Renewable Energy Sources
in Figures
National and International Development, 2014
Imprint
Publisher
Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy (BMWi)
Public Relations
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Text and editing
Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research
Baden Wuerttemberg
(Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung
Baden Württemberg – ZSW), Stuttgart,
Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Department I 2.5
Design and production
PRpetuum GmbH, Munich
Status
August 2015
Print
Silber Druck oHG, Niestetal
Illustrations
@nt – Fotolia (Title)
This brochure is published as part of the public relations work
of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. It
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Renewable Energy Sources
in Figures
National and International Development, 2014
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Working Group on Renewable Energy (AGEE-Stat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Part I:
Renewable energy in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Renewable energy in Germany – current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Heat
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Emissions avoided through the use of renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Savings of fossil fuels due to the use of renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Economic impetus from the construction and operation of RE plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Electricity quantities and payments under the Electricity Feed-In Act and the
Renewable Energy Sources Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Development of the EEG surcharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Promotion of renewable energy in the heating sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Promotion of renewable energy research and development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Part II: Renewable energy in the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Progress report of the European Commission pursuant to Article 23 of Directive 2009/28/EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Initial estimates of the shares of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption
in Germany in 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Renewables-based electricity generation in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Wind energy use in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Offshore use of wind energy in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Solar energy – electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Solar energy – heat supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Renewables-based motor fuels in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Revenue from renewable energy in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Part III: Global use of renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Renewables-based primary energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Global electricity generation from renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Investment in renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methodological notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
International networks for renewable energy sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
58
Conversion factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
List of sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4
Introduction
Dear Reader,
In the 15th edition of its publication “Renewable Energy
Sources in Figures – National and International Development”, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy reports on the expansion of renewable energy in
Germany, in the European Union and worldwide in 2014.
The use of renewable energy sources in Germany
continued to increase last year:
●●
●●
●●
The share of renewables in total electricity consumption
rose from 25.2 percent in 2013 to 27.4 percent in 2014.
As a result, we are a bit closer to achieving our goal of
increasing the share represented by renewables in total
electricity consumption to 40 – 45 percent by the year
2025.
Compared to the previous year, the share of renewable
energy in total final energy consumption for heating
remained relatively constant at 12.2 percent. The German government will pursue its objective of increasing
this share to 14 percent by the year 2020.
Looking at transport, renewable energy sources
accounted for 5.6 percent of total final energy
consumption, slightly more than in the previous year.
The use of renewable energy sources has positive ecological
and economic effects:
●●
In 2014, a total of 151 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents
could be avoided, including 110 million tonnes in electricity consumption alone.
●●
Nearly EUR 19 billion were invested in the construction
of renewable energy plants.
●●
The operation of renewable energy plants provided
economic stimulus in the amount of EUR 14 billion.
This brochure provides a detailed picture of the status of
efforts to expand renewable energy in the areas Electricity /
Heating / Fuel and illustrates it with tables and charts. The
data used here are taken from the findings of the Working
Group on Renewable Energy – Statistics (AGEE-Stat), which
prepared the “balance sheet” for renewable energy sources
in Germany on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy.
In the following pages you will also find information on
the Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-EnergienGesetz), on measures to promote renewable energy in the
heating sector and on research and development.
In addition to statistics for Germany, this publication
also documents the development in the use of renewable
energy sources in the European Union which has also
set ambitious goals for itself. It takes a look at the global
development as well.
The information presented here constitutes a snapshot of
the situation as of the editorial deadline for this brochure
(August 2015). However, some of the figures are provisional,
especially those pertaining to the year 2014. Parallel to this
brochure, the website of the Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy offers current time series on the development of renewable energy sources in Germany since
1990 plus a variety of graphs. These time series and graphs
will be updated at the end of 2015/start of 2016.
For more information about renewable energy and
the transformation of Germany’s energy system,
please visit the Ministry’s websites at www.bmwi.de and
www.erneuerbare-energien.de.
The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
hopes you enjoy reading this brochure.
Berlin, September 2015
5
Working Group on Renewable EnergyStatistics (AGEE-Stat)
The Working Group on
Renewable Energy (AGEE-Stat)
has generated statistics and
compiled data on renewable
energy since 2004 and incorporated them into a comprehensive, up-to-date and coordinated system. AGEE-Stat
works on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy and its findings are included in this
publication.
AGEE-Stat is an independent expert body. Its members
include experts from the
●●
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
(BMWi)
●●
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB)
●●
Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)
●●
Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt – UBA)
●●
Federal Statistical Office (Statistisches Bundesamt – StBA)
●●
Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur – BNetzA)
●●
Agency for Renewable Resources (Fachagentur
Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. – FNR)
●●
Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen e. V. – AGEB) and the
●●
Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden
Wuerttemberg (Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und
Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden Württemberg – ZSW).
The Working Group on Renewable Energy – Statistics has
been headed by Dr Frank Musiol (Centre for Solar Energy
and Hydrogen Research Baden Wuerttemberg – ZSW) since
the beginning of 2010.
AGEE-Stat’s activities focus on developing and maintaining
comprehensive statistics on the use of renewable energy
sources. The working group also has the task of
●●
creating a basis for meeting the German government’s
various national, EU and international reporting obligations in respect of renewable energy and
●●
providing expert information on renewable energy data
and development.
AGEE-Stat conducts a wide range of research and publishes
its findings in order to improve the data stock and scientific
calculation methods used. The group’s work is supported
by workshops and expert consultations on selected technical topics.
Further information on AGEE-Stat and renewable
energy can be found on the website of the Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy at
www.erneuerbare-energien.de.
6
Part I: Renewable energy in Germany
The expansion of renewable energy will enable the sustainable development of Germany’s energy supply. When long-term
external effects are taken into account, renewable energy sources lower the economic costs of supplying energy. In addition,
investment in renewable energy leads to new technological developments and innovation.
Continued renewable energy growth
The Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-EnergienGesetz – EEG) which went into force in March 2000 and
has since been amended several times laid the foundation
for making renewable energy the main pillar of Germany’s
energy supply system in the long term. Accounting for
27.4 percent of gross electricity consumption in 2014,
renewables are now the most important energy source for
the generation of electricity.
The far-reaching EEG amendment that took effect on
1 August 2014 aims to ensure that renewable energy sources
continue to grow until they reach the targets: 40 to 45 percent of gross electricity consumption by 2025 and 55 to
60 percent by 2035. The amendment was also designed to
significantly slow down the dynamics of costs, steer the
further growth of renewable energy sources and encourage
their integration into the market.
The EEG now includes binding trajectories for the individual technologies. For example, 2,500 megawatts of gross
installations of photovoltaic systems and 2,500 megawatts
of net installations of wind turbines are to be added each
year. Offshore wind production capacity is targeted to rise
to 6,500 megawatts by 2020 and 15,000 megawatts by 2030.
Biomass capacity, by contrast, is costly and therefore supposed to increase 100 megawatts per year (in gross terms).
Renewable energy growth is to be closely linked to the
expansion of the electricity grid.
One of the main goals of the new EEG is to improve the
integration of renewable energy in the German and European electricity markets. Operators of new large plants are
now required to sell their electricity directly to consumers.
This obligation is being phased in gradually so that all
market players can adjust to it. It currently applies to all
new plants with a capacity of 500 kilowatts or more. This
threshold will drop to 100 kilowatts by 2016. Starting in
2017, the level of support for electricity produced from
renewable sources will be determined through competitive
bidding.
The EEG reform is a key element in the implementation of
EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources, which requires Germany to
generate 18 percent of its gross final energy consumption
from renewable energy sources by 2020. To achieve this
goal, the EEG – which applies to electricity – has been supplemented in the heating and cooling area by the Act on
the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector
(commonly known as the Renewable Energies Heat Act –
“EEWärmeG”), the Market Incentive Programme (MAP),
transport programmes and the electric mobility strategy.
Monitoring the transformation of the energy
system
The German government’s Energy for the Future monitoring process regularly reviews the progress made in the
transformation of Germany’s energy system. The monitoring process primarily involves analysing and consolidating
the many available energy statistics and putting them into
an easy-to-understand form – and providing an overview
of the current status of the transformation of the energy
market in an annual monitoring report. As part of this
process, the German government issued a progress report
on the transformation of the energy market in December
2014. A panel of four experts monitors and scientifically
evaluates these reports.
The figures presented in this brochure provide the fundamental data basis for tracking the growth of renewable
energy, preparing the monitoring and progress reports and
meeting many other national and international reporting
obligations.
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 1: Renewable energy: goals of the German
government
Renewable energy shares of gross electricity consumption
7
Figure 2: Technology-specific expansion corridors
according to the 2014 Renewable Energy
Sources Act (EEG)
Renewable energy technology
New capacity / year
2025
40 – 45 %
Solar energy
2,500 MW (gross)
2035
55 – 60 %
Onshore wind energy
2,500 MW (net)
2050
at least 80 %
Biomass
approx. 100 MW (gross)
Renewable energy technology
Installed capacity
Renewable energy shares of gross final energy consumption
2020
at least 18 %
2030
30 %
2040
45 %
2050
60 %
By 2020, renewables are supposed to account for 14 percent
of final energy consumption for heating and cooling in
accordance with the Renewable Energy Heat Act and
ten percent of the final energy consumption in transport in
keeping with the requirements of EU Directive 2009/28/EC.
These targets will help to achieve a reduction of at least
40 percent in greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by
Offshore wind energy
by 2020: 6,500 MW
by 2030: 15,000 MW
2020 (compared to 1990) and a reduction of at least 80 percent to 95 percent by 2050. At the same time, total electri­
city consumption is to be reduced by 10 percent by 2020
and 25 percent by 2050, and primary energy consumption
by 20 percent by 2020 and 50 percent by 2050.
Renewable energy in Germany – current situation
Figure 3: Renewable energy in Germany: current situation
Categories
2014
2013
of gross final energy consumption
13.5 %
13.2 %
of gross electricity consumption
27.4 %
25.2 %
of final energy consumption in heating/cooling
12.2 %
12.3 %
5.6 %
5.5 %
11.3 %
10.8 %
151 million t
151 million t
88 million t
81 million t
Investment in the construction of renewable energy plants
18.9 billion €
15.7 billion €
Costs/Revenues from the operation of renewable energy plants
14.4 billion €
14.4 billion €
Renewable energy share
of final energy consumption in transport
of primary energy consumption
Avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions through the use of renewable energy sources
Total greenhouse gas avoidance
of which through electricity with remuneration under the EEG
Economic impetus through the use of renewable energy sources
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources; see following figures
8
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 4: Renewable energy shares of final and primary energy consumption in Germany
in percent
14
12.8
11.8
12
10.9
9.7
10
8.1
8
5.8
4.0
3.7
2.9
2.9
4
0
2
4.4
3.2
3.8
10.1
9.1
10.8
9.9
10.3
10.8
13.5
11.3
8.9
8.0
6.3
6.3
5.3
4.5
2.0
1.3
1990
2000
2001
Renewable energies' share of GFEC1
1
7.9
7.2
6
2
13.2
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Renewable energies' share of PEC2
calculation of the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption without using special calculation rules set out in EU Directive 2009/28/EC
See Annex, section 1 for details on how the share was calculated
declining share in primary energy consumption caused by a methodological change starting with the year 2012, previous years not yet revised
Sources: BMWi based on AGEE-Stat; ZSW; EEFA; AGEB [1], [2]; Eurostat [3] and other sources; see following figures
Electricity
Renewables surpass lignite
In 2014, more than 161 billion kilowatt hours (2013:
152 billion kilowatt hours) were generated from renewable
energy sources, the first time that more electricity was
generated from renewables than from lignite. With a share
of 27.4 percent of Germany’s gross electricity consumption
(2013: 25.2 percent), renewables have advanced to be the
most important source of electricity in Germany. This
marked another time that the renewables share of gross
electricity consumption grew by more than two percentage
points. This gain was driven not only by the growing
amounts of electricity being generated from sunshine,
wind and biomass, but also by the overall decline in
electricity consumption.
Onshore wind energy
Wind energy further consolidated its position as the most
important source of electricity among the renewable
sources of energy in 2014. With 4,745 megawatts of new
gross onshore capacity, the wind energy sector reported
a record increase. However, some of these turbines were
added in the course of repowering projects. Deducting
the capacity of the old, replaced turbines produce a net
increase of 4,360 megawatts of onshore capacity. This
increased capacity, along with good wind conditions particularly toward the end of the year, also yielded a new
record level for electricity generation: At 57.4 billion kilowatt hours (2013: 51.7 billion kilowatt hours), onshore and
offshore wind energy alone accounts for 9.7 percent of
total electricity consumption.
Offshore wind energy
The importance of offshore wind energy also increased
significantly in 2014. New wind turbines with a capacity
of 1,437 megawatts were installed, increasing total wind
energy capacity in Germany’s North Sea and Baltic Sea
to 2,340 megawatts at the end of 2014. Of this total,
1,037 megawatts were already connected to the grid. The
turbines that were not yet on the grid as of 31 December
2014 by now have been successively connected. Offshore
wind energy production climbed to more than 1.4 billion
kilowatt hours 2014 (2013: 0.9 billion kilowatt hours).
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
9
Figure 5: Electricity generation from renewable energy sources, 2013 and 2014
Renewable energy sources 2014
Renewable energy sources 2013
Gross electricity Share of gross electricity
generation (GWh)5
consumption6 (%)
Gross electricity Share of gross electricity
generation (GWh)5
consumption6 (%)
Hydropower1
19,590
3.3
22,998
3.8
Onshore wind energy
55,908
9.5
50,803
8.4
Offshore wind energy
1,449
0.2
905
0.1
Photovoltaics
35,115
6.0
31,010
5.1
Biogenic solid fuels2
11,800
2.0
11,643
1.9
Biogenic liquid fuels
320
0.05
279
0.05
29,140
4.9
27,479
4.5
Sewage gas
1,409
0.2
1,308
0.2
Landfill gas
420
0.1
474
0.1
6,130
1.0
5,415
0.9
98
0.02
80
0.01
161,379
27.4
152,394
25.2
Biogas3
Biogenic fraction of waste4
Geothermal energy
Total
1
in the case of pumped storage power plants: electricity generation from natural inflow only
2
includes sewage sludge as of 2013
3
includes biomethane
4
biogenic fraction of waste in waste incineration plants estimated at 50 percent
5
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
6
based on gross electricity consumption. 2014: 589.8 billion kWh. ZSW according to AGEB [4] and 2013: 604.9 billion kWh. as set out in AGEB [4]
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources; see figure 8; some data provisional
Figure 6: Electricity generation from renewable energy sources, 2014
share in percent
Geothermal energy 0.1
Biogenic fraction of waste 3.8
Landfill gas 0.3
12.1 Hydropower
Sewage gas 0.9
Biogas2 18.1
Biogenic liquid fuels 0.2
Biogenic solid fuels1 7.3
Photovoltaics 21.8
1
2
includes sewage sludge
includes biomethane
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 8
Total:
161.4 billion kWh
35.5 Wind energy
10
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 7: Electricity generation from renewable energy sources
in billion kWh
161.4
160
143.8
140
123.8
120
104.8
100
88.3
80
56.6
40
0
93.2
94.9
2008
2009
71.6
60
20
152.4
36.0
38.5
2000
2001
45.1
45.6
2002
2003
62.5
25.3
18.9
1990
1995
Hydropower
Biomass
1
Wind energy
2004
2005
2006
2007
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Photovoltaic power
Geothermal electricity generation is not shown due to the small quantities involved.
