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Concentrating Solar Power Technologies
January 16, 2007
ICTP - Trieste
presented by:
Massimo Falchetta
2003-1
Overview of Presentation
zBasics of CSP Technology
zPerspectives of CSP Technologies
zENEA R&D effort
zENEA/ENEL demonstration plans
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Basics of CSP technologies
CSP stands for “Concentrating Solar Power”
A series of technologies that permit to convert sun’s energy
to electric power by means of:
¾Concentration of solar irradiation by a series of mirrors or
optical devices Î exploits only the “direct” part of
irradiation
¾Production of high temperature heat, normally transferred
to a Heat Transfer Fluid (air, diathermic oil, salt mixtures,
steam …)
¾Generation of electricity by means of thermodynamic
conversion
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Basics of CSP technologies
Concentrating
device
Electric grid
Electric
Generator
High temperature
steam (400 –550 C°)
Steam tubine
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Basics of CSP technologies
Parabolic Trough Systems
Source: solarpaces.org
Source: CSP-GMI Initiative
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Basics of CSP technologies
Central receiver or “Power Tower” systems
Source: solarpaces.org
Source: Sandia – Solar Two plant
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Basics of CSP technologies
Paraboloic Dish systems
Source: solarpaces.org
Source: CESI - Eurodish
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Some more images
Parabolic Troughs
Source: Sandia – Kramer Junction
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Some more images
Power Towers
Source: Sandia – Solar Two
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Some more images
Dish prototypes
Source: Sandia - SunLab
Source: Sandia
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Some more images
Dish prototypes
H2 production from natural gas. source: CSIRO (Australia)
Source: web downloads
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Basics of CSP technologies
CSP technology joins together three subsystems
¾ “Solar equipment” for high temperature heat production:
similar to systems for process heat, but normally more
demanding in terms of temperature (300 – 600 °C)
¾Heat transfer (and storage) equipment: similar to petrochemical plants
¾Conversion equipment: often similar to conventional fuel
fired plants
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
CSP perspective
CSP technology is technologically different with respect to
photovoltaic thecnology (PV)
z Similarities are found with respect to “concentrating PV”
e.g. mirrors and solar tracking equipment; both exploit only
the Direct component of the Solar Beam (Direct Normal
Irradiation – DNI)
zOther links exist in underlying technologies (e.g. materials
for mirrors and selective coatings)
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
“Solar share” of CSP
From the market point of view CSP technology and PV
techology could be seen as “competitors”: but a deeper
insight will show that:
¾PV plants are fit for a number of “diffused” industrial,
residential and energy applications at most of the latitudes
¾ CSP plants are fit to high DNI (e.g. arid or “desert like”)
situations for bulk electric energy production
Therefore the two markets are not overlapping; a “solar
alliance” can be more productive than a “solar competition”
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Comparison of CSP technologies
Parabolic trough Tower
Dish
Process heat
Grid connected
H2 production
Stand alone
H2 production
Max size (to date)
80 MWe
10 MWe
25 kWe
Temp (proven)
400 °C
565 °C
700 °C
Temp (target)
550 °C
1000 °C
> 1000 °C
El.efficiency
14-18 %
15-20%
30 %
Status
Commercially
proven
Prototype
Experimental
Applications
Grid connected
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
LEC Assessment - CSP technologies
Source: Sargent & Lundy Cost Assessment for NREL – NREL/SR-550-34440
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
LEC targets - CSP technologies
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Proven Technolgy: SEGS plants
SEGS: Solar Electric Generating System
9 plants at three locations (Daggett, Kramer
Junction, Harper Lake), Mojave desert (CA)
Individual unit size: 14 to 80 MWe
Installed between 1984 and 1990
Total size: 354 Mwe
Still operating: actual operator of units III to
IX is FPL Energy; electricity customer is SCE
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Recent developments and launched projects
zAPS Saguaro 1 MWe with oil filled parabolic trough and Organic Rankine Cycle
(ORC) Temperature. 300 °C
Developer: Solargenix (USA), customer Arizona Public Service Company (APS)
completed april 2006
zNevada Solar One: 64 MWe parabolic trough, oil filled, 390 °C, steam rankine cycle
Developer: Solargenix (USA). Construction started february 2006
zAndaSol: 2+2 50 MWe units, oil parabolic trough and molten salt storage
Temp. 390 °C Location: Spain. Developer: SolarMillennium/ACS-Cobra
(Germany/Spain) Construction of unit 1 started on June 19th 2006.
