutral
J.J. Thomson
concluded
that positively charged
particles of an atom existed –
not randomly throughout the
atom but in the nucleus
proposed that
electrons circle the nucleus
on tracks, similar to the
way planets
orbit the sun
Ernest Rutherford
Neils Bohr
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
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Atoms: Video Quiz
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 2
Take a Note
Read the information below about atomist John Dalton. Then, as you hear the four main
components of his atomic theory, record them in the space provided.
John Dalton, an English chemist, was studying the science of weather and gases when he
found that atoms were influencing his experiment. He proposed the first modern atomic
theory in 1803. His theory included four main concepts.
all elements are composed of atoms that are indivisible
atoms of the same element are exactly the same in structure
atoms of different elements have different structures
atoms of two or more different elements join together to create a
compound
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Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 3
Vocabulary Match
Draw a line to connect each word with its definition.
covalent bonding
the number of protons and neutrons added together
ionic bonding
subatomic particle has a negative charge equal to 1
ion
the weighted average of all of the isotopes of an element
valence
an electron is transferred from one atom to another
neutral
the philosopher who first theorized about atoms
mass number
lists the elements in order by their atomic number
atomic mass
scientist who constructed the wave model
isotope
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
Periodic Table
Atomic Mass Unit
element
sharing of electrons
neutron
subatomic particle has a positive charge equal to 1
electron
tendency for an atom to attract or share
electrons in the outer shell
proton
the smallest amount of a material you can have that will
retain all of its original characteristics and properties
AMU
an atom that has equal number of protons and electrons
nucleus
the center of the atom
atom
subatomic particle with neutral charge
Neils Bohr
occur in nature at different rates
Democritus
the simplest form of matter
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
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Atoms: Video Quiz
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 4
Diagram Time
Information is provided in the video about the structure of atoms. In the space below, draw
and label a diagram of an atom. Be sure to include the nucleus, protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
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Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Answer Key - During Viewing Activity Sheet 5
Cloze
Write each word from the word bank in its correct space in the paragraph.
matter
proton
neutron
electron
mass number
periodic table
atomic number
electron microscope
AMU
mass
1/1836
elements
isotopes
neutral
outer
nucleus
atom
properties
subatomic
valence
ions
negative
positive
matter
Everything in the world is made of __________________.
Matter is made of
atom
atom
__________________s. The __________________ is the basic unit of matter that forms
atom
everything. An __________________
is the smallest amount of material you can have that
properties
will retain all of its original characteristics and __________________.
But, atoms are very
electron microscope
small, and can only be seen through an ___________________________________.
Inside an
subatomic
atom are even smaller particles called __________________
particles. They are
proton
neutron
electron
__________________s,
__________________s,
and __________________s.
The
proton
__________________s
and neutrons are packed together in the center of the atom called the
nucleus
electron
__________________ and the electrons orbit the nucleus forming an ____________________
cloud. Subatomic particles are so small that we measure them by atomic mass units, or
neutron
AMU
__________________s.
Each proton and each __________________
__have an atomic mass
equal to 1 unit. But the atomic mass of each electron is extremely small —
1/1836
Elements
__________________
of an atomic unit! __________________
are the simplest forms of
periodic
table
matter. The __________________ lists the elements in order by their atomic number. The
atomic number
__________________
represents the number of protons in every atom of an element. But,
neutron
unlike protons, the number of __________________s
within an atom of any element can
isotopes
vary somewhat; these variations are called __________________.
Isotopes occur in nature at
isotopes
different rates. Because __________________
have varied numbers of neutrons, isotopes of
proton
the same element weigh differently. The number of __________________
s and neutrons in
mass number
added together is called the __________________
of the element. An electrically
neutral
electrons
__________________
atom has equal numbers of protons and __________________.
Their
nucleus
positive and negative charges cancel each other out. Electrons orbit the __________________
at different levels depending upon how much energy they have and each level can hold a
outer
certain number of electrons. When the __________________
electron level is not full, it
bonds with other atoms to help fill it. The tendency for an atom to attract or share electrons
valence
in this outer shell is called __________________.
Atoms that have gained or lost electrons
ions
are called __________________.
Atoms gaining electrons are negative ions and atoms losing
positive
electrons are __________________
ions.