1
including solid and liquid biomass, biogas including biomethane, sewage gas, landfill gas and the biogenic fraction of waste; also including sewage sludge as of 2013
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources; see figure 8
Figure 8: Electricity generation from renewable energy sources
Hydropower1
Onshore
wind energy
Offshore
wind energy
Biomass2
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
energy
(GWh)3
Total gross
electricity
generation
Share of gross
electricity
consumption
(GWh)3
(%)
1990
17,426
71
–
1,435
1
–
18,933
3.4
1991
14,891
100
–
1,471
1
–
16,463
3.1
1992
17,397
275
–
1,558
4
–
19,234
3.6
1993
17,878
600
–
1,635
3
–
20,116
3.8
1994
19,930
909
–
1,875
7
–
22,721
4.3
1995
21,780
1,500
–
2,010
7
–
25,297
4.7
1996
21,957
2,032
–
2,098
12
–
26,099
4.8
1997
17,357
2,966
–
2,273
18
–
22,614
4.1
1998
17,216
4,489
–
3,256
35
–
24,996
4.5
1999
19,647
5,528
–
3,585
30
–
28,790
5.2
2000
21,732
9,513
–
4,731
60
–
36,036
6.2
2001
22,733
10,509
–
5,214
76
–
38,532
6.6
2002
23,124
15,786
–
6,048
162
–
45,120
7.7
2003
17,722
18,713
–
8,841
313
–
45,589
7.6
2004
20,095
25,509
–
10,471
557
0.2
56,632
9.3
2005
19,638
27,229
–
14,354
1,282
0.2
62,503
10.2
2006
20,008
30,710
–
18,700
2,220
0.4
71,638
11.6
2007
21,170
39,713
–
24,363
3,075
0.4
88,321
14.2
2008
20,443
40,574
–
27,792
4,420
18
93,247
15.1
2009
19,031
38,610
38
30,578
6,583
19
94,859
16.3
2010
20,953
37,619
174
34,307
11,729
28
104,810
17.0
2011
17,671
48,315
568
37,603
19,599
19
123,775
20.4
2012
22,091
49,948
722
44,633
26,380
25
143,799
23.7
2013
22,998
50,803
905
46,598
31,010
80
152,394
25.2
2014
19,590
55,908
1,449
49,219
35,115
98
161,379
27.4
1
in the case of pumped storage power plants: electricity generation from natural inflow only
2
including solid and liquid biomass, biogas including biomethane, sewage gas, landfill gas and the biogenic fraction of waste
(biogenic fraction of waste in waste incineration plants estimated at 50 percent); also including sewage sludge as of 2013
3
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
Sources: BMWi based on AGEE-Stat; ZSW; AGEB [1], [2], [4], [5]; BDEW; BMWi; BNetzA [6]; StBA; DBFZ; TSO [7]; ITAD
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
11
Photovoltaics
Biogas
Growth in photovoltaic capacity fell significantly for the
second consecutive year in 2014. At 1,900 megawatts, new
capacity declined once again, this time by more than 40 percent compared to the previous year (2013: 3,304 megawatts). As a result, new photovoltaic capacity fell short of
the targeted expansion trajectory of 2,400 to 2,600 megawatts for the first time. At 35.1 billion kilowatt hours,
photovoltaic power production accounted for six percent
of gross electricity consumption in 2014 (2013: 31 billion
kilowatt hours).
The power generation capacity of biogas plants was
expanded by a total of some 250 megawatts in 2014, somewhat less than the growth seen in 2013 (300 megawatts).
Most of the new capacity however was added to make
existing plants more flexible and does not affect the amount
of electricity generated. Less than 100 megawatts in new
capacity that increases electricity production was added,
the lowest level in ten years. Electricity generated from
biogas nonetheless rose to 29.1 billion kilowatt hours (2013:
27.5 billion kilowatt hours), due to new capacity installed in
2013. In 2014, a total of 49.2 billion kilowatt hours of electricity were generated from solid, liquid and gaseous biomass including landfill gas, sewage gas and biogenic waste
(2013: 46.6 billion kilowatt hours).
Figure 9: Electricity generated from renewable energy sources as a percentage of gross electricity consumption
in percent
30
27.4
25
23.7
20.4
20
14.2
15
10
5
0
25.2
3.4
1990
4.7
1995
6.2
6.6
2000
2001
7.7
7.6
2002
2003
9.3
2004
10.2
2005
16.3
17.0
2009
2010
15.1
11.6
2006
2007
2008
2011
2012
2013
2014
Under the 2014 Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), renewable energy must make up 40 to 45 percent of gross electricity consumption by 2025.
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; AGEB [4] and other sources, see figure 8
Figure 10: Renewables-based installed capacity in the electricity sector, 2014
share in percent
6.2 Hydropower
Biomass1 6.0
1.0 Photovoltaics
2000:
Total
11.7 GW
Photovoltaics 42.5
2014:
Total
89.9 GW
41.1 Hydropower
Wind energy 51.9
Biomass1 7.6
Geothermal power plants are not shown here because of their very small share.
The diagrams are not to scale.
1
including solid and liquid biomass, biogas, sewage gas and landfill gas; excluding the biogenic fraction of waste
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 12
43.3 Wind energy
12
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 11: Renewables-based installed capacity in the electricity sector
in GW
89.9
90
82.7
80
76.1
70
65.9
60
55.6
50
40
30
20
10
0
14.6
11.7
4.2
5.7
1990
1995
Hydropower
2000
2001
Wind energy
24.6
21.4
18.2
2002
2003
Biomass
1
2004
31.7
28.0
2005
2006
39.0
35.0
2007
2008
46.1
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Photovoltaic power
Geothermal power plants are not shown here because of their very small share.
1 including solid and liquid biomass, biogas including biomethane, sewage gas and landfill gas; excluding the biogenic fraction of waste
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 12
Figure 12: Renewables-based installed capacity in the electricity sector
Hydropower1
Onshore
wind energy
Offshore
wind energy
Biomass2
Photovoltaics
Geothermal
energy
Total capacity
(MW)3
1990
3,982
55
–
129
2
–
4,168
1991
4,033
106
–
135
2
–
4,276
1992
4,049
174
–
139
6
–
4,368
1993
4,117
326
–
174
9
–
4,626
1994
4,211
618
–
208
12
–
5,049
1995
4,348
1,121
–
227
18
–
5,714
1996
4,305
1,549
–
261
28
–
6,143
1997
4,296
2,089
–
301
42
–
6,728
1998
4,369
2,877
–
461
54
–
7,761
1999
4,547
4,435
–
548
70
–
9,600
2000
4,831
6,097
–
703
114
–
11,745
2001
4,831
8,738
–
827
176
–
14,572
2002
4,937
11,976
–
1,030
296
–
18,239
2003
4,953
14,593
–
1,428
435
–
21,409
2004
5,186
16,612
–
1,687
1,105
0.2
24,590
2005
5,210
18,375
–
2,352
2,056
0.2
27,993
2006
5,193
20,568
–
3,010
2,899
0.2
31,670
2007
5,137
22,183
–
3,495
4,170
2
34,987
2008
5,164
23,815
–
3,917
6,120
2
39,018
2009
5,340
25,632
48
1,558
10,566
5
46,149
2010
5,407
27,012
161
5,086
17,944
5
55,615
2011
5,625
28,857
188
5,771
25,429
5
65,875
2012
5,607
30,996
268
6,179
33,033
18
76,101
2013
5,590
33,763
508
6,517
36,337
24
82,739
2014
5,614
38,156
1,037
6,867
38,236
24
89,934
The information on installed capacity relates to the figure at the end of the year.
1
installed hydropower capacity includes pumped storage power plants with natural inflow
2
including solid and liquid biomass, biogas including biomethane, sewage gas and landfill gas; excluding the biogenic fraction of waste
3
1 MW = 0.001 GW
Sources: BMWi based on AGEE-Stat; ZSW; BDEW; BMWi; BNetzA [6]; StBA; DBFZ; DEWI [8]; GeotIS [9]; BSW; GtV; ITAD
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Heat
13
to the previous year the newly installed solar collector
surface area slightly declined to 770,000 square metres. The
number of heat pump systems increased by approximately
60,000 plants.
Less heat consumption in 2014
In the heat sector, 2014 saw a decline in overall heat
consumption due to mild weather. Correspondingly,
renewables also declined, particularly the consumption
of wood and wood pellets to generate heat in private
households.
By contrast, the amount of heat generated by solar
thermal plants and heat pumps continued to increase
since the number of these installations grew. Compared
All in all, total consumption of heat generated from renewable energy sources declined to approximately 139.5 billion
kilowatt hours (2013: 157.7 billion kilowatt hours). However
due to the decline in total heat consumption, renewables
accounted for 12.2 percent of overall heat consumption
and remained at the level seen in 2013 (12.3 percent).
Figure 13: Heat consumption from renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources 2014
Renewable energy sources 2013
Final energy consump- Share of final energy consumption for heat10 (%)
tion heat (GWh)9
Final energy consump- Share of final energy contion heat (GWh)9
sumption for heat10 (%)
Biogenic solid fuels (households)1
56,900
5.0
69,720
5.5
Biogenic solid fuels (TCS-sector)2
3,200
0.3
10,937
0.9
Biogenic solid fuels (industry)3
25,400
2.2
25,600
2.0
Biogenic solid fuels (HP/CHP)4
5,340
0.5
5,532
0.4
Biogenic liquid fuels5
2,140
0.2
2,047
0.2
15,070
1.3
14,011
1.1
Sewage gas
1,840
0.2
1,807
0.1
Landfill gas
100
0.01
101
0.01
11,650
1.0
11,645
0.9
7,290
0.6
6,770
0.5
960
0.08
865
0.07
9,600
0.8
8,674
0.7
139,490
12.2
157,709
12.3
Biogas6
Biogenic fraction of waste7
Solar thermal energy
Deep geothermal energy
Near-surface geoth. Energy, ambient heat8
Total
1
primarily wood, including wood pellets
2
information available for TCS-sector (trade, commerce and service sector) as of 2015
3
according to Article 8 EnStatG, including sewage sludge starting in 2013; HP = heating plant, CHP = combined heat and power plant
4
according to Article 3 and Article 5 EnStatG, including sewage sludge starting in 2013
5
including agricultural consumption of biodiesel
6
including biomethane
7
biogenic fraction of waste in waste incineration plants estimated at 50 percent
8
renewable heat from heat pumps (air/water, water/water, brine/water, service water and gas heat pumps)
9
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
10 based on the FEC for space heating, hot water, process heat, space cooling and process cooling, 2014: 1,140.0 billion kWh as set out in ZSW [1]
and 2013: 1,277.7 billion kWh, ZSW based on AGEB [2]. See Annex, section 2 for details on how the share was calculated.
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 16; some data provisional
Note:
“Final energy consumption heat” always includes
energy consumption for cooling applications.
14
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 14: Renewables-based heat consumption, 2014
in percent
Near-surface geothermal energy, ambient heat 6.9
Deep geothermal energy 0.7
Solar thermal systems 5.2
40.8 Biogenic solid fuels (households)
Biogenic fraction of waste 8.4
Total:
139.5 billion kWh
Biogenic gaseous fuels3 12.2
Biogenic liquid fuels2 1.5
Biogenic solid fuels (CHP/HP)1 3.8
1
2
3
4
2.3 Biogenic solid fuels (TCS)4
18.2 Biogenic solid fuels (industry)1
including sewage sludge
including agricultural consumption of biodiesel
biogas including biomethane
information available for TCS-sector (trade, commerce and service sector) as of 2015
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 16
Figure 15: Renewables-based heat consumption
in billion kWh
157.7
160
147.8
137.6
140
145.7
139.5
123.2
120
100
100.8
100.5
102.8
106.0
2003
2004
2005
2006
111.9
109.3
2007
2008
80
58.1
60
40
32.4
32.8
1990
1995
65.1
64.4
2001
2002
20
0
Solid Biomass1
1
2
3
2000
Liquid Biomass2
Gaseous Biomass3
Solar thermal energy
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Geothermal energy, ambient heat
including biogenic fraction of waste; including sewage sludge as of 2013; as of 2015 information available for TCS-sector (trade, commerce and service sector) for the years 2003 to 2014
including agricultural consumption of biodiesel
biogas including biomethane, sewage gas and landfill gas
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 16
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
15
Figure 16: Renewables-based heat consumption
Solid
Biomass1
Liquid
Biomass2
Gaseous
Biomass3
Solarthermal
energy
Near-surface
geoth. Energy,
ambient heat4
Total
FEC heat
RE share of
FEC of heat
(GWh)5
(%)
1990
30,573
–
–
130
1,677
32,380
2.1
1991
30,668
–
–
170
1,683
32,521
2.2
1992
30,670
–
–
220
1,694
32,584
2.3
1993
30,676
–
–
280
1,703
32,659
2.3
1994
30,683
–
–
360
1,708
32,751
2.4
1995
30,695
–
–
440
1,705
32,840
2.3
1996
30,815
–
–
550
1,712
33,077
2.2
1997
47,881
–
–
690
1,719
50,290
3.4
1998
51,807
3
1,335
830
1,744
55,719
3.9
1999
53,267
2
1,263
1,090
1,774
57,396
4.3
2000
53,604
8
1,355
1,290
1,808
58,065
4.4
2001
60,278
10
1,353
1,620
1,858
65,119
4.7
2002
59,051
48
1,438
1,910
1,936
64,383
4.8
2003
93,624
192
2,135
2,520
2,368
100,839
7.5
2004
92,670
312
2,427
2,560
2,520
100,484
7.6
2005
93,296
709
2,974
3,030
2,759
102,768
8.0
2006
94,567
1,275
3,293
3,550
3,268
105,953
8.0
2007
96,492
1,872
5,581
3,940
3,968
111,853
9.5
2008
91,999
2,645
5,422
4,490
4,763
109,319
8.5
2009
101,546
3,336
7,180
5,280
5,882
123,224
10.4
2010
122,296
3,189
9,835
5,630
6,852
147,802
11.1
2011
109,140
2,397
11,792
6,440
7,846
137,615
11.3
2012
115,688
2,104
12,524
6,700
8,715
145,731
11.9
2013
123,434
2,047
15,919
6,770
9,539
157,709
12.3
2014
102,490
2,140
17,010
7,290
10,560
139,490
12.2
(GWh)5
1
including the biogenic fraction of waste (estimated at 50 percent in waste incineration plants). The heat decline in 2008 compared with 2007 is due to a change in data collection methods which does not permit any conclusions about the actual increase in use; as of 2015 information available for TCS-sector (trade, commerce and service sector) for the years 2003 to 2014
2
including agricultural consumption of biodiesel
3
biogas including biomethane, sewage gas and landfill gas
4
including heat from deep geothermal energy and renewable heat from heat pumps (air/water, water/water, brine/water, service water and gas heat pumps)
5
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
Sources: BMWi based on AGEE-Stat; ZSW; AGEB [1], [5], [10]; BMWi; StBA; DBFZ; GeotIS [9]; GZB [11]; RWI; BDH; BSW; DEPV; BWP; IEA/ESTIF [12]
Figure 17: Renewable energy shares of heat consumption
in percent
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10.4
11.1
11.3
2010
2011
11.9
12.3
12.2
2013
2014
9.5
2.1
2.3
1990
1995
4.4
4.7
4.8
2000
2001
2002
7.5
7.6
2003
2004
8.0
8.0
2005
2006
8.5
2007
2008
2009
2012
Under the 2012 Renewable Energy Heat Act (EEWärmeG), renewable energy must make up 14 percent of final energy consumption for heating and cooling by 2020.
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; AGEB and other sources, see figure 16
16
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 18: Development of heat pump stock
Number of plants in thousand
Thermal capacity in MW
8,073
8,000
7,322
1,600
1,400
7,000
6,560
5,819
1,200
6,000
5,129
1,000
5,000
4,385
3,653
800
3,099
600
609
560
492
788
728
666
848
4,000
3,000
400
2.000
200
1,000
0
1990
1995
2000
2001
Service-water heat pumps
2002
2003
2004
Air-to-water heat pumps
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Brine-to-water heat pumps
2010
2011
2012
2013
Water-to-water heat pumps
2014
0
Gas heat pumps
Total installed thermal capacity
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; GZB [11]; BWP
Figure 19: Additions to and capacity of solar collectors (solar heat)
Annual net increase in 1,000 m²
1,800
16.3
15.2
1,600
16
14.0
1,400
14
12.9
11.3
1,200
1,000
8.5
800
600
3.3
400
200
0
Area in million m²
18.0
17.2
18
0.3
1990
4.1
5.4
4.7
6.2
12
9.4
10
7.1
8
6
4
1.2
1995
2
2000
2001
2002
Additions of solar thermal water heating systems
2003
2004
2005
2006
Additions of solar combisystems
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Additions of absorber systems for swimming pools
2013
2014
0
Total area, cumulative
Diagram takes account of decommissioning of old installations; combined solar thermal installations: hot water heating and central heating support.
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; BDH; BSW
Figure 20: Solar heat: area and capacity of solar collectors in Germany
1990
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Cumulative
area
(1,000 m²)
348
3,251
4,679
6,151
8,501
11,330
14,044
15,234
16,309
17,222
17,987
Cumulative
output
(MW)
243
2,312
3,338
4,384
6,049
8,063
10,006
10,909
11,728
12,456
13,100
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; BDH; BSW; IEA/ESTIF [12]
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Transport
More biofuel
Biofuel consumption in 2014 reached more than 3.4 million tonnes, almost four percent more than in 2013. Biodiesel sales increased by 4.6 percent, sales of bioethanol by
1.9 percent. Following the upward trend seen in recent
years, sales of biomethane in the transport sector rose only
slightly, to some 580 million kilowatt hours.