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Further Projects in Spain
Spain is the most promising short term market for CSP
Feed in law for solar – 2004: 18-20 €cent/kWh for CSP, 20 year
2010 Target: 500 MWe
Iberdrola, Solucar, Solar Millennium have announced projects totalling over
1000 MWe
Most projects are parabolic troughs; two projects are solar towers
A number of projects will use molten salt Heat storage
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
CSP with Thermal storage
Example of time shifting with 6 hour storage
– source: U. Hermann, P. Nava Flagsol
Trough Workshop in lake Tahoe, 2006
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
CSP with Thermal storage
Example of production with 12 hour storage
– source: U. Hermann, P. Nava Flagsol
Trough Workshop in lake Tahoe, 2006
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Molten salt Heat storage for CSP
Introduced at first in the 10 MWe “Solar Two” Power Tower (1996-1999).
Advantages:
Temperatures up to 565 °C
Low cost energy storage
Challenge
Need of a additional Heat trace system for circuit priming and maintenance
due to high melting temperature of the salt
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Molten salts vs. diathermic oil
source: D. W. Kearney, ENEA-SunLab Workshop - 2006
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Molten salts vs. diathermic oil – cost of storage
source: D. W. Kearney, ENEA-SunLab Workshop - 2006
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Integrated solar-combined cycle
source: Solar Thermal Power Now – ESTIA/greenpeace
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Long term development of a EUMENA “Renewable network”
Solar
Hydro
Wind
Geothermal
Source: DLR
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Long term development: Trans-CSP study
Focus: Interconnection of electricity grids of Europe, Middle East, North Africa
(EUMENA) region
Scenario
zCSP to supply firm capacity for base, intermediate and peak load in MENA
zCSP to supply 700 TWh/year to Europe (15% of european electricity demand at
2050
zTransmission losses evaluated as 15% using HVDC lines; overcompensated by
the high solar irradiance in MENA (300% than average Europe)
Possible path of HVDC lines for massive export of CSP power to Europe. Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Long term development: Trans-CSP study
Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Long term development: Trans-CSP study
Possible path of HVDC lines for massive export of CSP power to Europe. Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
ENEA R&D effort on High Temperature Solar
In 2001 ENEA launched a programme on High Temperature
solar thermal technology with two main goals:
1.
Heat collection and storage for electricity production, using
medium temperature (about 550°C) – CSP technology
2.
Heat collection for direct hydrogen production, using high
temperature (higher than 850°C).
o 75 researchers are involved in this program
o the R&D budget until now has been 17 Ml €.
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
ENEA development effort on CSP
‹
R&D on components and new concepts for CSP
‹
Experimental set-up for prototype evaluation
‹
Demonstration plant (Archimede)
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Financing of CSP development
The following laws allow 100 %
funding for the R&D and 40 % for
the demonstration.
¾ Law 388/2000
¾ Law 273/2002
¾ DPCM 7 marzo 2003
The residual 60 % for demonstration
will be supplied by the national
electric utilitiy ENEL.
20.658 k€
27.500 k€
R&D
Archimede
Power Plant
40%
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
R&D activities
ENEA design introduces major improvements to the current
technology:
• Molten salt (KNO3 – NaNO3 “solar salt”) as Heat Transfer Fluid and
for Heat storage
• A new solar collector design
• An innovative receiving tube design
Solar collector
Heat transfer fluid
Heat storage
Receiving
tube
550°C Hot fluid
Storage
tanks
290°C Cold fluid
Steam
generator
Power block
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
R&D activities
The use of molten salt as Heat Transfer Fluid AND as heat storage
medium permits the following advantages:
•Higher steam temperature (540 °C instead of 390 °C)
•No oil to salt heat exchanger
•Much lower storage cost (half volume for the same size).