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
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Atoms: Video Quiz
Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Sheet 2
Periodic Tabling
Use the periodic table to answer the questions below.
2
1. How many protons does helium have? ____________________________
4.00260
2. What is the atomic mass of helium? ______________________________
3. How many neutrons does helium have?
2
__________________________
Helium-4
4. What is the most common isotope of helium? ______________________
13
5. How many protons does aluminum have? __________________________
26.98
6. What is the atomic mass of aluminum? ____________________________
14
7. How many neutrons does aluminum have? ________________________
Aluminum-27
8. What is the most common isotope of aluminum? ____________________
82
9. How many protons does lead have? ______________________________
207.2
10. What is the atomic mass of lead? ________________________________
125
11. How many neutrons does lead have? ____________________________
Lead-207
12. What is the most common isotope of lead? ________________________
47
13. How many protons does silver have? ____________________________
14. What is the atomic mass of silver?
107.868
______________________________
15. How many neutrons does silver have?
38
Atoms : Video Quiz
61
__________________________
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Sheet 3
Atom Anatomy
Use information you have gained from the video to complete the Venn diagram below.
When you are finished, you will have an excellent comparison of the parts of an atom.
neutron
protron
packed
together in the
nucleus, atomic
mass = 1 unit,
protons + neutrons
= mass number
neutral charge
positive charge
matter, form
elements
balance each
other, charge = 1
extremely small atomic mass, travel in
an electron cloud, travel like a
vibration, negative charge, “corpuscle”
– original name
electron
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
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Atoms: Video Quiz
Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Quiz
After Viewing Activity Quiz
Choose the best answer for each question.
1. When did humans first theorize about
the atom?
a. During the last 200 years.
b. About 400 years ago
c. About 5 minutes ago
d. Over 2000 years ago
2. An atom can be divided into a smaller
piece that still retains all of its original
characteristics.
a. True
b. False
3. The air is made of atoms.
a. True
b. False
4. Who proposed the first modern atomic
theory?
a. Ernest Rutherford
b. J.J. Thomson
c. John Dalton
d. Abraham Lincoln
5. Which of the following was not included
in Dalton’s atomic model? Make sure
your punctuation is correct.
a. Electrons travel in energy levels
b. All elements are composed of atoms
that are indivisible
c. Atoms of different elements have
different structures.
d. Atoms of the same element have
the same structure.
6. J.J. Thomson proposed an early atomic
model in which the placement of
charged particles is random. We
sometimes refer to this model
as________________. Watch the style.
40
Atoms : Video Quiz
a. the Ford Model
b. the Plum Pudding Model
c. the Modern Atomic Model
d. Rutherford’s Model
7. Which scientist is credited with
discovering the nucleus of the atom
through his gold foil experiment?
a. John Dalton
b. J.J. Thomson
c. Albert Einstein
d. Ernest Rutherford
8. Who was the Danish scientist that
proposed electrons orbit around the
nucleus, like planets around the sun?
a. Democritus
b. Niels Bohr
c. Albert Einstein
d. Ernest Rutherford
9. What is the current atomic model
called?
a. The Wave Model
b. The Plum Pudding model
c. The Atomic Model
d. The Bohr Model
10. Which association most accurately
describes the size of the nucleus in
relation to its electron orbit?
a. A penny inside a gallon jar
b. A drop of water in the Grand
Canyon
c. A bee inside a football stadium
d. A slice of pickle inside a hamburger
bun
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Quiz
After Viewing Activity Quiz
Choose the best answer for each question.
11. Which of the following is NOT a
subatomic particle?
a. Electrons
b. Neutrons
c. Protons
d. Ions
16. Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium are
three ____________ of Hydrogen.
a. Ions
b. Bonds
c. Neutrons
d. Isotopes
12. Where in the atom might one find an
electron?
a. In the nucleus
b. In the electron section at the
supermarket
c. In the electron cloud
d. Inside a neutron
17. If the atomic mass of the element
Calcium (Ca) is 40.08, and its atomic
number is 20, which is the most
common isotope of calcium?
a. Calcium-40
b. Calcium-20
c. Calcium-60
d. Calcium-20.08
13. Which two particles have the same
atomic mass?