17
The share held by renewable energy in total final energy
consumption in transport (consumption of petrol and
diesel fuels, liquefied gas, natural gas and electricity in rail
and road transport plus aviation gasoline and jet fuel in
Germany) increased only slightly to 5.6 percent overall
(2013: 5.5 percent) due to the slight increase in total final
energy consumption over the previous year. Figure 21: Renewables-based consumption in transport sector
Renewable energy sources 2014
Renewable energy sources 2013
Final energy consumption of transport (GWh)3
Share of FEC of
transport4 (%)
Final energy consumption of transport (GWh)3
Share of FEC of
transport4 (%)
22,675
3.6
21,988
3.5
63
0.01
10
0.002
9,061
1.4
8,891
1.4
580
0.1
557
0.1
3,210
0.5
3,020
0.5
35,589
5.6
34,466
5.5
Biodiesel1
Vegetable oil
Bioethanol
Biomethane
RE electricity consumption in transport2
Total
1
consumption of biodiesel in the transport sector
2
see figure 25 for renewable share of electricity in 2014, ZSW based on AGEB [1], [2], [4], BDEW
3
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
4
based on final energy consumption in transport, 2014: 636.9 billion kWh and 2013: 629.1 billion kWh, ZSW based on BAFA and AGEB [1], [2]
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 25; some data provisional
Figure 22: Renewables-based consumption in transport sector, 2014
in percent
RE electricity consumption 9.0
Biomethane 1.6
Bioethanol 25.5
Vegetable oil 0.2
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 25
63.7 Biodiesel
Total:
35.6 billion kWh
18
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 23: Renewables-based consumption in transport sector
RE consumption in transport sector in billion kWh
50
47.1
45
41.1
40
37.2
35
36.0
35.2
2010
2011
33.0
37.3
34.5
35.6
2013
2014
30
25
23.2
20
15
10
5
0
3.7
4.9
2000
2001
Biodiesel
7.2
2002
Vegetable oil
12.3
9.5
2003
2004
Bioethanol
2005
Biomethane
2006
2007
2008
2009
2012
RE electricity consumption
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 25
Figure 24: Renewable energy shares of final energy consumption in transport
in percent
9
8
7.5
7
6.5
6.0
6
5.4
5.8
5.6
2010
2011
6.0
5.5
5.6
2013
2014
5
3.7
4
3
2
1
0
0.1
0.2
1990
1995
0.5
0.7
2000
2001
1.1
2002
1.5
2003
1.9
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Under EU Directive 2009/28/EC, renewable energy must account for 10 percent of the final energy consumption in the transport sector by 2020.
This chart does not double-count biofuel produced from waste. The denominator also includes the domestic consumption of liquefied gas, natural gas,
aviation gasoline and jet fuel as well as total electricity consumption in rail and road transport.
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; AGEB [1], [2], BAFA; BMUB and other sources, see figure 25
2012
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
19
Figure 25: Renewables-based consumption in transport sector
Biodiesel1
Vegetable oil
Bioethanol
Biomethane
RE electricity
consumption2
Share of FEC
of transport
FEC of transport
(GWh)3
(GWh)3
(%)
1990
–
–
–
–
465
465
0.1
1991
2
–
–
–
475
477
0.1
1992
52
21
–
–
536
609
0.1
1993
52
31
–
–
570
653
0.1
1994
289
31
–
–
662
982
0.2
1995
362
52
–
–
761
1,175
0.2
1996
568
52
–
–
794
1,414
0.2
1997
930
104
–
–
691
1,725
0.3
1998
1,033
115
–
–
724
1,872
0.3
1999
1,343
146
–
–
823
2,312
0.3
2000
2,583
167
–
–
986
3,736
0.5
2001
3,617
209
–
–
1,082
4,908
0.7
2002
5,683
251
–
–
1,247
7,181
1.1
2003
8,254
292
–
–
995
9,541
1.5
2004
10,287
345
486
–
1,202
12,320
1.9
2005
18,046
2,047
1,780
–
1,343
23,216
3.7
2006
28,364
7,426
3,828
–
1,475
41,093
6.5
2007
33,182
8,752
3,439
–
1,743
47,116
7.5
2008
26,630
4,188
4,673
4
1,682
37,177
6.0
2009
23,411
1,044
6,669
15
1,896
33,035
5.4
2010
24,474
637
8,711
162
2,060
36,044
5.8
2011
23,244
209
9,090
190
2,479
35,212
5.6
2012
24,530
261
9,208
404
2,864
37,267
6.0
2013
21,988
10
8,891
557
3,020
34,466
5.5
2014
22,675
63
9,061
580
3,210
35,589
5.6
1
consumption of biodiesel in the transport sector
2
see figure 8 for renewable share of electricity in 2014, ZSW based on AGEB [1], [3], [4], BDEW
3
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat; ZSW; BMF [13]; DIW [14]; BMELV [15]; BAFA; BMUB; StBA [16]; erdgas mobil; DBFZ; AGQM; UFOP; BR [17], [18], [19]; FNR
Figure 26: Renewables-based fuel consumption in transport sector
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
(1,000 Tonnen)
Biodiesel1
250
350
550
800
997
1,749
2,749
3,216
2,581
2,269
2,372
2,263
2,314
2,063
2,159
Vegetable oil
16
20
24
28
33
196
711
838
401
100
61
20
25
1
6
Bioethanol
–
–
–
–
65
238
512
460
625
892
1,165
1,233
1,249
1,206
1,229
Biomethane2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
11
12
26
36
38
266
370
574
828
1,095
2,183
3,972
4,514
3,607
3,262
3,609
3,528
3,614
3,306
3,432
Total
1
consumption of biodiesel in the transport sector
2
calculated according to EU Directive 2009/28/EC with a calorific value of 50MJ/kg
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat and other sources, see figure 25
20
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Emissions avoided through the use of
renewable energy sources
Renewable energy growth plays a significant role in meeting climate targets. Emissions with a total global warming
potential (GWP) of some 151 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents were avoided in 2014. The electricity sector accounted
for 110 million tonnes, including around 88 million tonnes
for renewable electricity that qualifies for EEG compensation. 36 million tonnes were avoided in the heat sector and,
through the use of biofuels in transport, some five million
fewer tonnes of CO2 equivalents were emitted (Figure 27).
The analysis looks slightly different when it only considers
carbon dioxide and disregards methane emissions in the
use of fossil and biogenic fuels and nitrous oxide emissions
during the cultivation of energy crops. On this basis,
renewable energy sources saved a total of 155 million
tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2014. Of this, 111 million
tonnes were saved by generating power from renewable
sources (including some 91 million tonnes due to EEG
electricity), around 37 million tonnes from producing heat
from renewables, and almost seven million tonnes from
using biofuels in transport.
The results for electricity and heat depend heavily on the
specific fossil and nuclear fuels that are replaced by renewable energy sources. The results for biomass, by contrast,
depend on the nature and provenance of the raw materials.
If the raw materials are not waste or biogenic residues, the
calculations must take account of land-use changes resulting from the agricultural cultivation of energy crops.
Figure 27: Net balance of greenhouse gas emissions avoided through the use of renewable energy sources, 2014
million t CO2 equivalent
27.1
16.2
42.3
24.4
0.06
Electricity
110.1 million t
33.1
1.1 2.0
16.1 % (24.4 million t)
Heat
36.1 million t
5.2
Total
greenhouse gas
emissions avoided:
151 million t
CO2 equivalent
43.2 % (65.4 million t)
Transport
5.2 million t
1.3 % (2.0 million t)
0.8 % (1.2 million t)
10.7 % (16.2 million t)
27.9 % (42.3 million t)
0
Biomass
Hydropower
20
Wind energy
40
Photovoltaics
60
Solar thermal energy
80
100
Geothermal energy, ambient heat
Sources: UBA [20] based on the sources quoted therein
Note:
Please see the UBA publication “Emissionsbilanz erneuerbarer Energieträger – Bestimmung der vermiedenen Emissionen 2014” [20] for a
detailed explanation of the basic methods used to calculate the emission balances for renewable energy sources (in German).
120
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
The sharp increase in the use of energy crops in Germany
went hand-in-hand with direct (since 2011 precluded for
the use of biofuels by [18] and [19]) and indirect changes in
land use which led to corresponding levels of CO2 emissions. However, it is difficult to quantify these effects. As a
consequence they have not been taken into account when
calculating emission balances to date. Estimates however
indicate that indirect changes in land use in particular lead
to significant greenhouse gas emissions and have the
potential to partially or fully cancel out greenhouse gas
emissions savings generated by, for instance, individual
biofuels. In future, fuel suppliers will also take into account
the average preliminary estimates for emissions resulting
from indirect changes in land use when they report greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy and other similar
statistics. When reporting on the greenhouse gas emissions
savings achieved, the European Commission will include
the average preliminary estimates regarding indirect landuse changes in Annex VIII of Directive 2009/28/EC [21] as
well.
21
All upstream process chains involved in fuel production
and supply and in plant construction and operation (but
not plant demolition) are correspondingly taken into
account.
Figure 28 shows the balance for greenhouse gas emissions
and air pollutants. Greenhouse gas abatement is particularly high in the electricity generation segment. The balances are negative for precursors of ground-level ozone,
mainly due to the use of biogas. Emissions associated with
heating have risen as more wood is burned in old stoves
and tiled ovens. However, these units will (have to) be gradually decommissioned or replaced under current laws.
Some negative balances are particularly important. These
include carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and
the particulates of all size categories. Biofuels showed an
increase in nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the
cultivation of energy crops.
The calculations of the emissions savings arising from the
use of renewable energy sources are based on net figures.
Here, all the emissions produced by providing final energy
from renewable sources are subtracted from the gross
emissions avoided by replacing fossil fuels and nuclear fuel.
Figure 28: Net emission balance of renewable energy sources in the power, heat and transport sector, 2014
Renewables-based electricity
generation total: 161,379 GWh
Ozone3
Particulates4
Acidification2
Greenhouse
effect1
Greenhouse gas/
air pollutant
Renewables-based heat
consumption total: 139,490 GWh
Renewables-based consumption
in transport total: 32,379 GWh5
Avoidance
factor
Avoided
emissions
Avoidance
factor
Avoided
emissions
Avoidance
factor
Avoided
emissions
(g/kWh)
(1,000 t)
(g/kWh)
(1,000 t)
(g/kWh)
(1,000 t)
CO2
690
111,334
265
37,026
210
6,808
CH4
0.39
62.3
0.001
0.12
-0.25
-8.3
N 2O
-0.06
-9.5
-0.02
-3.1
-0.14
-4.5
CO2 equivalent
682
110,075
259
36,113
161
5,227
SO2
0.22
36.1
0.13
17.7
-0.12
-4.0
NOX
0.10
16.8
-0.46
-64.8
-0.41
-13.4
SO2 equivalentt
0.3
47.8
-0.2
-27.4
-0.41
-13.3
CO
-0.43
-68.7
-4.14
-577.2
-0.09
-2.8
NMVOC
-0.02
-2.6
-0.30
-41.4
0.01
0.36
–
-0.8
-0.17
-23.4
-0.03
-1.0
Particulates
1
no account is taken of other greenhouse gases (SF6, PFC, HFC)
2
no account is taken of other acidifying air-pollutants (NH3, HCl, HF)
3
NMVOC and CO are important precursor substances for ground-level ozone, which makes a major contribution to photochemical smog
4
here particulates comprise all emissions of suspended particulates of all sizes
5
not counting electricity consumption in the transport sector
Source: UBA [20] based on the sources quoted therein
22
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Savings of fossil fuels due to the use of
renewables
Being a resource-poor country, Germany also had to
import 98 percent of its oil and 88 percent of its natural gas
in 2014. Energy imports may involve risks depending on
the country of origin. They include quantity risks (loss of
producers due to disaster or war) and price risks in the
form of unexpected rises in prices. Renewable energy
sources can greatly reduce reliance on imports and thereby
improve energy security.
Figures 29 and 30 list the amount of fossil fuels saved by
using renewable energy sources for electricity, heat and
transport in 2014 and from 2007 to 2014. Total savings have
risen steadily in recent years. Since Germany has to import
a large proportion of its fossil (i.e. non-renewable) fuels
such as oil, natural gas and coal, these savings also reduce
German energy imports.
Figure 29: Primary energy savings due to the use of renewables, 2014
Uranium fuel
Lignite
Hard coal
Natural gas
Petroleum/
heating oil
Diesel fuel
Petrol
Total
Primary energy (billion kWh)
Electricity
6.4
Heat
13.9
294.1
64.9
–
12.2
13.7
69.6
52.5
1.0
14.0
6.5
21.2
26.1
307.9
135.1
52.5
15.0
6.5
549.4
1,977.9
Transport
Total
379.4
0.6
6.4
148.9
Primary energy (PJ)
Total
which corresponds
to1:
22.9
93.9
1,108.3
486.4
188.9
54.0
23.6
0.006
million t
9.0
million t2
40.6
million t3
13,661
million m3
5,284
million litres
1,507
million litres
727
million litres
The savings in fossil fuels are calculated on the same lines as the emission balances, see UBA [20]
1
primary energy savings were calculated using the net calorific values determined by the AGEB [10]
2
including approx. 8.0 million tonnes lignite, approx. 0.3 million tonnes lignite briquettes and approx. 0.7 million tonnes pulverised coal
3
including approx. 40.4 million tonnes hard coal and approx. 0.1 million tonnes coke from hard coal
Source: UBA [20] based on the sources quoted therein
Figure 30: Fossil fuel savings resulting from the use of renewables
Electricity
Heat
Transport
Total
Primary energy (billion kWh)
2007
212.4
127.3
28.9
368.6
2008
216.8
123.0
26.5
366.4
2009
223.1
137.5
19.0
379.6
2010
245.0
163.9
20.4
429.3
2011
291.5
150.5
20.2
462.3
2012
324.9
158.8
21.9
505.7
2013
359.7
172.1
20.5
552.3
2014
379.4
148.9
21.2
549.4
Source: UBA [20] based on the sources quoted therein
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Economic impetus from the construction and
operation of RE plants
Investment in renewable energy (RE) plants peaked in 2010
at EUR 27 billion and subsequently fell steadily until 2013.
It then significantly increased to nearly EUR 19 billion in
2014. As a location for business and investment, Germany
benefits from these investments since a large part of the
added value is generated here.
The segment with the greatest investment in 2014 was
wind energy. At EUR 12.3 billion, it accounted for 65 percent of total investment (compared to 42 percent in 2013).
The year 2013 was very successful for the wind energy
industry. Investments in wind energy increased by a further 85 percent in 2014, with the result that total investment in renewable energy plants continued to increase,
despite the downward trend seen in other areas (especially
photovoltaics). The sharp increase in new offshore plants
was a particular factor in this growth; these new installations led to a nearly 150 percent increase in investment in
this area over the previous year.
The sharp decline in total investment after 2010 was
primarily due to the trend in photovoltaics which saw
installation prices fall in 2011 and 2012 while new plants
continued to be installed at an unchanged pace. In 2013
23
and 2014 however prices remained largely stable while the
installation of new photovoltaic capacity plummeted.
Compared to the years 2007 to 2012 when investment in
photovoltaic plants constituted up to 70 percent of total
investment, this share fell to just twelve percent by the year
2014. This corresponds to an investment volume of
EUR 2.3 billion.
Investment in the other fields (electricity and heat from
biomass, hydropower, solar and geothermal heat) totalled
EUR 4.3 billion in 2014 or just under 23 percent of total
investment. These fields have remained largely stable in
recent years with the exception of investment in biomass
plants for power generation which has been on the decline
since 2012.
The ongoing trend of declining costs for renewable energy
plants results in year-to-year price decreases for the plants.
For this reason the targeted expansion of capacities can be
realised with lower investment costs than previously.
At 84.6 percent, most of the investments went to electricity
generation plants that qualify for EEG payments. Compared to the year 2013, this constitutes an increase of some
5.6 percentage points.
Figure 31: Investment in construction of renewable energy plants
Wind energy
Hydropower
onoffshore shore
Photovoltaics
Solar
thermal
energy
Geothermal
energy,
ambient heat
Biomasse
electricity
Biomass
heat
Total
(billion Euro)
2000
0.7
1.9
–
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.8
4.6
2001
0.9
3.1
–
0.4
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.9
6.5
2002
0.1
3.9
–
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.7
0.9
6.9
2003
0.1
3.3
–
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.9
6.5
2004
0.3
2.7
–
3.5
0.6
0.3
0.6
1.0
8.9
2005
0.2
2.5
–
4.8
0.7
0.3
2.2
1.1
11.9
2006
0.2
3.2
–
4.0
1.1
0.9
2.0
1.5
12.9
2007
0.2
2.5
–
5.3
0.7
0.8
1.4
1.7
12.6
2008
0.3
2.5
–
8.0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.6
16.2
2009
0.5
2.8
0.3
13.6
1.2
1.1
2.5
1.3
23.2
2010
0.3
2.1
0.5
19.4
0.9
1.0
2.0
1.1
27.3
2011
0.3
2.8
0.2
15.0
1.1
1.2
2.3
0.9
23.7
2012
0.3
3.4
0.5
11.2
1.0
1.1
1.6
1.2
20.3
2013
0.3
4.4
2.2
4.2
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.2
15.7
2014
0.1
6.9
5.4
2.3
0.8
1.0
1.3
1.1
18.9
Source: Calculations performed by ZSW
24
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 32: Investment in construction of renewable energy plants, 2014
in billion Euros
Geothermal energy, ambient heat 1.0 (5.3 %)
0.1 (0.6 %) Hydropower
Solar thermal energy 0.8 (4.1 %)
2.3 (12.3 %) Photovoltaics
Biomass heat 1.1 (5.8 %)
Biomass electricity 1.3 (6.9 %)
Total:
18.9 billion Euros
Wind energy offshore 5.4 (28.5 %)
6.9 (36.5 %) Wind energy onshore
This largely concerns investment in new plants, and to a small extent the expansion or refurbishment of plants, such as the reactivation of old hydropower plants.
