APCAS Conference on Environmental Monitoring, 8 November 2011
Measurement of Greenhouse Gases with the GOSAT-TANSO
Instrument
Jacques Giroux and Henry Buijs
ABB Analytical
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 1
Presentation Overview
GOSAT mission
TANSO FTS instrument
ABB background and heritage
Interferometer module
Some results
Conclusion
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 2
GOSAT
Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite
Mission objectives:
Monitor the global distribution of greenhouse gases from
space
Measure the column density of CO2 and CH4
Identify sources and sinks of theses gases
Study the absorption and emission levels per continent or
large country over a certain period of time
A joint project of
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Responsible for satellite and instrument development
The Japanese Ministry of Environment (MOE)
Involved in the instrument development
The Japanese National Institute for Environmental Studies
(NIES)
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 3
Responsible for the satellite data retrieval
Mission Overview
Launch: 23 January 2009, with HIIA Launch vehicle
Sun-synchronous orbit, 667 km, period of about 98 min.
Satellite: 3.7m x 1.8m x 2.0m excluding solar panels, 1750 kg. Renamed IBUKI
Main payload: Thermal And Near-infrared Sensor for carbon Observation (TANSO)
Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS)
Cloud Aerosol Imager (CAI)
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 4
TANSO FTS Instrument
Fourier Transform Spectrometer at 0.2 cm-1
Nadir looking, reflected sunlight, sun glint over water and
thermal infrared emission
4 bands, NIR to TIR
NEC – Toshiba Space Systems is prime contractor
ABB Analytical is responsible for the interferometer module
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 5
TANSO Instrument
Key characteristics
Instantaneous Field of View (IFOV) 15.8 mrad (10.5 km)
Interferometer scan time: 4.0, 2.0, or 1.1 s.
Bands:
Ref
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 6
Coverage
Resolution
Targeted
( m)
(cm-1)
Species
#1
0.758 – 0.775
0.2
O2
#2
1.56 – 1.72
0.2
CO2, CH4
#3
1.92 – 2.08
0.2
CO2, H2O
#4
5.56 – 14.3
0.2
CO2, CH4
ABB Background Experience
Commercial FTIR Analyzers
MB3000
HPI (Hydrocarbon Processing Industries)
Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Final Product
Blending
Semiconductors
Academic (Universities, Colleges, Research Centers)
OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturers)
Tablet Sampler
Oleochem
WPA
Solvent Recovery
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 7
Dryer
ABB Background Experience
Field Remote Sensing Instruments
Atmospheric sounding
Infrared signature and target
characterization
Gas detection and gas monitoring
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 8
ABB Space Heritage
MIPAS and MERIS on Envisat (ESA)
Optical Ground Support Equipment, System
Engineering, Models & GS S/W
MOPITT on TERRA (CSA) and TES on AURA (JPL)
On-board blackbodies
ACE-FTS on SCISAT (CSA)
Complete Fourier Transform Spectrometer
CrIS on NPOESS (NASA)
Interferometer module, on-board blackbody
Others
OGSE, S/W, feasibility studies
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 9
ABB heritage from SCISAT - ACE
supported GOSAT interferometer development
ACE Interferometer
PARIS
ACE Cal/Val,
U.Group
Waterloo,
© ABB
November 8, 2011 | Slide 10
Canada
GOSAT Interferometer
TSUKUBA
BEIJING
TOKYO
GOSAT demo
JAXA
Japan
GOSAT CAL/VAL
(airplane)
NIES
Japan
C-ACE demo
BVS/WWSC
China
Interferometer Requirements
IFOV: 15.8 mrad
Spectral interval: 0.2 cm-1
Spectral range: 4 bands between 700 and 13200 cm-1
Pupil diameter: 68 mm
Sweep period: 1.1 to 4 seconds
Modulation efficiency: >50% to >90% from 13200 to 700
cm-1
Operating temperature: 20 to 30 °C
Survival temperature: -10 to 40 °C
1 year of test + 5 years in space with 90% reliability
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 11
Interferometer Design
Michelson type
Cube corners on “V”-shape scan arm
Double-sided sweep
2.5 cm MPD (0.2 cm-1 resolution)
Laser metrology based on 1310 nm laser diodes
Aluminum structure
Flex mounts to interface with carbon fiber optical bench
Mass: 15 kg
Volume: 34 cm x 22 cm x 24 cm
97.1% reliability (predicted)
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 12