a. Protons and electrons
b. Protons and neutrons
c. Electrons and neutrons
d. Neutrons and positrons
14. An atom’s atomic number represents
the number of __________________ in
the atom’s nucleus.
a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electrons
d. Ions
15. The number of which subatomic
particle can vary within an atom?
a. Isotopes
b. Neutrons
c. Ions
d. Protons
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
18. What is the name of an atom that
loses or gains electrons?
a. Ion
b. Charger
c. Metal
d. Atomizer
19. If a neutral atom gains two electrons,
its charge with be
a. 0
b. Positive 2
c. Negative 2
d. Neutral
20. An atom’s electron arrangement
determines the element’s chemical
properties, or the way the element
tends to bond with other elements.
a. True
b. False
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Atoms: Video Quiz
Answer Key - After Viewing Activity Quiz
After Viewing Activity Quiz
Choose the best answer for each question.
42
Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Script
CAST
Professor Science ..............................................................host
Victor Velocity ............................................................volunteer
Wendy Rivers ............................................................volunteer
Quizitor ......................................................................volunteer
Quiz Clown ................................................................volunteer
Star Struck ..................................................................volunteer
Salty Gales ................................................................volunteer
Fizzle the Genie ........................................................volunteer
Coach Nuke Rockney ..............................................volunteer
Sandy Space ..............................................................volunteer
DJ Ricky Wave ..........................................................volunteer
S CENE O NE
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Hello. Welcome to the wonderful world of science. My name is Professor Science. And
today we are going to discuss ATOMS. No, not the students named Adam in your
class, but A-T-O-M-S, Atoms! The stuff that makes up — EVERYTHING! After you’ve
learned all about atoms, some friends of mine will quiz you on . . . you guessed it,
ATOMS! But first, let’s refresh your memory on the matter of ATOMS. (Giggle) Get it,
the Matter of Atoms. If you didn’t get it now, you’ll get it in a minute!
Everything in the world is made of matter. You, your desk, the air, everything – is
made of matter. But what is matter made of? (Short pause) Matter is made of atoms!
The atom is the basic unit of matter that forms everything.
An atom is the smallest amount of a material you can have that will retain all of its
original characteristics and properties. Here’s what I mean, if you took a block of gold
and cut it into the smallest piece possible that still holds the properties of gold, that
would be an atom of gold. Because this piece of gold is as small as you can get it, it is
indivisible or not able to be divided. You wouldn’t be able to see this piece of gold
with your naked eye, though. An atom can only be seen with the use of a microscope.
Not just any microscope, but a highly specialized one called an electron microscope!
These microscopes were only recently invented, but the road to atomic knowledge was
under construction many years ago!
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Atoms: Video Quiz
43
Script
Over 2000 years ago, long before any microscope was ever invented, a Greek
philosopher known as Democritus first speculated that these small pieces of matter
existed. He called them “atomos”, which is Greek for indivisible; thus, our word,
ATOM.
Because Democritus and his fellow philosophers believed and taught their idea of the
atom, they were called the Atomists. They spent much time contemplating the atom
and thought that there were many different kinds of atoms that were of different sizes
and shapes.
Despite the Atomists early insight, no substantial developments in atomic theory were
made until the early 1800’s. While studying the science of weather and gases, an
English chemist named John Dalton found that tiny particles, or atoms, were
influencing his experimental data. In 1803, he proposed the first modern atomic
theory.
His theory included four main concepts. First, Dalton stated that all elements are
composed of atoms that are indivisible. Second, atoms of the same element are
exactly the same in structure. Third, atoms of different elements have different
structures. And finally, atoms of two or more different elements join together to create
a compound. Dalton’s first modern atomic theory has provided the basis of modern
chemistry and created a foundation for the current atomic theory.
In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered negatively charged particles existing in gases known
to be electrically neutral. Thus, he claimed a particle smaller than the atom must exist
within the atom; Thomson named the negatively charged particles “corpuscles”. Today,
we call them electrons.
The discovery of a negatively charged particle in a neutral gas led Thomson to reason
that positively charged particles must also exist to balance out the negative charge. He
then proposed an atomic model with random placement of positive and negative
particles, which came to be known as the Plum Pudding model.