The figures include not only investment by utilities, but also investment by industrial businesses, skilled trades, commercial enterprises and private households.
Source: Calculations performed by ZSW
Figure 33: Economic impetus from the operation of renewable energy plants
Wind energy
Hydropower
on- offshore shore
Photovoltaics
Solar
thermal
energy
Geothermal
energy,
ambient heat
Biomasse
electricity
Biomass
heat
Biomass
fuels
Total
(billion Euro)
2000
0.3
0.2
–
–
–
0.2
0.2
1.2
0.2
2.2
2001
0.3
0.2
–
–
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.2
0.3
2.5
2002
0.3
0.3
–
–
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.2
0.5
2.8
2003
0.3
0.4
–
–
0.1
0.2
0.4
1.2
0.7
3.3
2004
0.3
0.5
–
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.5
1.3
0.9
3.8
2005
0.3
0.6
–
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.7
1.5
1.8
5.3
2006
0.3
0.6
–
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.1
1.7
3.2
7.4
2007
0.3
0.7
–
0.3
0.1
0.4
1.6
1.9
3.8
9.0
2008
0.3
0.8
–
0.4
0.1
0.4
1.9
2.0
3.5
9.5
2009
0.3
0.9
–
0.5
0.2
0.5
2.4
2.3
2.4
9.4
2010
0.3
1.0
–
0.8
0.2
0.6
2.8
2.7
2.9
11.3
2011
0.3
1.1
–
1.0
0.2
0.7
3.3
2.7
3.7
12.9
2012
0.3
1.2
–
1.2
0.2
0.8
4.1
2.9
3.7
14.4
2013
0.3
1.4
0.1
1.3
0.2
0.9
4.2
3.1
3.1
14.4
2014
0.3
1.5
0.1
1.4
0.2
0.9
4.5
2.8
2.7
14.4
Source: Calculations performed by ZSW
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
In addition to investment, plant operation is also of economic importance. Due to the attendant need for personnel, electricity (ancillary energy), replacement parts and
fuel, operating (and maintaining) plants sends economic
impulses to other sectors as well. The operating expenses
incurred by the operator lead to corresponding amounts
of revenue for suppliers. These revenues have risen steadily
in past years in tandem with the growing number of plants
that have been installed. For example, in the years from
2000 to 2012 revenues rose almost constantly, from
EUR 2.2 billion to EUR 14.4 billion. In the years 2013 and
2014 changes occurring in different sectors compensated
each other, resulting in an unchanged total.
impulses from the operation of wind energy and photo­
voltaic plants, geothermal and ambient heat plants and
hydropower and solar thermal plants. The economic
impulses that are generated in the form of operating costs
and/or revenues from the sale of biofuel provide a longterm boost to the economy because they are incurred continually over the entire life of the plants (usually 20 years)
and increase with every additional plant that is installed.
More information on the method used can be found in
section 3 of the Annex.
In contrast to the other renewable energy plants, biomass
plants need fuel in order to generate electricity and heat.
Because of these fuel costs, biomass plants account for the
largest portion of the economic impulses resulting from
plant operation. This is followed by revenues generated by
the sale of biofuels (there is a downward trend here as a
result of the lower fuel prices), and then the economic
Figure 34: Economic impetus from the operation of renewable energy plants, 2014
in billion Euros
Geothermal energy, ambient heat 0.9 (6.2 %)
1.5 (10.7 %) Wind energy onshore
Solar thermal energy 0.2 (1.5 %)
0.1 (0.9 %) Wind energy offshore
Photovoltaics 1.4 (9.6 %)
0.3 (1.9 %) Hydropower
Biomass fuel 2.7 (18.4 %)
Total:
14.4 billion Euros
4.5 (31.1 %) Biomass electricity
2.8 (19.7 %) Biomass heat
Source: Calculations performed by ZSW
25
26
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Electricity quantities and payments under the
Electricity Feed-In Act and the Renewable
Energy Sources Act
their regular fuel. Electricity incentivised under the EEG is
only part of the total electricity generated from renewable
energy sources, as shown in figure 35.
Germany began promoting renewable energy in 1991
with the entry into force of the Electricity Feed-In Act
(StromEinspG). The StromEinspG used fixed feed-in tariffs
to encourage the construction of new renewable energy
plants, especially wind turbines on land. After nearly ten
years, it was replaced by the Renewable Energy Sources
Act (EEG) on 1 April 2000. Renewable energy plants constructed under the StromEinspG regime now receive their
assistance through the EEG.
The EEG has proven successful at promoting greater use of
renewable energy sources. The production of electricity
from renewable energy sources has increased significantly
since its introduction in 2000: from 36 billion kilowatt
hours to more than 161 billion kilowatt hours in 2014.
The average annual growth is around nine billion kilowatt
hours. Almost all of this growth is due to electricity that
qualifies for EEG payments. The EEG has driven the growth
of wind, photovoltaics and biomass production capacity in
particular. Photovoltaic power generation, for example,
has risen by an enormous multiple, climbing from nearly
0.1 billion kilowatt hours in 2000 to over 35 billion kilowatt
hours.
Since August 2014 the EEG has generally required operators
of larger, newly built plants to market their electricity
themselves. For every kilowatt-hour fed into the grid they
receive a “market premium”, which is generally granted for
20 years. Furthermore the EEG states that the renewably
generated electricity should be fed into the electricity grid
before all other types of electricity. To qualify for EEG
funding, plants must generate electricity from a renewable
energy source such as wind or solar energy, and the level of
compensation may vary in line with the size of the plant.
In the former standard EEG scenario, plant operators feed in
their electricity in return for a fixed payment. In 2009, a
direct marketing option was added to the EEG. This option
was then made mandatory in 2014 with the 2014 amendment to the EEG. This was done with the aim of improving
the integration of renewable energy into the existing electricity system. This arrangement was designed to encourage
the generation of electricity as and where it is needed and to
open up innovative, new distribution channels for renew­
able electricity.
The EEG does not, however, incentivise all electricity generated from renewable energy sources. For example, it does
not allow payments for large hydropower plants or conventional power stations that incinerate biomass alongside
Figure 35: Electricity generation from renewable energy sources with remuneration under the StromEinspG
and the EEG and without remuneration
in billion kWh
175
EEG 2012
as of 1 January 2012
140
25
35
0
EEG 2000
as of 1 April 2000
StromEinspG
as of 1 January 1991
16
18
19
20
22
22
18
18
21
18
22
10
20
18
20
17
25
28
39
19
44
22
19
20
52
67
71
75
82
103
118
126
136
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Electricity with remuneration under the StromEinspG
1
2
21
EEG 2004
as of 1 August 2004
70
22
25
21
EEG 2009
as of 1 January 2009
105
27
Electricity with remuneration under the EEG1
Renewables-based electricity without remuneration2
electricity consumed on-site, fed into the grid and remunerated under the EEG
electricity generated from large hydropower plants and biomass (combusted alongside regular fuel in conventional power stations, including the biogenic fraction of waste)
and feed-in and self-consumption of solar electricity that is not eligible for EEG payments.
Sources: VDEW [25]; TSO [7]; ZSW
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
The amount of electricity being generated (that is remunerated under the EEG) has risen from some ten billion kilowatt hours in the year 2000 to 136 billion kilowatt hours. In
the past, this rapid growth in renewable power generation
capacity drove up EEG payments. These payments stood at
roughly EUR 0.9 billion in 2000 (EEG payments after 1 April
2000) but have since risen to approximately EUR 24 billion
in 2014. In addition to the increase in the amount of electricity being generated that is remunerated under the EEG,
this increase has been due primarily to the cost of techno-
27
logical advances, in particular of photovoltaics. However,
payment rates for new EEG plants could be reduced owing
to the technological advances. It will therefore be consider­
ably less costly to expand renewable energy capacity in
future.
EEG payments should not be misunderstood as the costs of
the EEG. Actually, the proceeds from selling electricity on
the electricity exchange must be deducted from the EEG
payments (see the following section for details).
Figure 36: Electricity quantities and payments under the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)
20001
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2013
2014
4,114
6,579
4,616
4,924
4,982
5,665
5,417
6,265
5,645
–
–
2,589
2,789
2,208
1,963
1,769
1,776
1,648
586
2,442
5,241
10,902
18,947
25,155
34,321
36,258
38,313
–
–
–
–
18
28
25
80
98
5,662
15,786
25,509
30,710
40,574
37,619
49,949
50,803
55,907
Offshore wind energy
–
–
–
–
–
174
722
905
1,449
Solar irradiation energy
(Photovoltaics)
29
162
557
2,220
4,420
11,729
26,128
29,606
33,001
10,391
24,970
38,511
51,545
71,148
82,331
118,331
125,693
136,061
10,391
24,970
38,511
51,545
71,148
80,745
67,168
56,750
50,553
–
–
–
–
–
1,587
51,163
68,943
85,508
104,810
143,799
152,394
161,379
Hydropower (until 2004 incl. gases)2
Gases2
Biomass
Electricity generation
Geothermal energy
GWh
Onshore wind enery
Total EEG electricity
of which: permanent
compensated electricity3
of which: directly marketed
electricity4
Renewables-based gross
electricity generation5
GWh
GWh
GWh
36,036
45,120
56,632
71,638
93,247
298
477
338
367
379
421
428
513
490
–
–
182
196
156
83
52
58
115
55
232
509
1,337
2,699
4,240
6,265
6,788
7,234
–
–
–
–
3
6
6
19
24
515
1,435
2,301
2,734
3,561
3,316
4,936
4,895
5,423
Offshore wind energy
–
–
–
–
–
26
120
155
253
Solar irradiation energy
15
82
283
1,177
2,219
5,090
9,202
9,485
10,412
Total EEG compensation payment million.
Euro
883
2,225
3,611
5,810
9,016
13,182
21,008
21,913
23,950
Hydropower (until 2004 incl. gases)2
Gases2
Biomass
Compensation
Geothermal energy
million
Euro
Onshore wind enery
of which: permanent
compensation6
of which: market premium or
flexibility premium payment7
Average EEG compensation rate8
883
2,225
3,611
5,810
9,016
13,182
15,416
13,691
12,769
million
Euro
–
–
–
–
–
–
5,592
8,222
111,181
ct/kWh
8.5
8.9
9.4
11.3
12.7
16.3
18.3
17.9
17.8
1
abbreviated year: 01 Apr. – 31 Dec. 2000
2
landfill, sewage and mine gas were listed separately for the first time in 2004
3
including electricity consumed on-site that qualifies for EEG payments; does not include restatements (2002 to 2010) since, according to auditor’s opinions, energy sources cannot be assigned to the additional amounts fed in in previous years
4
direct marketing methods allowed under Article 17 and Article 37 EEG 2009 (“green electricity privilege” and other direct marketing), under Article 33b EEG 2012 (market premium, “green electricity privilege” and other direct marketing), under Article 20 section 1 no. 2 and Article 34 EEG 2014 (promoted and other direct marketing)
5
including electricity that does not qualify for EEG payments (e. g. from large hydropower plants and from biomass combusted alongside regular fuels in conventional power plants)
6
including EEG payments for electricity generated by photovoltaic systems and consumed on-site, before deducting any grid usage charges that were avoided
7
premium payments (market premium, management premium and flexibility premium) including proceeds from electricity sold at power exchanges under the market premium regime (calculated based on the market values published monthly at www.netztransparenz.de)
8
does not include EEG plants marketed using Articles 17 and 37 EEG 2009 as well as Article 33b sections 2 and 3 EEG 2012 (“green electricity privilege” and other direct marketing),
Article 20 section 1 no. 2 EEG 2014 (other direct marketing). The average payment is slightly overestimated starting in 2010 since these plants generally have relatively low payment rates
More information is available on the website of the German Transmission Service Operators (TSO) information platform at www.netztransparenz.de and at the information platform operated by the
Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy at www.erneuerbare-energien.de in the document “EEG in Zahlen: Vergütungen, Differenzkosten und EEG-Umlage 2000 – 2015”.
Sources: TSO [7]; ZSW
28
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Development of the EEG surcharge
The amendment to the Renewable Energy Sources Act
(EEG) that took effect on 1 August 2014 requires operators
of newly built plants to market their electricity themselves.
For this they receive a market premium from the grid operator. The market premium compensates the difference between the fixed EEG payment and the average spot electricity price and represents an important component of the
“EEG differential costs”.
Every 15 October, transmission system operators calculate the EEG surcharge for the coming year. The surcharge
is based on forecasts made in accordance with the provisions of the Equalisation Scheme Ordinance (AusglMechV).
Before calculating the EEG surcharge, the transmission system operators first have to determine the aggregate EEG
surcharge. It consists of three components. In addition to
the forecasted support costs for renewable energy in the
following calendar year, they include a liquidity reserve
to cover future forecast errors and an account settlement
charge to offset past forecast errors. The EEG account is
settled on 30 September of every year. Further information
on how the forecast is calculated can be found on the
grid operators’ EEG information platform
www.netztransparenz.de (in German only).
Aggregate EEG surcharge = Forecasted support costs
in the following year
+ Account settlement
(EEG account settled on
30 September)
+ Liquidity reserve
(no more than ten percent of the support costs)
The aggregate EEG surcharge and the EEG surcharge fell
for the first time in 2015. This was largely due to the positive development of the EEG account which had a positive
balance of EUR 1.4 billion as of 30 September 2014. In
addition, the revision of the Special Equalisation Scheme
undertaken in connection with the amendment of the
Renewable Energy Sources Act in 2014 positively impacted
the EEG surcharge. The payment rates for new EEG plants
were in part significantly lowered and an expansion corridor was introduced. This was done to make the continued
expansion of renewable energy sources more predictable,
reliable and, most importantly, more cost-effective.
In general the EEG requires every electricity utility and
self-supplier to pay the EEG surcharge. Electricity utilities pass this cost component on to the final consumer.
However, it is beneficial to exempt some consumers from
paying the EEG surcharge – namely, large electro-intensive enterprises that compete internationally and railroad
companies. The Special Equalisation Scheme was introduced in 2004 to minimise the impact of the EEG surcharge
on the global competitiveness of large electro-intensive enterprises and the intermodal competitiveness of railroad
companies [26].
In 2014, the scheme exempted a total of 2,098 companies
that consume around 108 billion kilowatt hours of electricity from some of their EEG surcharges. This group accounts
for about 23 percent of total final consumption in Germany (net electricity consumption minus electricity generated and consumed on-site). It should be noted that the companies were not exempted from all their EEG surcharges;
privileged companies have to pay a proportion of the EEG
surcharge – 15 percent as a rule – and thus contribute to
EEG financing. All told, the privileged and non-privileged
German industrial sector will pay nearly one-third
(EUR 6.6 billion) of the aggregate EEG surcharge in 2015
[27]. However, the exemptions still concentrate the aggregate EEG surcharge onto a smaller amount of electricity
known as “non-privileged final consumption”. As a result,
the EEG surcharge rises for all non-privileged final consumers. This effect has become more pronounced in recent years, but this is not due to changes in the regulation
as much as the increase in the aggregate EEG surcharge. For
details, see “Hintergrundinformationen zur Besonderen
Ausgleichsregelung” at the information platform
www.erneuerbare-energien.de (in German only).
The EEG surcharge is calculated by allocating the aggregate
EEG surcharge to non-privileged final consumption. The
aggregate EEG surcharge for 2015 is EUR 21.8 billion. The
forecasted differential costs of renewable energy in 2015
account for approximately EUR 21.1 billion of this amount.
The remaining EUR 0.7 billion must be spent on account
settlement and building up the liquidity reserve. The costs
are allocated to nearly 354 billion kilowatt hours of (forecasted) non-privileged final consumption, which produces
a 2015 EEG surcharge of 6.17 cents per kilowatt hour.
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
Figure 37: Development of the aggregate EEG surcharge
in billion Euro
25
23.6
21.8
20.4
20
15
13.5
10
14.1
8.2
5
1.1
1.7
1.8
2002
2003
2.4
3.0
4.3
4.8
5.3
3.8
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
2001
2004
2005
Hydropower, gases & geothermal energy
Biomass
Balance of other costs and revenues
Liquidity reserve and EEG account adjustment
Wind energy (onshore)
2010*
2011*
2012*
Wind energy (offshore)
2013*
2014*
2015*
Photovoltaics
Aggregate EEG surcharge
Calculated EEG differential costs of all electricity suppliers for 2001 to 2009 based on transmission system operators’ annual statements and the assumptions concerning the average value
of EEG electricity
* from 2010 Transmission system operators’ forecast of EEG surcharge in accordance with the Equalisation Scheme Ordinance (AusglMechV), published on www.netztransparenz.de
The item “Balance of other costs and revenues” includes revenues from paying the minimum surcharge due to privileged final consumption, cost of green electricity privilege and expenditure
by transmission system operators on profile service, exchange listing admission, trading platform connectivity and interest charges.