Interferometer - Rear View
Cube corner
Beamsplitter
wall
Beamsplitter
Scan arm
Laser
launcher
Actuator
Metrology
detection #1
Cube corner
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 13
Flexure mount
Interferometer - Input Port Side View
Laser
launcher
Beamsplitter
Passive caging
Scan arm
Actuator
Laser injection
mirror
Cube corner
Metrology
detection #2
Flexure mount
Laser pick-up
mirror
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 14
Pictures of the Flight Model
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 15
NIES Research Announcements
3 Research Announcements (RA) so far
1st in April 2008, 2nd in April 2009, 3rd in August 2010
Eligible: Individual researchers, educational organizations, research institutes,
and governmental bodies using GOSAT data for non-profit and peaceful
purposes. Companies also allowed if non-profit and peaceful purposes
From All countries
From 3rd RA
18 research programs selected
Researchers from China, Japan, Netherlands, Australia, Canada, Finland, USA,
France, Spain, Indonesia, Taiwan, India, Korea
Full list at: http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/eng/proposal/proposal.htm
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 16
GOSAT publications
From NIES website
http://www.gosat.nies.go.jp/eng/technology/references.htm
30 scientific publications so far
Lot of effort spent on establishing retrievals and interpreting
the results
Recent papers (summer 2011) on measurement
comparison and validation
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 17
CO2 and CH4 observations and comparison with
ground measurements - 1
Paper from Butz et al, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L14812 (2011)
CO2
CH4
Black: GOSAT
Grey: Ground
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 18
CO2 and CH4 observations and comparison with
ground measurements - 2
Paper from Butz et al, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L14812 (2011)
CO2
CH4
Black: GOSAT
Grey: Ground
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 19
CO2 and CH4 observations and comparison with
ground measurements - 3
Paper from Butz et al, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L14812 (2011)
Biases between GOSAT data and ground-based data are ~
few tenths of percent for both CO2 and CH4
Single measurement precision well below 1%, within
measurement objective for GOSAT
Unambiguous identification of source/sink signals such as
seasonal cycle and its amplitude for CO2 and interhemispheric gradient for CH4
It will now be possible to determine surface fluxes of CO2
and CH4 from GOSAT measurements
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 20
CH4 observations and comparisons - 1
Paper from Parker et al, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L15807 (2011)
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 21
CH4 observations and comparisons - 2
Paper from Parker et al, Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, L15807 (2011)
Biases between GOSAT data and ground-based data are
between -17ppb and 2 ppb (0.1 to -0.9%)
Single measurement precision of 0.4 to 0.8 %, within
measurement objective for GOSAT
Further improvements will be pursued on retrievals
Performance of current retrievals already sufficient to
provide information on spatio-temporal distribution of CH4
sources -> will lead to improved estimates of surfaces
fluxes
Results presented are consistent with known features such
as north-south gradient and seasonal cycle for regions
without significant sources
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 22
Conclusion
GOSAT is the first satellite dedicated to the monitoring of
greenhouse gases
Launched successfully in January 2009, the IBUKI satellite and the
TANSO instrument are functioning nominally
Researchers from Japan and several countries around the world
are now working with GOSAT data
A strong effort was devoted to establishing and validating accurate
retrievals for CO2 and CH4
Successful results in validating CO2 and CH4 observations
It will be possible to determine surface fluxes of CO2 and CH4
from GOSAT measurements
Several research programs based on GOSAT data have been
initiated by international teams -> More results to come !!!
Future projects: GOSAT2, PCW / PHEMOS
© ABB Group
November 8, 2011 | Slide 23