44
Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Script
S CENE T WO
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
A few years later, while shooting positively-charged particles through a thin piece of
gold foil, Ernest Rutherford concluded that the positively-charged particles of an atom
existed—not randomly throughout the atom, as Thomson proposed—but in a relatively
small area in the center of the atom, called the nucleus. He found most positively
charged particles passed through the atoms of the gold sheet without any problem,
leading him to believe that most of the atom was empty space.
Rutherford and his 1908 gold foil experiment created a working model that
eventually led to the Bohr Model. In 1913, Neils Bohr, a Danish scientist, asked the
question, where exactly in the atom are the negatively charged particles? He
proposed that electrons circle the nucleus on tracks, similar to the way planets orbit
the sun. The tracks are called energy levels. These energy levels help us to
understand how atoms of certain elements tend to come together to form compounds.
Eventually, Bohr’s model gave way to the current wave model. Thanks to some
complicated mathematical equations called Wave Mechanics, scientists were able to
construct a more accurate atomic model. In this wave model, electron movement
appears to be more like a vibration within an electron cloud than a circular orbit.
The image shown here is not to scale, but gives the general arrangement of the atom
and it’s particles. In reality, a nucleus, in relation to the area of its electron cloud, can
be compared to a bee in a football field.
Well, that was quite a history lesson! But I thought we were studying science today?
Hang out with some of my friends and answer their questions while I prepare a
science lesson for you! See you in few!
S CENE T HREE
VICTOR VELOCITY
That Professor Science, he’s a smart guy! I bet he could handle the curves of this race
track really well. Let’s see if you can handle this curve coming up!
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Atoms: Video Quiz
45
Script
Musical intro:
When did humans first theorize about the atom?
a. During the last 200 years
b. About 400 years ago
c. About 5 minutes ago
d. Over 2000 years ago
Well, novice drivers, how did you do? It seems like you handled that like old pros.
Write down your answers now for later!
QUIZ CLOWN
Hey! I’ll take a break from plate twirling to ask you this one! (clown attempts to twirl
a plate on a stick, it crashes to the floor)
1. When did humans first theorize about the atom?
a. During the last 200 years
b. About 400 years ago
c. About 5 minutes ago
d. Over 2000 years ago
Well, novice drivers, how did you do? It seems like you handled that like old pros.
Write down your answers now for later!
Musical intro:
2. True or False: An atom can be divided into a smaller piece that still retains all of its
original characteristics.
All right, no confusion for you! Write down your answer for later, and let’s try on the
next one!
DJ RICKY WAVE
Welcome all you science lovers to Dj Ricky Wave’s science show. I’m bringing you all
the top science sounds you want to hear. Dj Ricky never let’s a listener down! Check
out this sound!
Musical intro:
3. True or False: The air is made of atoms.
46
Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Script
All right, that was smooth! Now you’ve heard the latest! Write down your answer and
stay tuned for the next hit question!
STAR STRUCK
Wow! We are moving through the stars quickly now, it must be almost show time!
Some big names have been through like Kelly Kluster and Karl Kinetic. We better get
inside, I think the show is about to start!
Musical intro:
4. Who proposed the first modern atomic theory?
a. Ernest Rutherford
b. J.J. Thomson
c. John Dalton
d. Abraham Lincoln
That question was amazing! Stay tuned and we will bring you some more great
questions!
FIZZLE the GENIE
(POOF! Fizzle appears in a cloud of smoke.)
Whew! (checks to see if her body is complete) A couple thousand years of
materializing here and there puts quite a toll on your molecular structure. Back to
atomic history, here’s the next one!
Musical intro:
5. Which of the following was not included in Dalton’s atomic model?
a. Electrons travel in energy levels
b. All elements are composed of atoms that are indivisible
c. Atoms of different elements have different structures.
d. Atoms of the same element have the same structure.
Well, how did you do? I bet you didn’t need to use any wishes to get this right! Now,
don’t forget to write your answer down! Bye!
WENDY RIVER
Howdy there, pardners! I here you’ve been learning all about ATOMS, like I’ve been
learning about my roping skills. Let’s just see, shall we?