Geothermal electricity generation not shown due to the small EEG differential costs.
Source: Own calculations based on TSO [7] and ZSW, details at www.erneuerbare-energien.de
Figure 38: Development of EEG surcharge
cents per kilowatt hour
7
6.24
6.17
2014*
2015*
6
5.28
5
4
3.53
3.59
3
2.05
2
1
0
0.25
0.36
0.37
2001
2002
2003
0.54
0.70
2004
2005
1.03
1.16
1.32
0.89
2006
2007
2008
2009
Hydropower, gases & geothermal energy
Biomass
Balance of other costs and revenues
Liquidity reserve and EEG account adjustment
Wind energy (onshore)
See the notes on figure 37
Source: Own calculations based on TSO [7] and ZSW, details at www.erneuerbareenergien.de
2010*
2011*
Wind energy (offshore)
EEG surcharge
2012*
2013*
Photovoltaics
29
30
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
●●
EEG surcharge =
Aggregate EEG surcharge
Non-privileged final consumption
The aggregate EEG surcharge has risen steadily since 2000
and so has the EEG surcharge. The technologies that
represent the largest share of the 2015 EEG surcharge
are photovoltaics (43 percent), biomass (25 percent) and
onshore wind energy (19 percent). A share of three percent
is set aside for past and future forecast errors (account
settlement and liquidity reserve).
Promotion of renewable energy in the
heating sector
The Market Incentive Programme
The Market Incentive Programme (Marktanreizprogramm
– MAP) promotes investment in renewable energy to
meet the demand for heating and cooling in buildings and
industrial or commercial processes. The details of this assistance are laid down in funding rules. These “Guidelines
on support for measures for the use of renewable energy
sources in the heat market” are amended as necessary to
bring them into line with the latest technology and market
developments. The MAP was revised in 2015 and a new
version of the funding guidelines went into effect on
1 April 2015. This revision sets new standards for the heating sector through its innovative elements that include the
establishment of an output-based support for solar thermal
power and rigorous efficiency criteria. The expansion of
renewable energy sources in the heating market is to be
stepped up with the help of improved incentives. The revision also opened up the programme to an even greater
degree to the commercial/industrial sector.
The Market Incentive Programme provides two kinds of
support. Depending on the nature and size of the plant
●●
investment grants are made through the Federal Office
of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für
Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle – BAFA) for small
installations, primarily in existing buildings; such
applications mainly come from private investors in
the single-family or two-family homes segment, and
reduced-interest loans with repayment grants may be
provided under the KfW’s Renewable Energy programme (premium variant) for larger heating solutions
and for heating grids and storage solutions. Investments
of this kind are mostly made for commercial or local
government use.
From 2000 to 2014, total investment grants amounted to
approximately EUR 1.33 billion for some 1.14 million solar
thermal plants and approximately EUR 660 million for
some 366,000 small-scale biomass heating systems. The
resulting investment totalled about EUR 9.9 billion in the
solar segment and approximately EUR 5.3 billion in the
biomass segment.
Efficient heat pumps have been eligible for assistance
since 2008. From 2008 to 2014, some 90,000 investment
grants totalling roughly EUR 222 million were approved.
The resulting volume of investment totalled around
EUR 1.6 billion.
The KfW Renewable Energy Premium programme approved
19,031 reduced-interest loans with repayment grants from
2000 to 2014. The total volume of loans granted came to
around EUR three billion and the volume of repayment
grants totalled some EUR 720 million. This assistance was
provided, for example, for solar thermal plants with large
collector areas, biomass plants with relatively high outputs,
deep geothermal plants, and for local heating grids and heat
storage facilities supplied from renewable energy sources.
All in all, using EUR 266 million in funding, the MAP
market incentive programme stimulated EUR one billion
in investment in 2014.
More information regarding the MAP market incentive
programme is available on the website of the Federal
Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) at
www.bmwi.de and the BMWi’s renewable energy
information portal at www.erneuerbare-energien.de.
Information on MAP investment grants is available from
the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control
(Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle – BAFA),
phone +49 6196 908-1625, www.bafa.de (section entitled
“Energie/ Heizen mit Erneuerbaren Energien”, German
only) and www.heizen-mit-erneuerbaren-energien.de.
Details on the KfW Renewable Energy Premium programme under the MAP umbrella are available on the
KfW website at www.kfw.de.
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
31
Figure 39: Assistance funding and resulting investment volumes of Market Incentive Programme
in million Euros
3500
3,045
3000
2500
2,150
2000
1,713
1,635
1,499
1500
1,307
1,220
1000
873
979
1,328
1,227
989
890
633
500
0
359
136
47
2000
2001
Investment volume
117
2002
125
102
2003
2004
165
131
2005
2006
150
2007
237
2008
426
2009
346
2010
229
2011
301
2012
321
2013
266
2014
Of which funding volume
Source: BMWi
Promotion of renewable energy research and
development
Aims and key areas of research funding
The overarching aims of research funding are to
Research and development projects on energy technology
receive funding under the German government’s Energy
Research Programme. The Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy (BMWi) is responsible for providing
the funding for applied research and development projects
relating to renewable energy.
Funding innovations helps conserve scarce resources,
reduce dependence on energy imports, and protect the
environment and climate. Technical innovations improve
plant reliability, reduce costs and ensure the security of
energy supply as renewable energy accounts for a growing
share of the electricity in the German grid.
The BMWi also funds research and development relating to
site attractiveness and labour market conditions in order to
strengthen the competitiveness and leading international
position of German companies and research institutions.
●●
expand the use of renewable energy as part of the
German government’s sustainability, energy and climate
policies,
●●
significantly reduce the costs of heat and electricity
generated from renewable sources,
●●
make German companies and research institutions more
competitive internationally and thereby create jobs with
a future.
To achieve these aims, the BMWi has set the following
priorities:
●●
optimise the German energy system with regard to the
growing share of renewable energy sources,
●●
ensure the rapid transfer of know-how and technology
from research to the marketplace,
●●
ensure the environmentally sound expansion of
renewable energy technologies, e. g. by means of
resource-conserving production methods (recyclingfriendly plant design) and supporting ecological
research.
32
PA RT I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N G E R M A N Y
In 2014, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and
Energy (BMWi) approved a total of 341 new projects with
an overall volume of about EUR 189 million in the following fields: photovoltaics, geothermal energy, wind energy,
SystEEm (funding priority: regenerative energy supply
systems and the integration of renewable energy sources),
low-temperature solar thermal energy, solar thermal
power plants, marine energy, international cooperation,
supporting ecological research and cross-sectoral issues
(see figure 40).
More information is available in BMWi’s 2014 annual
“Innovation durch Forschung” (Innovation through
Research) report and its regularly updated overview of
current research projects.
The website (www.ptj.de) of Projektträger Jülich, the project
executing agency commissioned by the BMWi, includes
information on funding and on applications for funding
programmes for research in the area of renewable energy.
Figure 40: Recently approved renewable energy projects
2011
2012
Number
1,000
Euro
Share
in %
Photovoltaics
90
66,430
Wind energy
68
Geothermal energy
2013
Number
1,000
Euro
Share
in %
28.1
80
65,430
81,210
34.3
75
37
21,440
9.1
Low-temp. solar
thermal energy
21
9,367
Solar thermal
power plants
16
SystEEm1
2014
Number
1,000
Euro
Share
in %
24.7
35
33,990
78,310
29.5
56
29
17,430
6.7
4.0
29
9,981
8,890
3.6
25
26
26,269
11.1
Cross-sectoral
research
17
4,896
Other
4
Total
279
1
Number
1,000
Euro
Share
in %
21.8
90
66,910
35.4
36,750
23.6
63
38,510
20.4
25
19,210
12.4
15
12,650
6.7
3.8
25
9,945
6.4
15
6,500
3.4
18,020
6.8
14
8,650
5.6
22
7,440
3.9
80
65,571
24.7
66
38,519
24.8
114
51,881
27.5
2.1
13
4,780
1.8
16
4,101
2.6
12
2,673
1.4
18,000
7.7
10
5,733
2.0
7
4,375
2.8
10
2,424
1.3
236,502
100.0
341
265,255
100.0
244
155,540
100.0
341
188,988
100.0
SystEEm: integration of renewable energy sources and regenerative energy supply systems
Source: BMWi
33
Part II: Renewable energy in the European
Union
The June 2009 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources sets ambitious targets: Renewable sources are to account for 20 percent of gross final energy consumption and
at least ten percent of final energy consumption in transport by 2020.
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council entered into force on 25 June 2009. This EU
Directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources
is part of the European climate and energy package which
is based on the resolutions passed on 9 March 2007 at the
spring summit of the heads of state and government (European Council). The binding objective of this Directive is to
raise the renewables-based share of total gross final energy
consumption in the EU from about 8.5 percent in 2005 to
20 percent in 2020.
To reach the EU’s 20 percent target, this Directive lays
down national overall targets for the share of energy from
renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy in
2020. These national targets were determined on the basis
of the 2005 baseline figures and each country’s individual
potential. They range from ten percent for Malta to 49 percent for Sweden. Germany’s national target is 18 percent.
In addition, the Directive requires all Member States to
use renewable sources to generate at least ten percent of
the energy consumed in transport. This includes not only
biofuels, but also other forms of renewable energy such as
renewables-based electricity consumed by electric vehicles
or in rail transport.
scheme to exhaust as much of their potential as possible.
The Directive also introduced flexible cooperation mechanisms which give Member States the option of working
together as needed in order to reach their targets. These
cooperation mechanisms include the statistical transfer of
renewable energy surpluses, joint projects to promote the
use of renewable energy, and (partial) mergers of national
incentive schemes of two or more Member States. In addition, the Directive requires electricity generated from
renewable sources to be given priority access to the grid. It
has also defined the first-ever sustainability requirements
for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy
applications.
The Directive represents the first EU-wide regulation that
covers all energy applications of renewable energy sources.
As such, it provides a sound EU-wide legal framework for
making necessary investments and thus a solid foundation
for the continued successful expansion of renewable energy capacity until 2020.
The Directive assumes that the national targets will be
achieved mainly through national incentive schemes.
Member States are free to design their respective incentive
General note:
European and international statistics on the generation and use of renewable energy in Germany do not always match the statistics provided
by German sources. This is due to the use of different data sources and accounting methods.
To ensure consistency, the international statistics are used for Germany in this section on Europe. As a rule, however, the more detailed information from national sources on the preceding pages is more reliable.
34
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Progress report of the European Commission
pursuant to Article 23 of Directive 2009/28/EC
The trajectory will become steeper as time goes on, and
most states will not have to make significant efforts to
reach their goals until they are close to the deadline. The
Member States were given seven years – until 2012 – to
reach at least 20 percent of their respective national target.
The next ten percent must be reached by the end of 2014.
Then they must achieve the next 15 percent by the year
2016, 20 percent by 2018, and as much as 35 percent in the
last two years up to the end of 2020 [30].
Every two years, the European Commission prepares a
progress report documenting the progress made by each
country in reaching the targets set out in the EU Directive.
The European Commission’s report is based on national
progress reports submitted every two years by EU Member
States pursuant to Article 22.
The European Commission’s current progress report is
available for download at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/
topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports.
The European Commission published its second renewable
energy progress report in June 2015. The EU as a whole is
on track to achieve the targeted share of renewable energy
in gross final energy consumption. It had already reached
a share of 15.0 percent in 2013 and projections indicate
that this share will increase to 15.3 percent for the year
2014. Based on an analysis of the national progress reports,
26 EU Member States reached their national targets for
2011/2012. This analysis also indicates that 25 EU Member
States will probably reach their targets for 2013/2014.
Figure 41: Renewables-based shares of gross final energy consumption and in the electricity, heat and transport
sector in the EU according to Directive 2009/28/EC
Share in percent
40
34.0
35
30
25.4
25
20
17.0
15.0
15
10
21.4
20.0
16.5
12.0
10.5
10.3
3.5
5
0
RE shares of total
gross FEC
2008
2009
2010
RE shares of gross
electricity consumption2
2011
2012
2013
RE shares of gross FEC
in heating/cooling
arget 2020 acc. to EU directive 2009/28/EC
5.4
RE shares of gross FEC
in transport
Estimate on basis of NREAP1
1
the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) was commissioned by the European Environment Agency to process and evaluate the EU member states’ National Renewable Energy
Action Plans (NREAP). The resulting renewable energy shares for heating/cooling, electricity and transport are entered here as target values. The share for the transport sector does not match
the target value defined in Directive 2009/28/EC.
2
electricity production from wind and hydropower was calculated using the normalisation rule defined in the EU Directive for the purpose of calculating the share of renewable energy in
gross electricity consumption.
Sources: Eurostat [3]; ECN [31]
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
35
Figure 42: Renewable shares of gross final energy consumption and of gross final energy consumption for electricity
RE shares of gross final
energy consumption (%)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
RE shares of gross final energy consumption
for electricity1 (%)
2013
Target
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Belgium
3.8
5.2
5.7
6.1
7.4
7.9
13
4.6
6.2
7.1
9.1
11.3
12.3
Bulgaria
10.5
12.2
14.1
14.3
16.0
19.0
16
10.0
11.3
12.7
12.9
15.8
18.9
Denmark
18.6
20.0
22.0
23.4
25.6
27.2
30
25.9
28.3
32.7
35.9
38.7
43.1
Germany
8.5
9.9
10.4
11.4
12.1
12.4
18
15.1
17.4
18.1
20.9
23.6
25.6
Estonia
18.9
23.0
24.6
25.5
25.8
25.6
25
2.1
6.1
10.4
12.3
15.8
13.0
Finland
31.4
31.5
32.5
32.9
34.5
36.8
38
27.3
27.3
27.6
29.4
29.5
31.1
France
11.2
12.3
12.8
11.2
13.6
14.2
23
14.3
15.0
14.7
16.2
16.4
16.9
Greece
8.0
8.5
9.8
10.9
13.4
15.0
18
9.6
11.0
12.3
13.8
16.4
21.2
Ireland
4.1
5.1
5.6
6.6
7.3
7.8
16
11.2
13.4
14.5
17.3
19.5
20.9
Italy
7.3
9.1
10.5
12.1
15.4
16.7
17
16.6
18.8
20.1
23.5
27.4
31.3
Croatia
12.1
13.1
14.3
15.4
16.8
18.0
20
30.8
32.6
34.2
34.2
35.5
38.7
Latvia
29.8
34.3
30.4
33.5
35.8
37.1
40
38.7
41.9
42.1
44.7
44.9
48.8
Lithuania
18.0
20.0
19.8
20.2
21.7
23.0
23
4.9
5.9
7.4
9.0
10.9
13.1
Luxembourg2
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.6
11
3.6
4.1
3.8
4.1
4.6
5.3
Malta
0.2
0.2
1.0
1.4
2.7
3.8
10
–
–
0.1
0.6
1.0
1.6
Netherlands
3.4
4.1
3.7
4.3
4.5
4.5
14
7.5
9.1
9.7
9.8
10.5
10.1
Austria
28.4
30.3
30.8
30.9
32.1
32.6
34
65.2
67.8
65.7
66.0
66.5
68.1
Poland
7.7
8.7
9.2
10.3
10.9
11.3
15
4.4
5.8
6.6
8.2
10.7
10.7
Portugal
23.0
24.4
24.2
24.7
25.0
25.7
31
34.1
37.6
40.7
45.9
47.6
49.2
Romania
20.5
22.7
23.4
21.4
22.8
23.9
24
28.1
30.9
30.4
31.1
33.6
37.5
Sweden
45.2
48.2
47.2
48.9
51.1
52.1
49
53.6
58.3
56.0
59.9
60.0
61.8
Slovakia
7.7
9.3
9.0
10.3
10.4
9.8
14
16.7
17.8
17.8
19.3
20.1
20.8
Slovenia
15.0
19.0
19.3
19.4
20.2
21.5
25
30.0
33.8
32.1
30.8
31.4
32.8
Spain
10.8
13.0
13.8
13.2
14.3
15.4
20
23.7
27.8
29.8
31.6
33.5
36.4
Czech Republic
7.6
8.5
9.5
9.5
11.4
12.4
13
5.2
6.4
7.5
10.6
11.6
12.8
Hungary
6.5
8.0
8.6
9.1
9.5
9.8
13
5.3
7.0
7.1
6.4
6.1
6.6
United Kingdom
2.4
3.0
3.3
3.8
4.2
5.1
15
5.5
6.7
7.4
8.8
10.8
13.9
Cyprus
5.1
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.8
8.1
13
0.3
0.6
1.4
3.4
4.9
6.6
EU
10.5
11.9
12.5
12.9
14.3
15.0
20
17.0
19.0
19.6
21.7
23.5
25.4
See Annex Section 1 regarding the calculation of shares
1
electricity production from wind and hydropower was calculated using the normalisation rule defined in the EU Directive
for the purpose of calculating the share of renewable energy in gross electricity consumption
2
2013 figures Eurostat estimate
Source: Eurostat [3]
Based on EU Directive 2009/28/EC, Member States are
required to adopt a national action plan for achieving
their targets and must regularly report their progress to
the Commission. Germany submitted its second progress
report pursuant to Article 22 of the Directive to the
Commission at the end of 2013. The data contained therein
were used for the tables on pages 35 and 36. The latest
national progress reports can be downloaded from
https://ec.europa.eu/energy/node/70. The Member States
must submit their third progress reports for the reporting
period covering 2013 and 2014 to the Commission at the
end of 2015.