Challenge: the entire network of pipes is filled with molten salt
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
New supporting structure
ENEA
Eurotrough
USA-Kramer Junction
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
New Tracking system
Hydraulic system
Piston
Contractor:
Duplomatic
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
New receiver tube
New coating
New bellow
COMPENSATION BELLOW
1
2
3
1. Steel pipe with spectrally selective coating
2. External glass pipe wit anti-reflective treatment
3. Absorbing material (getter) for void maintenance
Metal-glass junction
Involved enterprises:
ITIV (MI), STEROGLASS (PG),
CERAMIC LAYER
STEEL PIPE
Metallic layer
ANGELANTONI (PG), POLO (FI),
SAES GETTER (MI), NUOVA STEIM (TR),
COMVAT (Switzerland)
Components and
assembly
CETEV (AQ), Galileo Avionica (AQ),
G.EMI. (RM), TFE (MI), CTS (TR)
Selective
coating
ENEA “CERMET” SELECTIVE COATING:
1. High absorptance of solar spectrum (α > 94 %)
2. Low emittance in the infrared spectrum at high
operating temperature (εmax < 14 % @ 580 °C )
Budget: 2,80 M€
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
New receiver tube
Designed for 550°C operating temperature
Bellows
Lab tests
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Sputtering machine for coating of receiver tube
Contractor:
Angelantoni
Installed October 2005 - Commissioning December 2005 - Full operation March 2006
Budget: 3,54 M€
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Solar Collector Assembly Test Loop (PCS)
Involved enterprises :
ALSTOM Power (MI), GECOP (RM)
Construction
Krohne Italia (MI), Friatec (Germania)
Thermo Engineering (CR), Parcol (MI)
Inox Impianti (MI), Eurochemicals (MI),
Pompe Gabbioneta (MI)
TECNOCOOP (PO), Nuova STEIM (TR)
Components
Maintenance
Budget: 5,43 M€
Italian experience using molten salt in parabolic trough
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
ENEA-ENEL Archimede solar power plant
A traditional oil electric generation plant was
recently converted into a modern gas fired
combined cycle plant at Priolo - Sicily
Nominal electric power 760 MWe
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
“Archimede” project
The plant is located nearby Siracusa, one of the most
insolated Sicilians areas: 1725 kWh/m2 year of DNI
kWh/m2
1750
1350
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
“Archimede” project
Integration between:
Combined cycle
Solar system
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Archimede solar project: first module
Solar field
Budget is 21 M€
Measured DNI is 1725 kWh/m2
year
Equivalent capacity: 5 MWe
Expected production: 10,8 GWhe
Energy saving: 2.365 TEP/year
Avoided CO2 emission : 7250
t/year
Number of collectors: 72
Combined
cycle
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
Archimede solar project: final stage
Number of collectors: 318
Solar field area: 37.6 ha
Equivalent Capacity: 28 MWe
Peak Solar Thermal Power: 136 MW
Thermal storage: 500 MWh
Net yearly production: 54.2 Gwhe
Net design total efficiency: 17.3%
Primary energy saving: 11,835 tep/y
Avoided CO2 emissions: 36,306 t/y
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
ITALIAN SOLAR ROADMAP
Start-up Archimede power plant
2010
2009
Design and construction Archimede power plant
2008
2007
Agreement with ENEL
(Italian electricity utilities)
2006
Experimental phase new components
2005
2004
Building test facility and main components
2002
Start-up of the project
Start-up of the test facility (PCS)
2003
Design components and test facility (PCS)
2001
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
2020 prospects
Desert location (DNI = 2,900 kWh/m2 year), for each square km
Plant with molten salt HTF and storage
Peak capacity
75 MWe (*)
Electric energy production
275 GWh/(km2 year)
Equivalent hours
3660
Primary energy saved
60.000 t/(km2 year)
Avoided CO2 emision
184.250 t/(km2 year)
(*) Low specific peak capacity due to the presence of storage.
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
2020 prospects
Desert location (DNI = 2,900 kWh/m2 year) target - for 100 MWe unit
LEC evaluation – 2020 target
Specific Investment cost: 1600 €/kWe
Operative life:
25 years
Interest rate:
7%
Yearly O&M:
2% of investment cost
LEC:
4,5 € cent/kWh (*)
(*) This numbere is in agreement with data calculated in Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar
Technology Cost and Performance Forecast - Sargent&Lundy LLC Consulting Group per NREL - NREL/SR-55034440 - Oct. 2003 - staing a LEC in the range of 4.3 US cent/kWh(SunLab estimate) to 6.2 US cent/kWh (S&L
estimate)
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007
CSP on the web
For a deeper insight a nuber of docìuements can be retrieved from the following sites:
www.solarpaces.org
www.nrel.gov
www.dlr.de/tt/trans-csp
www.dlr.de/tt/med-csp
http://www.enea.it/com/ingl/solarframe.htm
http://www.enea.it/com/solar/doc/csp.pdf
ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007