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Atoms: Video Quiz
47
Script
Musical intro:
6. J.J. Thomson proposed an early atomic model in which the placement of charged
particles is random. We sometimes refer to this model as . . .
a. The Ford Model
b. The Plum Pudding Model
c. The Modern Atomic Model
d. Rutherford’s Model
All right, pardners, round up your answer there! Settle into your saddle now, there are
more questions on their way!
COACH “NUKE” ROCKNEY
Okay team, stay focused and keep your eye on the question! Don’t let it try to fool
you! Here we go!
Musical intro:
7. Which scientist is credited with discovering the nucleus of the atom through his gold
foil experiment?
a. John Dalton
b. J.J. Thomson
c. Albert Einstein
d. Ernest Rutherford
Way to go team! Log your answer now and let’s get prepared for our next challenge!
ASTRONAUT SANDY SPACE
Hey there, I don’t get many visitors way out here. Tell you what, I’ll give you a special
tour if you take a look at this, uh, thing I found outside earlier.
Musical intro:
8. Who was the Danish scientist that proposed electrons orbit around the nucleus, like
planets around the sun?
a. Democritus
b. Niels Bohr
c. Albert Einstein
d. Ernest Rutherford
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Atoms : Video Quiz
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Script
Whew! That specimen wasn’t as bad as I thought. You guys were pretty brave. Now
write down your answer and whatever you do, don’t touch anything wood!
QUIZITOR
Hello, I have been programmed to test your knowledge. My creators thought you
might appreciate this coming from a computer.
Musical intro:
9.What is the current atomic model called?
a. The Wave Model
b. The Plum Pudding model
c. The Atomic Model
d. The Bohr Model
Are you done? Did you write your answer down? Good, now I can go get oiled. That
is all.
SALTY GALES
Ahoy science sailors! Last question for this round, then we’ll sail on over to Professor
Science.
Musical intro:
10. Which association most accurately describes the size of the nucleus in relation to
its electron orbit?
a. A penny inside a gallon jar
b. A drop of water in the Grand Canyon
c. A bee inside a football stadium
d. A slice of pickle inside a hamburger bun
Whew! Write down your answer to help stabilize this boat! I’d hate to tip over!
Professor Science to our stern!!
© Sunburst Visual Media, a division of Global Video, LLC
Atoms: Video Quiz
49
Script
S CENE F OUR
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Wow! You were awesome! There were so many scientists that contributed to our
current atomic model, and you knew all of them! Now let’s take a closer look at that
atom.
If an atom is the smallest piece of any element, what do you suppose an atom is made
of? As you can see here, atoms are made up of three main subatomic particles:
protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are packed together in the
center of the atom called the nucleus. And the electrons orbit the nucleus forming an
electron cloud.
Subatomic particles are so tiny, we measure them by atomic mass units, or AMUs.Each
proton and each neutron have an atomic mass equal to 1 unit. But the atomic mass of
each electron is extremely small: 1/1836 of an atomic unit!
Although electrons have relatively no mass compared to protons and neutrons,
electrons do have a negative charge equal to 1. And protons have a positive charge
equal to 1. Neutrons are, you guessed it, neutral. So, atoms with equal numbers of
protons and electrons are electrically neutral, because their charges cancel each other
out.
These charges and weights help to define the properties of the elements. Let’s talk
about elements for a minute. Elements are the simplest forms of matter. And, as we
already know, an atom is the smallest possible quantity of an element.
Have you ever studied the Periodic Table of Elements? (v.o.)The Periodic Table lists the
elements in order by their atomic number. The atomic number represents the number
of protons in every atom of an element.
Let me show you some atomic numbers. Nitrogen’s atomic number is 7, therefore each
Nitrogen atom has 7 protons in its nucleus. Boron’s atomic number is 5, it has 5
protons. Look up the element Sulfur. What is it’s atomic number and how many
protons does it have? (short pause) You got it! Sulfur’s atomic number is 16, which
means each atom of Sulfur has 16 protons.
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Unlike protons, the number of neutrons within an atom of any element can vary
somewhat; these variations are called Isotopes. Isotopes occur in nature at different
rates; some are common and some are rare.