36
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Figure 43: Renewable energy shares of gross final energy consumption in the heating/cooling sector
and in the transport sector
RE shares of gross FEC in heating and cooling (%)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
RE shares of gross FEC for transport (%)
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Belgium
5.0
6.2
6.1
6.3
7.7
8.1
1.3
3.4
4.2
4.0
4.4
4.3
Bulgaria
17.3
21.7
24.4
24.9
27.5
29.2
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.3
5.6
Denmark
28.1
29.5
30.7
32.0
33.5
34.8
0.3
0.4
0.9
3.3
5.5
5.7
Germany
7.4
9.2
9.7
10.4
10.4
10.6
6.0
5.5
6.0
5.9
6.9
6.3
Estonia
35.5
41.8
43.3
44.1
43.1
43.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
Finland
43.4
43.5
44.4
46.2
48.4
50.9
2.4
4.0
3.8
0.4
0.4
9.9
France
13.4
15.2
16.4
16.3
17.3
18.3
5.8
6.2
6.1
0.5
7.1
7.2
Greece
14.3
16.4
17.8
19.4
23.4
26.5
1.0
1.1
1.9
0.7
1.0
1.1
Ireland
3.6
4.3
4.5
5.1
5.4
5.7
1.3
1.9
2.4
3.9
4.1
5.0
Italy
6.4
8.7
10.4
12.2
16.9
18.0
2.3
3.7
4.6
4.7
5.8
5.0
Croatia
10.4
11.6
13.0
15.6
18.3
18.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.4
2.1
Latvia
42.9
47.9
40.7
44.8
47.4
49.7
0.9
1.1
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.1
Lithuania
32.8
34.4
33.2
33.7
35.5
37.7
4.2
4.3
3.6
3.7
4.8
4.6
Luxembourg1
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.0
5.6
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
3.9
Malta
3.6
1.8
8.4
8.1
16.7
23.7
–
–
0.5
1.8
3.1
3.3
Netherlands
2.6
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.4
3.6
2.7
4.3
3.1
4.6
5.0
5.0
Austria
26.8
28.6
30.5
30.7
32.4
33.5
7.5
9.1
8.7
7.7
7.8
7.5
Poland
10.9
11.6
11.7
13.0
13.3
13.9
3.6
5.1
6.3
6.5
6.1
6.0
Portugal
37.5
38.0
33.9
35.2
34.0
34.5
2.3
3.6
5.3
0.4
0.4
0.7
Romania
23.2
26.4
27.2
24.3
25.7
26.2
2.7
3.5
3.2
2.1
4.0
4.6
Sweden
60.9
63.5
60.9
62.5
65.7
67.2
6.3
6.9
7.2
9.5
12.9
16.7
Slovakia
6.1
8.1
7.8
9.1
8.7
7.5
3.9
4.9
4.8
5.0
4.8
5.3
Slovenia
19.2
25.0
25.7
28.4
30.2
31.7
1.5
2.0
2.8
2.1
2.9
3.4
Spain
11.7
13.3
12.6
13.6
14.1
14.9
1.9
3.5
4.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
Czech Republic
11.1
11.8
12.6
13.2
14.1
15.3
2.3
3.7
4.6
0.7
5.6
5.7
Hungary1
8.3
10.5
11.0
12.3
13.4
13.5
4.0
4.2
4.7
5.0
4.6
5.3
United Kingdom
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.6
2.1
2.7
3.1
2.7
3.7
4.4
Cyprus
14.5
16.3
18.2
19.2
20.7
21.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
–
–
1.1
EU
12.0
13.7
14.1
15.0
16.1
16.5
3.5
4.3
4.8
3.4
5.1
5.4
See Annex Section 2 regarding the calculation of shares
1
2013 figures Eurostat estimate
Source: Eurostat [3]
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Estimates of the shares of renewable energy
in gross final energy consumption in Germany
in 2014
Initial estimates and calculations indicate that renewable
energy made up 13.7 percent of gross final energy consumption in 2014, based on the calculation method set out
in the EU Directive. Once again, the previous year’s level
(13.2 percent) was exceeded.
37
The level Germany reached in 2014 exceeded the national
interim target laid down in EU Directive 2009/28/EC for
2013/2014 (9.46 percent). Germany is thus on course to
reach its ambitious targets for renewable energy growth.
Nonetheless, more must be done, especially in heating and
transport, if Germany wishes to attain its targets without
fail in 2020.
Figure 44: Shares of renewable energy sources of gross final energy consumption in Germany and trajectory
according to EU Directive
in percent
Target value
EU Directive
18
20
18
Benchmark
2011/2012
8.2
16
14
12
10
8
6.4
7.2
10.4
9.5
9.1
2007
2008
8.2
11.2
11.9
12.7
Benchmark
2013/2014
9.5
13.7
13.2
Benchmark
2015/2016
11.3
Benchmark
2017/2018
13.7
6
4
2
0
2004
2005
2006
Germanys RE shares of gross FEC
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Germanys trajectory according to EU Directive
The directive contains detailed instructions on how to calculate the share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption.
The data shown in this figure cannot be compared to data on national trends (see pages 8 et seq.) due to the methodology set out in the EU directive.
For explanations of the method used in the EU directive, see Section 1 of the Annex to this brochure.
Sources: BMWi on the basis of AGEE-Stat, ZSW; data as of August 2015; deviations compared with Eurostat due to data updates
2017
2018
2019
2020
38
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Renewables-based electricity generation in the EU
Figure 45: Electricity generation in the EU, 2013
in percent
Biomass 18.4
Natural gas 15.6
27.5 Wind energy
26.9 Nuclear energy
Mineral oil 1.9
Other 1.7
Total electricity
generation1 2013:
about 3,260 bn kWh
Total renewables-based
electricity generation
2013: about 850 bn kWh
0.7 Geothermal
energy
26.2 RE
Coal 27.7
0.5 Solar thermal
power plants
Hydropower 43.4
9.5 Photovoltaics
Other = industrial waste, non-renewable municipal waste, pumped storage, etc.
Marine energy is not shown due to the small quantities involved.
1
does not include net imports, which is why the share of renewable energy is 0.1 percentage points higher than in the following table
Source: ZSW based on Eurostat [32]
Figure 46: Renewables-based electricity generation in the EU
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Biomass2
34.1
36.4
41.9
49.2
60.0
70.1
79.2
Hydropower3
356.3
378.6
318.5
308.3
328.3
312.2
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
20141
88.0
97.7
107.7
123.9
132.8
148.7
157.3
N/A
315.6
314.0
331.7
335.1
376.1
311.7
335.7
370.5
N/A
(bn kWh)
Wind energy
22.3
26.7
36.3
44.2
58.9
70.5
82.3
104.4
119.5
133.1
149.3
179.7
206.0
235.0
247.0
Geoth. Energy
4.8
4.6
4.8
5.4
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.9
5.8
5.9
N/A
Photovoltaics
0.12
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.7
1.5
2.5
3.8
7.4
14.0
22.5
45.3
67.4
80.9
91.3
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.008
0.016
0.10
0.76
1.96
3.78
4.40
N/A
418.0
447.0
402.2
408.1
453.9
460.0
485.7
516.4
562.6
596.0
678.7
677.7
767.8
854.4
N/A
13.7
14.3
12.7
12.6
13.8
13.8
14.4
15.2
16.5
18.4
20.1
20.5
23.2
26.1
N/A
Solar thermal en.
RE
total4
RE share of gross
electrictiy consumption5 (%)
1
provisional figures
2
including biogas, liquid biogenic fuels and the renewable fraction of municipal waste
3
in the case of pumped storage systems, generation from natural inflow only
4
including electricity generated by the La Rance tidal power station in France. In view of the present small contribution of marine energy to total electricity supply,
the time series for this technology is not shown here
5
gross electricity consumption = gross electricity generation plus imports minus exports; not calculated as set out in the EU directive
This overview reflects the present state of available statistics (see sources).
Sources: ZSW based on Eurostat [32], EurObserv’ER [33], [34]
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
39
Figure 47: Renewables-based electricity generation in the EU, 2013
Hydropower
Wind­
energy
Biomass1
Biogas2
Liquid
biogenic
fuels
Photo­
voltaics
Geo­thermal
energy
Total
(bn kWh)
Belgium
0.4
3.6
4.0
0.8
RE share of
gross elec.
consumption3
(%)
0.1
2.6
–
11.6
12.4
Bulgaria
4.1
1.4
0.1
0.016
–
1.4
–
6.9
18.4
Denmark
0.01
11.1
3.9
0.4
–
0.5
–
16.0
44.6
Germany
23.0
51.7
17.1
29.2
0.3
31.0
0.08
152.4
25.4
Estonia
0.03
0.5
0.6
0.02
–
–
–
1.2
12.6
Finland
12.8
0.8
11.9
0.1
–
0.006
–
25.6
29.4
France4
70.5
16.0
3.4
1.5
–
4.7
–
96.5
18.4
Greece
6.3
4.1
–
0.2
–
3.6
–
14.3
24.3
Ireland
0.6
4.5
0.3
0.2
–
–
–
5.6
19.8
Italy
52.8
14.9
5.9
7.4
3.8
21.6
5.7
112.0
33.7
Croatia
8.0
0.5
0.05
0.1
–
0.011
–
8.7
48.3
Latvia
2.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
–
–
–
3.5
46.7
Lithuania
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.06
–
0.045
–
1.5
13.0
Luxembourg
0.1
0.1
0.04
0.1
–
0.07
–
0.4
4.7
–
–
–
0.006
–
0.03
–
0.04
1.7
Netherlands
Malta
0.1
5.6
5.0
1.0
–
0.5
–
12.2
10.3
Austria
42.0
3.2
4.0
0.6
–
0.6
–
50.3
66.6
Poland
2.4
6.0
7.9
0.7
–
0.001
–
17.1
10.7
Portugal
13.7
12.0
2.8
0.2
–
0.5
0.2
29.5
54.1
Romania
15.0
4.5
0.2
0.05
–
0.42
–
20.1
35.4
Sweden
61.4
9.8
11.3
0.02
0.119
0.04
–
82.7
57.8
Slovakia
4.8
0.01
0.7
0.2
–
0.6
–
6.4
22.0
Slovenia
4.6
–
0.1
0.1
–
0.2
–
5.1
34.1
Spain5
36.8
53.9
4.4
0.9
–
8.3
–
108.7
39.3
Czech Republic
2.7
0.5
1.8
2.3
–
2.0
–
9.3
13.3
Hungary
0.2
0.7
1.6
0.3
–
0.03
–
2.8
6.6
United Kingdom
4.7
28.4
12.6
5.9
–
2.0
–
53.7
14.4
Cyprus
EU
–
0.2
–
–
–
0.05
–
0.3
7.6
370.5
235.0
100.1
52.8
4.3
80.9
5.9
854.4
26.1
This overview is based on current available statistics (see source). The data may differ from national statistics due to different methodologies or other reasons.
All data provisional; discrepancies in the totals are due to rounding differences.
1
including the biogenic fraction of municipal waste
2
including sewage and landfill gas
3
this share was calculated on the basis of actual generation with renewable power generation technologies. It is not identical to the share shown on page 35
4
the total includes 0.4 billion kWh of power generated by the La Rance tidal power station
5
the total includes 4.4 billion kWh of power generated in solar power plants
Source: ZSW based on Eurostat [32]
Half the electricity generated in the EU in 2013 was
produced from fossil fuels. The EU Electricity Directive
2001/77/EC helped to drive renewable energy growth in
the electricity sector with the aim of, among other things,
reducing EU Member States’ reliance on imports. In the
Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC, the EU committed
to covering 20 percent of total gross final energy consumption with renewable energy sources by 2020. To achieve this
goal, it will have to increase the renewables share in the
electricity sector to over 30 percent.
40
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Figure 48: Total installed capacity for renewables-based electricity generation in the EU, 2013
in percent
Photovoltaics 22.3 (79.6 GW)
35.2 (125.8 GW) Hydropower
Solar thermal power plants 0.6 (2.3 GW)
Total:
about 360 GW
Geothermal energy 0.2 (0.8 GW)
Wind energy 33.0 (117.9 GW)
1.0 (3.5 GW) Biogenic fraction of waste1
4.6 (16.5 GW) Solid biomass
2.4 (8.7 GW) Biogas2
0.5 (1.9 GW) Biogenic liquid fuels
Provisional figures
Marine energy is not shown due to the small quantities involved.
1 biogenic fraction of waste in waste incineration plants is estimated at 50 percent
2 including landfill gas and sewage gas
Source: ZSW based on Eurostat [35]
Figure 49: Growth rates of installed capacity for renewables-based electricity generation in the EU
in percent
80
70.32
70
63.1
60
51.1
50
40
30
20
10
0
15.8
8.9 7.4
RE total
Hydropower
Average growth rate 2003/2013 (%/a)
1
2
10.8
8.2
1.2 1.0
15.8
15.4
1.3
Solid
biomass1
4.6
Biogas
0.8 1.7
1.2
Biogenic
liquid fuels
Wind
energy
Growth rate 2012/2013 (%)
including biogenic fraction of municipal waste
solar thermal power plant capacity available only since 2006, i.e. average growth rate was calculated for the period 2006/2013
Source: ZSW based on Eurostat [35]
12.5
Photovoltaics
Solar thermal
power plants
Geothermal
energy
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
At the end of 2013, renewables-based power generation
capacity throughout the EU totalled about 360 gigawatts.
The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) estimates
new construction of all power generation technologies in
2014 at a total of 26.9 gigawatts, of which about 79.1 percent used renewables-based power generation technology.
Wind energy was the fastest-growing sector with 11,791.4
megawatts of net new construction, or 43.7 percent of the
power generation capacity added in 2014, closely followed
by photovoltaics at 29.7 percent. Significantly more fossil
fuel power generation capacity (natural gas, coal and fuel
oil) was decommissioned than added.
In the biomass segment, nearly one third of the new capacity added during the year was offset by the decommissioning of other plants. Hydropower capacity saw moderate
expansion, with the addition of 436 megawatts of new
capacity combined with the decommissioning of a total
of 14.9 megawatts of existing capacity. The expansion of
capacity in the nuclear energy sector was reduced to zero.
However, as in the previous year, no further installations
were decommissioned during the year [36].
Figure 50: Capacity added and decommissioned in the electricity sector in the EU, 2014
in MW
15,000
11,791
10,000
8,000
5,000
3,305
2,339
0
0
-424
990
436
-370
-15
Biomass
Hydropower
68 0
45
0
1
0
0
-1,122
-2,962
-5,000
-7,257
-10,000
Wind
energy
New capacity
Photovoltaics
Coal
Natural
gas
Waste
Decommissioned
No change in existing capacities for nuclear and solar thermal plants as well as electricity generation technologies using peat.
Source: EWEA [36]
41
Geothermal
power
Ocean
energy
Fuel oil
42
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Use of wind energy in the EU
Figure 51: Total installed wind energy capacity in the EU at end of 2014
in MW
EU – 128,751.4 MW
of which offshore 8,045 MW
254 kW/1,000 inhabitants
Finland
627.0
Sweden
5,424.8
Estonia
302.7
Denmark
4,845.01
Ireland
2,271.7
Latvia
61.8
Lithuania
279.3
United
Kingdom
12,440.3
Netherl.
2,805.0
Belgium
1,959.0
Germany
39,165.0
Luxembourg
58.3
Relative expansion
50 kW/1,000 inhabitant
100 kW/1,000 inhabitant
200 kW/1,000 inhabitant
500 kW/1,000 inhabitant
1
provisional
Source: EWEA [36]
Romania
2,953.6
Bulgaria
690.5
Italy
8,662.9
Spain
22,986.5
No wind energy use in Malta
Czech Republic
281.5 Slovakia
3.1
Austria
2,095.0 Hungary
329.5
Slovenia
3.2 Croatia
346.5
France
9,285.0
Portugal
4,914.41
Poland
3,833.8
> 500 kW/1,000 inhabitant
Greece
1,979.8
Cyprus
146.7
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
43
of 254 kilowatts of wind turbine capacity that is connected
to the grid. Compared to Denmark with 861 kilowatts of
wind turbine capacity per thousand inhabitants, Germany
has only 485 kilowatts per thousand inhabitants.
The wind industry added more than 50 gigawatts of
capacity worldwide in 2014, making it the best year yet
for this sector. All in all, installed wind turbine capacity
totalled 396.6 gigawatts as of 31 December 2014. China
topped the list in 2014 for expansion (23.2 gigawatts) and
for total installed capacity (114.6 gigawatts).
According to the European Wind Energy Association
(EWEA), the wind energy capacity currently installed in
the EU can generate 284 billion kilowatt hours of renewable electricity in a normal wind year, thereby satisfying
10.2 percent of total electricity consumption1 in the EU [36].
EurObserv’ER estimates actual wind power generation for
the years 2013 and 2014 at 234 and 247 billion kilowatt
hours, respectively [33].
Five other countries have more than 10,000 megawatts of
total installed capacity: the USA (65.9 gigawatts), Germany
(39.2 gigawatts), Spain (23.0 gigawatts), India (22.5 gigawatts)
and the United Kingdom (12.4 gigawatts). The EU accounted for 34.8 percent of global wind energy capacity [37].
The use of wind energy in the EU will continue to rise
steadily. At the end of 2014, total installed wind farm
capacity came to 128,751 megawatts – an increase of
ten percent on the year before. Germany still leads the EU
country rankings for cumulative wind energy capacity, followed by Spain, the United Kingdom, France and Italy [36].
The per capita ranking is different, however. Measured in
terms of per thousand inhabitants, the EU has an average
Figure 52: Development of cumulative wind energy capacity in the EU Member States
in MW
140,000
128,751
Germany 45 %
15 % United Kingdom
120,000
117,384
106,421
Capacity addition 2014
total: 11,791 MW
100,000
94,290
85,699
9 % Sweden
75,989
80,000
60,000
9 % France
Rest of EU 23 %
64,622
56,178
47,664
40,485
40,000
34,259
28,194
23,132
20,000
0
12,730
412
2,206
6,095
2000
Germany
17,293
427
3,397
8,754
2001
Spain
534
4,891
12,001
2002
14,593
2003
1,565
9,918
933
8,317
742
5,945
16,612
2004
United Kingdom
11,722
18,375
2005
20,568
2006
3,447
2,477
1,955
14,820
22,183
2007
16,555
23,815
2008
6,458
5,396
4,420
19,176
20,693
25,629
27,180
2009
2010
21,529
29,060
2011
10,711
8,895
22,789
31,304
2012
22,959
34,250
2013
12,440
22,987
39,165
2014
EU
Total wind energy capacity in 2014 does not correspond exactly to the sum of installed capacity at the end of 2013 plus additions in 2014; this is due to repowering and closures of existing
wind turbines and to data rounding.
Sources: EWEA [36]; Eurostat [35]
1
Basis for the calculation: EU gross electricity consumption in 2012 according to Eurostat
44
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Offshore use of wind energy in the EU
In 2014, another 408 offshore wind turbines in nine wind
farms in EU waters plus a demonstration project were connected to the grid for the first time. Together, this translates
into 1,483 megawatts of additional capacity, 5.3 percent less
than in the previous year. At the end of the year, 2,488 offshore wind turbines with a total capacity of 8,045 mega­watts
were connected to the grid. Most of these wind turbines
were installed in the North Sea (5,094 megawatts). Another
1,809 megawatts are located in the Atlantic Ocean and the
remaining 1,143 megawatts in the Baltic Sea. In a normal
wind year, the currently available capacity can meet about
one percent of the EU’s total electricity consumption2 [38].
The United Kingdom has the highest share in the use
of offshore wind energy. At the end of 2014, some
4,494 megawatts of wind energy capacity was installed
in British waters and connected to the power grid; this
represents 56 percent of total European offshore wind
energy capacity. There are also offshore wind turbines in
Denmark, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden,
Finland, Ireland, Norway, Portugal and Spain [38]. Numer-
ous EU Member States have set targets for further expansion
in their respective National Renewable Energy Action Plan.
If these targets are achieved, total offshore capacity in 2020
could exceed 44 gigawatts [31]. At present, twelve more offshore projects representing a total of nearly three gigawatts
of capacity are under construction. Once completed, they
could raise total offshore capacity to 10.9 gigawatts [38].
Solar energy – electricity
Following the addition of record amounts of photovoltaic
capacity in Europe in 2011 for a total of 22.4 gigawatts of
new capacity, expansion in the following years has slowed
significantly. At 17.6 gigawatts, expansion in 2012 was
already less than 80 percent of the level seen in the record
year. After the addition of some 10.3 gigawatts in 2013, only
approximately seven gigawatts of new capacity were hooked
up to the grid in 2014. The United Kingdom led the rankings
as the largest national market in 2014, adding some 2.3 gigawatts of new capacity to the grid during the year. Germany
ranked second with 1.9 gigawatts, followed by France with
sales of 0.9 gigawatts [22], [43].
Figure 53: Installed offshore wind energy capacity, additional and cumulative
Cumulative offshore wind energy capacity (MW)
Annual capacity addition (MW)
10,000
2,000
9,000
6,562
1,567
15.8 % Denmark
8,000
8,045
1,483
1,800
1,600
13.0 % Germany
7,000
6,000
1,400
United
Kingdom 55.9%
Cumulative
offshore wind energy
capacity at end 2014
8,045 MW
5,000
3.1 % Netherlands
2,000
36
4
86
51
2000
2001
622
90
712
90
804
93
2004
2005
2006
1,123
318
1,000
2,073
577
600
1,496
373
400
200
2002
2003
2007
2008
2009
Total
Finland (26 megawatts), Ireland (25 megawatts), Spain (5 megawatts), Norway (2 megawatts) and Portugal (2 megawatts)
Source: EWEA [38]
2
3,829
874
0
Annual capacity addition
1
256
170
532
276
1,200
800
0.9 % Other1
3,000
0
2,956
883
2.6 % Sweden
4,000
1,000
4,995
1,166
8.8 % Belgium
Basis for the calculation: EU gross electricity consumption in 2012 according to Eurostat
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Globally, photovoltaics sales reached nearly 40 gigawatts
as of the end of 2014 according to estimates issued by the
International Energy Agency (IEA), exceeding the previous
year’s level of some 38 gigawatts. Consequently, photovoltaic installations with a total capacity of 177 gigawatts were
installed worldwide at the end of 2014. The IEA estimates
that a minimum of 200 billion kilowatt hours of electricity
could be generated during the year 2015 using the photovoltaic plants that are installed around the world [22].
Solar thermal power plants are also used to generate
electricity with solar energy. However, a certain level
of insolation – the degree of solar radiance striking the
collectors – is necessary in order for this technology to
be commercially viable. In Europe, this level is only found
in Mediterranean countries. An attractive feed-in tariff
made Spain the leader in commercialising this technology
in both the EU and worldwide in recent years. All told,
99.7 percent of total EU capacity was commissioned in
Spain. A total of 50 plants with an aggregate capacity of
2,304 megawatts were connected to the grid in Spain as of
the 31 December 2014. These plants generated more than
five gigawatts of electricity in 2014, representing 2.1 percent of Spain’s total electricity requirements [44], [45].
45
Globally, 120 solar thermal power plants (including pilot
and demonstration plants) were in operation in 20 countries as of 31 December 2014. EurObserv’ER estimates place
the total capacity of these plants at approximately 4.3 gigawatts. Worldwide, capacity equalling a further 1.2 gigawatts
is currently under construction. Measured in terms of new
construction, the USA was the most important market in
2014. There a total of 1,808 megawatts of solar-thermal
capacity was connected to the grid as of 31 December 2014,
after 767 megawatts of new construction were added in the
course of the year [44].
46
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Figure 54: Total installed photovoltaic capacity in the EU at the end of 2014
in MWpeak
EU – 86,674 MWp
171 Wp/inhabitant
Finland
10
Sweden
79
Estonia
0.2
Denmark
602
Ireland
1
Latvia
1.5
Lithuania
68
United
Kingdom
5,230
Netherl.
1,100
Poland
24
Belgium
Germany
3,105
38,301
Czech Republic
Luxembourg
2,061 Slovakia
110
590
Austria
France1
771
Hungary
5,600
38
Slovenia
Romania
1,293
256 Croatia
34
Portugal
419
Bulgaria
1,020
Italy
18,450
Spain
4,787
Relative Expansion
≤ 10 Wp /inhabitant
≤ 100 Wp /inhabitant
≤ 200 Wp /inhabitant
Estimated figures
≤ 300 Wp /inhabitant
1
> 300 Wp /inhabitant
including overseas departments
Source: ZSW based on EurObserv’ER [34]
Malta
54
Greece
2,603
Cyprus
65
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Solar energy – heat supply
Estimates by EurObserv’ER indicate that about 2.1 gigawatts of solar collector capacity were added in the EU
in 2014, corresponding to an additional collector area
of around three million square metres. At the end of 2014,
cumulative solar collector capacity in the EU stood at
around 33 gigawatts (or 47.1 million square metres) [44].
Globally, nearly 375 thermal gigawatts of solar collector
capacity were in operation at the end of 2013, or roughly
535 million square metres of collector area. Based on
estimates issued by the IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme (IEA SHC), 406 gigawatts of collector capacity
could be in operation at the end of 2014. These solar power
plants could produce 341 billion kilowatt hours (1,228 PJ)
of power and avoid some 119 million tonnes of carbon
dioxide. An estimated 460,000 people were employed in
the solar thermal sector worldwide in 2014 [46].
At the end of 2014, Europe had 227 large-scale plants
with an aggregate capacity of 551 megawatts (or roughly
787,500 square metres) in operation. 210 of these large
plants (> 500 square metres; > 350 kilowatts) were used for
solar local and district heating systems, while the remaining 17 plants were integrated into cooling grids [46].
Figure 55: Total installed solar thermal capacity in the EU, 2014
in MWth
EU – 32,987 MWth respectively
47,124,004 m2
65 Wth/inhabitant
Finland
35
Sweden
329
Estonia
7
Latvia
13
Denmark
661
Ireland
211
Lithuania
10
United
Kingdom
478
Netherl.
Poland
627
1,221
Belgium
Germany
410
12,591
Czech Republic
Luxembourg
732
33
Slovakia
1
Austria
118
France
3,616 Hungary
1,932
150
Slovenia
151 Croatia
111
Portugal
794
Estimated figures, th = thermal
1
including overseas departments
Source: ZSW based on EurObserv’ER [44]
Spain
2,417
47
Relative expansion
≤ 10 Wth/inhabitant
≤ 50 Wth/inhabitant
≤ 100 Wth/inhabitant
≤ 500 Wth/inhabitant
> 500 Wth/inhabitant
Romania
123
Bulgaria
59
Italy
2,655
Malta
35
Greece
3,001
Cyprus
469
48
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
Renewables-based motor fuels in the EU
By 2020, renewable energy is supposed to account for at
least ten percent of final energy consumption in transport in the individual EU Member States. This target was
stipulated in EU Directive 2009/28/EC. The roadmap for
achieving it is spelled out at national level in the Member
States’ respective National Renewable Energy Action Plan.
According to an evaluation of these action plans by the
Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), demand
for biodiesel in the EU Member States could rise to around
252 billion kilowatt hours by 2020 (including 91 billion
kilowatt hours of imports). Demand for bioethanol is also
expected to increase to 85 billion kilowatt hours (including
37.4 billion kilowatt hours of imports) [31]. According to a
recent study by EurObserv’ER, consumption of biodiesel
and bioethanol in the EU in 2014 came to around 130 and
31 billion kilowatt hours, respectively. After a significant
year-on-year decline in biodiesel consumption in 2013,
demand increased in 2014. According to EurObserv’ER estimates the consumption still remained under the figure of
2012 (168 billion kilowatt hours). 89 percent of the biofuel
consumed in the EU in 2014 complied the sustainability
criteria prescribed by EU directive 2009/28/EC [48].
Figure 56: Biofuel consumption in the EU member states
2013
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
20141
Other2
Total
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
(bn kWh)
Other2
Total
(bn kWh)
Belgium
0.6
3.3
–
3.8
0.4
4.1
–
4.5
Bulgaria
0.1
1.1
–
1.2
–
0.6
–
0.6
Denmark3
–
2.6
–
2.6
–
3.1
–
3.1
Germany
9.0
21.2
0.5
30.7
9.2
22.2
0.6
32.0
Estonia
0.04
–
–
0.04
0.04
–
–
0.04
Finland
0.8
1.5
0.3
2.7
0.8
1.5
0.02
2.4
France
4.6
26.7
–
31.3
4.8
29.6
–
34.4
Greece
–
1.4
–
1.4
–
1.6
–
1.6
Ireland
0.3
0.9
0.001
1.2
0.3
1.0
–
1.3
Italy
0.7
13.7
–
14.4
0.1
12.3
–
12.4
Croatia
–
0.3
–
0.3
–
0.3
–
0.3
Latvia
0.08
0.1
–
0.2
0.08
0.1
–
0.2
Lithuania
0.08
0.6
–
0.7
0.08
0.7
–
0.7
Luxembourg
0.01
0.6
0.002
0.6
0.04
0.8
0.001
0.8
–
0.03
–
0.03
–
0.05
–
0.05
Malta
Netherlands
1.5
2.0
–
3.5
1.5
2.6
–
4.1
Austria
0.7
5.4
–
6.0
0.7
5.6
–
6.3
Poland
1.7
6.8
–
8.5
1.7
6.9
–
8.6
Portugal
0.05
3.2
–
3.2
0.06
3.4
–
3.4
Romania
0.4
1.9
0.1
2.4
0.4
1.9
0.1
2.4
Sweden
2.1
6.2
0.9
9.2
1.9
8.0
1.0
10.9
Slovakia
0.6
0.9
–
1.6
0.6
0.9
–
1.6
Slovenia
0.06
0.5
–
0.6
0.07
0.3
–
0.3
Spain
2.0
8.5
–
10.5
2.1
9.3
–
11.4
4.0
Czech Republic
0.6
2.6
–
3.2
0.9
3.1
–
Hungary
0.4
1.0
0.2
1.6
0.5
1.1
0.2
1.8
United Kingdom
4.8
7.0
–
11.8
4.7
8.8
–
13.5
–
0.2
–
0.2
–
0.2
–
0.2
31.1
120.3
2.0
153.5
31.1
129.8
1.9
162.8
Cyprus
EU
1
estimate by EurObserv’ER
2
biogas in Germany, Sweden and Finland; vegetable oil consumption and not exactly specified biofuels particularly in Germany, Romania, Hungary and Luxembourg
3
figure for biodiesel contains a share of bioethanol; no data for single biofuels available
Source: EurObserv’ER [48]
PA RT I I : R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N
49
Revenue from renewable energy in the EU
Figure 57: Revenue from renewable energy, 2013
Wind
­energy
Solid
Biomasse
Photo­
voltaics
Biofuels
Heat
pumps1
Biogas
Hydropower
<10 MW
Solar
­thermal
energy
Geoth.
energy
Total
(million Euro)
Germany2
8,470
8,140
5,570
3,700
1,700
1,750
510
1,190
200
31,230
France
2,230
4,930
3,780
3,180
2,140
410
450
430
80
17,630
United Kingdom
6,000
3,475
2,700
660
1,325
450
720
40
15
15,385
Italy
1,200
2,000
2,800
1,150
2,500
2,500
750
350
600
13,850
Denmark
10,780
450
605
280
210
25
<5
90
<5
12,450
Spain
2,000
1,600
400
950
350
65
400
500
–
6,265
Austria
875
2,430
510
345
250
65
1,000
295
15
5,785
Sweden
1,200
2,650
60
750
620
50
250
<10
15
5,605
Poland
2,000
1,900
<5
850
100
70
100
230
30
5,285
Netherlands
1,300
325
2,000
600
400
75
–
50
90
4,840
Romania
900
1,225
1,000
190
–
10
110
20
25
3,480
Finland
350
2,350
<5
200
400
15
40
<5
–
3,365
Greece
175
250
1,350
130
–
25
75
175
<5
2,185
Belgium
950
300
380
310
50
35
15
50
40
2,130
Portugal
350
680
70
260
70
20
150
50
10
1,660
Czech Republic
40
670
300
250
70
150
100
65
<5
1,650
Rest of EU
930
2,575
495
535
205
105
310
130
135
5,420
39,750
35,950
22,030
14,340
10,390
5,820
4,985
3,680
1,270
EU
138,215
The figures take account of production, distribution and installation of the plants, plus operation and maintenance.
1
geothermal heat pumps
2
for consistency reasons, the figures for Germany are taken from the stated source; since the figures on pages 23–25 were calculated on the basis of a different system, comparisons are not possible
Source: EurObserv’ER [39]
More than EUR 138 billion in revenue was generated
with renewable energy in the EU in 2013, approximately
EUR 4.8 billion less than in 2012. According to EurObserv’ER,
this decline can be attributed to various factors such as
market reactions to budget cuts or revisions of the indi­
vidual national incentive schemes for renewables [39].