Hydrogen is an element that has naturally occurring isotopes. From the periodic table,
we can tell that hydrogen has one proton. But, in nature, there are three forms of
Hydrogen. Each has a different number of neutrons. The first isotope of Hydrogen is
called Protium; it does not have any neutrons. The second isotope, Deuterium, has only
one neutron. The third isotope has two neutrons, and is called Tritium.
As we discussed before, each proton and neutron have an atomic mass unit of one.
Because isotopes have varied numbers of neutrons, isotopes of the same element
weigh differently.
On the Periodic Table, there is an Atomic Mass number for each element. You may be
wondering, if each element has isotopes that weigh different amounts, then how is an
element’s Atomic Mass determined. That’s a very good question. The Atomic Mass of an
element is figured as the weighted average of all its isotopes as they occur in nature.
That’s why the Atomic Mass number has decimal points.
From the Periodic Table, we can determine the most common isotope of any element
and how many neutrons this isotope has. Carbon, for example, has an atomic mass of
12.0111. Rounded to the nearest whole number, we get 12. Carbon-12 is the most
common isotope of carbon. We also know from the Atomic Number that every carbon
atom has 6 protons. We can determine, by subtracting the total number of protons, 6,
from the atomic mass number, 12, that Carbon-12 has six neutrons.
The number of protons and neutrons added together is called the mass number. It’s
basically counting the number of subatomic particles in the nucleus. Let’s try one
together. Let’s look at Aluminum. The atomic number is 13. Now, its atomic mass is
26.98. Round the atomic mass to the next whole number, which is 27. So, Aluminum27 is the most common isotope of aluminum. To figure out how many neutrons this
isotope of aluminum has, subtract 13 from 27 to get 14. Aluminum-27 has 14
neutrons.
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S CENE F IVE
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Great job on protons and neutrons, now let’s work on electrons. An electrically neutral
atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons. Their positive and negative charges
cancel each other out.
Remember those electron levels that Neils Bohr proposed? Well, the electrons orbit the
nucleus at different levels depending upon how much energy they have. And each
level can hold a certain number of electrons: the first level has two, and the second
and third hold eight each. When the outer electron level is not full, it bonds with other
atoms to help fill it. The tendency for an atom to attract or share electrons in this outer
shell is called valence.
That’s why we say an atom’s electron arrangement determines the element’s chemical
properties, or the way they tend to bond with other elements. Let’s look at two kinds of
bonding. Atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called ions. Atoms gaining
electrons are negative ions; atoms losing electrons are positive ions.
Take common table salt for example. Salt is a compound made of two elements:
sodium and chlorine. When sodium gives up one electron, it becomes a positive ion.
Chlorine, on the other hand, takes the electron, becoming a negative ion. Sodium and
chlorine become oppositely charged ions that bond together to form sodium chloride,
better known as table salt. This is known as ionic bonding, because an electron is
actually transferred from one atom to another.
Compounds are more commonly formed through covalent bonding, or the sharing
of electrons. Water is a good example. Two atoms of hydrogen share electrons with
one atom of oxygen, stabilizing each atom’s outer electron shell.
The chemical properties of elements determine how they combine to form compounds.
And compounds are just a more “compound” form of matter.
So, do you see just how much Atoms matter? AMAZING, isn’t it? Alright. Now that we
have “recharged” your knowledge of atoms, it’s time for the quiz. Are you ready!?!?
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S CENE S IX
WENDY RIVER
Howdy, pardners! You caught me just as I’m heading off to the rodeo. I have a quick
question for you first!
Musical intro:
11. Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle?
a. Electrons
b. Neutrons
c. Protons
d. Ions
Wow! That looked like a wild ride! But I bet you hung on tight! Now, just scribble
down your guess and we can move onto a harder challenge!
CARBON CLOWN
Hi! I practiced my plate twirling (spinning plates on stick, but much better this time)
while you were learning about atoms – let’s see what you know!
Musical intro:
12. Where in the atom might one find an electron?
a. In the nucleus
b. In the electron section at the supermarket
c. In the electron cloud
d. Inside a neutron
Well, looks like you’ve got the balance figured out! Write down how you did that for
me! Thanks!
SALTY GALES
Get this next question right or you may find yourself walking the plank!
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Musical Intro:
13. Which two particles have the same atomic mass?
a. Protons and electrons
b. Protons and neutrons
c. Electrons and neutrons
d. Neutrons and positrons
All right sailors! You saved yourselves this time, good job! Write your answer down,
we are sailing on to brighter shores!
VICTOR VELOCITY
We’re zooming right through this lesson and you’re doing great! Show off your atomic
knowledge by answering this one!
Musical Intro:
14. An atom’s atomic number represents the number of ______________ in the atom’s
nucleus.
a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electrons
d. Ions
Hey! You handled that just like us professional racers! Keep up the good work and
don’t forget to write your answer down!
DJ RICKY WAVE
DJ Ricky Wave coming to you straight down the science line! Do I have some great
hits to play for you! Check this new one out!
Musical Intro:
15. The number of which subatomic particle can vary within an atom?
a. Isotopes
b. Neutrons
c. Ions
d. Protons
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All righty, science fanatics! Write down your answer and I’ll catch you on the flip side.
FIZZLE the GENIE
Well students, after you answer my question, it’s back to my magic bottle for some
rest and deionization. Study hard!
Musical Intro:
16. Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium are three _______ of Hydrogen
a. Ions
b. Bonds
c. Neutrons
d. Isotopes
You are so smart! Don’t forget to write down your answers. Well, I’m going back in
my bottle to rest now! Call me when you need me!
COACH “Nuke” ROCKNEY
Ok, it’s back to the drawing board for this one! Do your best, and score one for the
team!
Musical Intro:
17. If the atomic mass of the element Calcium (Ca) is 40.08, and its atomic number is
20, which is the most common isotope of calcium?
a. Calcium-40
b. Calcium-20
c. Calcium-60
d. Calcium-20.08
I have never had a team who works so well! You are amazing! Write down your
answers and it’ll be time for a cool down!
STAR STRUCK
Oh my! I cannot believe how amazing this show is! The atomic numbers are just
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fascinating! Someone is going to win an award for sure! Focus hard and it could be
you!
Musical Intro:
18. What is the name of an atom that loses or gains electrons?
a. Ion
b. Charger
c. Metal
d. Atomizer
That was a wonderful presentation. Be sure to cast your vote for the best answer, and
I’ll see you at the next big science gala!
QUIZITOR
Hello, Quizitor is back! It is time to test your hard drives again.
Musical intro:
19. If a neutral atom gains two electrons, its charge will be _______.
a. 0
b. Positive 2
c. Negative -2
d. Neutral
Write down your answers. Goodbye.
ASTRONAUT SANDY SPACE
Before I go on my space walk, let’s see how you handle the depth of this question.
Musical intro:
20. True or False: An atom’s electron arrangement determines the element’s chemical
properties, or the way the element tends to bond with other elements.
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Wow, you are as smart as physicists! Way to go! And I’ll see you on my next orbit!
S CENE S EVEN
PROFESSOR SCIENCE
Well, how’d you do? Thanks for learning with us today. Stay tuned for a list of
answers to our questions. So long and I’ll see you soon!!!
Answers
1. d, Humans began to theorize about atoms over 2000 years ago.
2. False, atoms cannot ever be divided into smaller pieces that still maintain original
characteristics.
3. True, the air consists of gases, which are made of atoms.
4. c, Dalton proposed the first modern atomic theory.
5. a, Dalton’s atomic model did not include the travel of electrons in energy levels.
6. b, Thomson’s model was called the Plum Pudding Model.
7. d, Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus.
8. b, Neils Bohr proposed the notion that electrons circle the nucleus.
9. The current atomic model is called the Wave Model.
10. c, Electrons are extremely small when compared to the entire atom, like a bee in a
football stadium.
11. d, An ion is not a subatomic particle.
12. c, Electrons are found within the electron cloud.
13. b, Protons and neutrons have the same mass of 1 atomic mass unit.
14. a, An atom’s atomic number represents the number of protons.
15. b, A varying number of neutrons creates isotopes.
16. d, Hydrogen has three isotopes.
17. a, Calcium-40 is the most common isotope.
18. a, An atoms that loses or gains an electron is an ion.
19. c, When a neutral atom gains two electrons, it’s charge will be 2-.
20. True, an atom’s arrangement does determine its chemical properties.
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