With more than EUR 31 billion, Germany continues to
account for the largest share (23 percent) of total revenue
volume from renewables in the EU. France and Great Britain
follow next in the rankings – albeit with considerably smaller shares of 13 percent and 11 percent respectively [39].
Once again, wind energy had generated the most revenue
as of the end of 2013 at EUR 39.8 billion, followed by the
biomass sector at just under EUR 36 billion [47]. The photovoltaic sector ranked third. Having added nearly 10.7 peak
gigawatts of new capacity in 2013, it generated revenue
totalling some EUR 22.0 billion during the year [39].
50
Part III: Global use of renewable energy
sources
One of the major challenges of the future will be to find sustainable ways to meet the energy needs of the world’s growing
population. Renewable energy is already making an important contribution – about 17 percent of global energy consumption comes from renewable sources.
In 2012, renewable energy satisfied nearly one-sixth of
global final energy demand. Biogenic energy sources accounted for 12.6 percent of the total, with solid biomass
(particularly firewood) alone making up 11.7 percent.
The high percentage of solid biomass is primarily due to
traditional biomass use. Modern methods of using bio­mass,
such as generating heat and power from biogas and
bioliquids, accounted for 0.3 percent, while biofuels
represented 0.6 percent. Hydropower made up roughly
3.5 percent, with the remaining 0.5 percent distributed
among the other renewable energy technologies.
The share of renewable energy in final energy consumption
(see Annex section 1) is currently an important indicator
for tracking renewable energy growth, especially in the EU,
since Directive 2009/28/EC uses this metric to define its
2020 target. Many other statistics, such as those used by the
IEA, use another indicator: the share of renewable energy
in primary energy consumption.
Figure 58: Structure of global final energy consumption in 2012
in percent
80.5 Fossil fuels
2.4 Nuclear energy
11.7 Solid biomass1
0.5 Other renewables
0.5 Wind energy
17.1 RE share
3.5 Hydropower
0.6 Biofuels
0.3 Other Biomass
The renewables’ share of global final energy is larger than the renewables’ share of global primary energy. This is partly due to traditional biomass use, which consists wholly of final energy
consumption. The size of the renewables’ share of primary energy also depends on the method used to calculate the primary energy equivalent of the renewable energy sources.
Statistics on final energy consumption usually only show the consumer shares. This diagram shows the breakdown by individual energy sources and is calculated on the basis of various IEA statistics.
The shares shown are merely intended to indicate the relative scale of the individual components.
Other renewables = geothermal, solar and marine energy
1
including biogenic fraction of waste
Source: ZSW after IEA [24]
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
Global primary energy consumption has risen 2.6 percent
per year on average since 2002. All told, around 560 exa­
joules of primary energy were consumed worldwide in
2012, with renewable energy accounting for 13.2 percent of
this total. Per capita energy consumption is 2.2 times higher in the industrialised world (OECD) than the global average (175 gigajoules per capita as compared to 80 gigajoules
per capita). In China and India, the world’s most highly
populated countries, per capita energy consumption is only
90 and 27 gigajoules, respectively. However, the energy demand of developing and emerging countries is on the rise
as their per capita consumption increases and their populations grow faster than those in industrialised nations.
Figure 59: Primary energy consumption calculated by physical energy content method
World population (billion)
Global primary energy consumption (EJ)
10
600
540
6.1
6
6.5
6.9
422
7.0
400
368
5.3
302
300
4.4
231
3.8
4
560
482
500
8
200
2
100
0
0
1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2012
OECD
China
India
1971 1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2012
rest of world
Primary energy consumption calculated by physical energy content method
Source: ZSW based on IEA [40]
Figure 60: Primary energy consumption per capita
Gigajoule/per capita
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
62
68
70
69
74
1980
1990
2000
2005
78
80
2010
2012
40
20
0
OECD
1971
China
Source: ZSW based on IEA [40]
India
rest of World
World
51
52
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
potential offered by these forms of renewable energy is
largely exhausted, and they are often used in an unsustainable fashion. Much of the energy consumed in Africa
is generally classified as renewable (see also page 54). However, simple cooking and heating methods that use open
fires are responsible for harmful health effects and often
irreversible deforestation. In developing countries – particularly in rural areas – around 2.7 billion people, or some
38 percent of the global population, had no alternative
but to cook with traditional biomass in 2012, according
to IEA estimates. Biomass will thus clearly continue to
play an important role in the energy supply of developing
countries [41]. The disadvantages of traditional biomass
use can be reduced by various means, such as promoting
more widespread use of simple cook stoves. Such stoves
can reduce biomass consumption by up to 60 percent compared to traditional three-stone cooking fires and lower
smoke emissions through more efficient combustion [42].
Renewable energy can make a considerable contribution
to meeting the growing global demand for energy. This
holds in particular for wind, solar and marine energy, but
also for geothermal technologies and modern processes for
biomass use.
Modern renewable energy technologies are a key factor
in combating poverty. This is especially true in developing countries, where much of the population lives in rural
areas and overloaded grids or a lack of transmission systems make it impossible to supply a sufficient amount of
electricity by conventional means. In 2012, nearly 1.3 billion people did not have access to electricity. Renewable
energy technologies, being decentralised by nature, can
provide a basic electricity supply; the options range from
off-grid photovoltaic systems for individual households to
renewable energy plants that supply entire villages with
electric power. As a result, they can give more people access
to modern forms of energy, particularly electricity, improve
living conditions and open up opportunities for economic
development (see page 57).
Conventional uses of renewable energy, such as generating heat with firewood and charcoal (traditional biomass
use) and generating electricity with hydropower, however
continue to dominate in developing countries. But the
Figure 61: Shares of population using traditional biomass or rather without electricity access
Persons using traditional biomass
2012
Africa, of which
Sub-Saharan Africa
Persons without access to electricity
Total
Share of population
Total
Share of population
(million)
(%)
(million)
(%)
728
67
622
57
727
80
621
68
1,875
51
620
17
Bangladesh
138
89
62
40
China
448
33
3
–
India
815
66
304
25
Indonesia
105
42
60
24
Pakistan
112
62
56
31
68
15
23
5
13
6
1
–
Asia1, of which
Latin
America2,
of which
Brazil
8
4
18
8
Developing countries
Middle East
2,679
49
1,283
24
World3
2,679
38
1,285
18
1
excluding OECD member states
2
excluding Mexico and Chile
3
including OECD member states and Eastern Europe/Eurasia
Source: IEA [41]
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
53
Renewables-based primary energy
Figure 62: Global primary energy consumption, 1971 and 2012
in percent
29 Coal1
1 Other2
26 Coal1
1971
total
about 230,000 PJ
Oil 44
10 Biomass3
2 Hydropower
2012
total
about 560,000 PJ
11 Biomass3
5 Nuclear energy
2 Hydropower
1 Nuclear energy
16 Natural gas
21 Natural gas
1
2
3
including peat, non-renewable waste and industrial waste
geothermal, wind, solar and marine energy
including renewable fraction of waste
31 Oil
Source: ZSW based on IEA [40]
Figure 63: Global renewables-based primary energy production and the renewables’ share of primary
energy consumption
Renewables-based energy production in PJ
Renewables’ share of PEC in percent
80,000
13.6
70,000
13.4
13.2 13.2
60,000
13.1
50,000
13.0
13.0
12.9
12.8
40,000
12.7
12.7
30,000
12.5
12.5
20,000
12.4
12.4
12.8
12.7
12.6
12.4
12.4
12.2
10,000
0
2000
Solid Biomass1
1
2
2001
2002
Other Biomass
2003
Hydropower
2004
2005
Wind energy
2006
2007
Other renewables2
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
12.0
RE share
including biogenic fraction of waste
geothermal energy, solar and marine energy
Primary energy consumption calculated by the physical energy content method
Source: ZSW based on IEA [40]
Between 2002 and 2012, the amount of renewables-based
energy made available globally grew three percent per
year on average, or 0.4 percentage points faster than total
global primary energy consumption. Photovoltaics grew
particularly rapidly at 50.7 percent per year. Wind energy
and bioliquids however also posted considerable growth,
rising 25.7 percent and 17.9 percent annually, respectively.
It should be noted, however, that these growth rates are
based on a very low baseline. During the same time period,
solid biomass, which accounts for nearly 70 percent of the
54
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
energy supplied from renewable sources, and hydropower,
which represents around 18 percent, only grew 1.9 percent
and 3.4 percent per year, respectively.
Looking at the OECD, nearly 40 percent of the energy that
is generated globally is consumed in the 34 OECD member
countries. This high level of energy consumption has however stabilised in recent years; in fact, a slight downwards
trend is evident. At the same time, the share of renewables-based energy production is growing at a very fast rate
of four percent per year. Photovoltaics, wind energy and
bioliquids achieved significant annual growth, averaging
52.2 percent, 22.9 percent and 24.1 percent, respectively.
All in all, renewables made up 8.6 percent of the primary
energy supply of the OECD member countries in 2012. This
figure was 9.0 percent in 2013.
Figure 64: Average growth rates of renewable energy
Growth rate (percent/annum)
60
50.7
50
52.2
40
30
25.7
22.9
24.1
17.9
20
14.6
10
2.6
0
3.0 4.0
-0.11
PEC
11.8
9.9
3.4
RE total
global (2002/2012)
1
7.2
Photovoltaics
Wind
energy
Liquid
Biomass
Solar
thermal
energy
OECD (2002/2012)
Biogas
3.2 2.5
1.9 2.4
Geothermal
energy
Solid
Biomass1
0.8
Hydropower
including biogenic fraction of municipal waste
Source: ZSW based on IEA [40]
Figure 65: Regional use of renewable energy in 2012
PEC
of which RE
RE as a share of PEC
(PJ)
(PJ)
(%)
Principal RE as a share of total RE (%)
Hydropower
Other1
Biomass2
North America
108,027
8,026
7.4
31.0
15.6
53.5
South/Middle America
27,143
7,932
29.2
32.8
2.3
64.9
Asia/Oceania
226,744
31,945
14.1
14.4
8.3
77.3
Europe/Eurasia
123,064
10,575
8.6
28.8
16.3
55.0
Middle East
29,511
172
0.6
46.5
31.8
21.7
Africa
30,682
15,216
49.6
2.7
0.5
96.9
OECD
219,800
18,812
8.6
26.6
17.8
55.6
NON-OECD
325,371
55,055
16.9
14.9
4.7
80.4
EU
68,815
7,719
11.2
15.6
17.7
66.7
559,832
73,869
13.2
17.9
8.0
74.1
World3
1
geothermal, solar, wind and tidal energy
2
including biogenic fraction of municipal waste
3
including fuel stocks for shipping and air traffic (around 14,660 petajoules)
Primary energy consumption calculated by the physical energy content method.
Sources: ZSW based on IEA [40], [47]
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
55
Figure 66: Use of renewable energy by regions – shares of renewable energy technologies in 2012
in percent
100
90
80
14.9
17.9
26.6
8.0
2.7
0.5
15.6
4.7
14.4
8.3
32.8
28.8
2.3
16.3
17.7
31.0
46.5
70
17.8
60
40
96.9
80.4
50
74.1
15.6
77.3
55.6
66.7
64.9
30
55.5
53.5
31.8
20
21.7
10
0
World
OECD NON-OECD
Biomass/biogenic fraction of municipal waste
EU
Africa
Geothermal, solar, wind and tidal energy
Asia/
Oceania
South/
Middle
America
Europe/
Eurasia
North
America
Middle
East
Hydropower
Sources: ZSW based on IEA [40], [47]
Global electricity generation from renewable
energy sources
Renewable energy contributes significantly to the global
supply of electricity. In 2012, renewable energy technologies converted around 4,750 billion kilowatt hours of
energy into electricity. This corresponds to one-fifth of
worldwide electricity generation. In 2012, renewables grew
7.2 percent, which in absolute terms corresponds to additional renewable electricity production of 318 billion kilowatt hours (to give an idea of the magnitude of this figure,
total electricity consumption in Germany in 2014 came to
around 580 billion kilowatt hours [4]).
Hydropower satisfies 16.2 percent of total global electricity
demand and is the dominant renewable electricity source
since it contributes 77 percent of the total. Wind energy
has held second place in the rankings for renewables-based
electricity generation technologies since 2009. Wind
accounted for 11.0 percent of renewable electricity generation as of 31 December 2012, while liquid, gaseous and
solid biomass contributed 8.0 percent, taking third place.
The percentages of electricity generated from solar and
geothermal energy remained relatively small at 2.1 percent
and 1.5 percent, respectively.
Excluding hydropower, the globally installed capacity
of renewable capacity amounted to 657 gigawatts, of
which some 39 percent (255 gigawatts) are installed in
Europe. China has about 153 gigawatts, the United States
of America around 105 gigawatts of renewable capacity,
corresponding to 23 percent and 16 percent respectively of
capacity worldwide (see figure 69).
56
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
Figure 67: Global electricity generation, 2012
in percent
10.9 Nuclear energy
11.0 Wind energy
Total electricity
generation 2012:
about 22,670 bn kWh
Fossil fuels 68.2
8.0 Biomass1
Renewables-based
electricity generation 2012:
about 4,750 bn kWh
20.9 RE
2.1 Solar energy
1.5 Geoth. energy
77.4 Hydropower
Worldwide electricity generation from hydropower, at 16.2 percent, accounts for considerably more than nuclear power (10.9 percent). But the situation is reversed in an analysis of shares of primary
energy consumption: nuclear power, with 4.8 percent, accounts for a much larger share of primary energy consumption than hydropower with 2.4 percent. The reason for this distortion is that under
international agreements, electricity from nuclear energy is assessed for primary energy purposes on the basis of an average conversion efficiency of 33 percent, whereas electricity generation from
hydropower by the physical energy content method is assumed to have an efficiency of 100 percent.
1
including biogenic fraction of municipal waste
Source: ZSW based on IEA [24]
Figure 68: Renewables-based electricity generation in various regions, 2012
Hydropower
Biomass
Waste1
Wind
Geoth.
energy
energy
(billion kWh)
156.9
24.0
Photovoltaics
Other
RE2
Total renew­
Share of
ables-based
renewableselectricity based electricity
(%)
954.1
18.3
North America
690.6
63.5
8.8
9.5
0.99
South/Middle America
722.4
50.2
–
7.5
3.7
0.1
0.02
784.0
63.9
1,279.9
93.2
6.0
140.0
28.6
19.1
0.02
1,566.8
17.0
845.1
131.8
19.7
213.8
12.3
68.1
4.24
1,295.0
24.4
Middle East
22.2
0.1
–
0.22
–
0.4
–
22.9
2.4
Africa
112.2
1.8
–
2.4
1.6
0.3
–
118.3
16.4
OECD
1,389.2
237.1
32.0
379.5
44.6
86.1
5.23
2,173.7
20.1
Non-OECD
2,283.1
107.4
2.9
141.1
25.6
11.10
0.03
2,571.2
21.6
EU
335.1
130.4
19.0
205.8
5.8
67.2
4.24
767.4
23.5
World
3,672.2
344.5
34.9
520.5
70.2
97.2
5.26
4,744.8
20.9
Asia/Oceania
Europe/Eurasia
1 only biogenic fraction of municipal waste
2 solar thermal power plants and marine energy
Source: ZSW based on IEA [24], [47]
Figure 69: Renewables-based* installed capacity, 2014
in GW
700
657
600
500
400
300
255
206
200
153
105
100
0
World total
Wind energy
EU
Photovoltaics
BRICS
Bio energy
* graph without hydropower
BRICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Source: REN21 [49]
China
USA
Geothermal energy
86
Germany
32
32
31
31
Italy
Spain
Japan
India
Solar thermal power plants
Ocean power
PA RT I I I : G LO B A L U S E O F R E N E WA B L E E N E R G Y S O U R C E S
57
Investment in renewable energy sources
Figure 70: Investment by renewable energy sector
After falling off sharply in 2012 and 2013, investment in
renewable energy increased significantly in 2014, reaching USD 270.2 billion, only some three percent less than the
record USD 278.8 billion reported in 2011. All in all, nearly
103 gigawatts of capacity (disregarding large hydropower
plants with a capacity of more than ten megawatts) were
installed in renewable energy plants in 2014, compared
to 86 gigawatts in 2013 and 80.5 gigawatts in the record
investment year 2011.
Sector
2013 RE
2014 RE
investment
investment
(bn USD)
89.3
99.5
Wind energy
Solar energy
Growth rate
2013/2014
(%)
11.4
119.8
149.6
Biofuels
5.5
5.1
-7.3
Biomass1
9.3
8.4
-9.7
Hydropower2
5.5
4.5
-18.2
Geothermal power
2.2
2.7
22.7
Ocean energy
0.2
0.4
100.0
231.8
270.2
16.6
Total
24.9
1 including waste
2 hydropower < 10 megawatts only
Source: Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF [29]
China further expanded its position in 2014 in terms of
the volume of investment in the renewable energy sector.
An impressive USD 83.3 billion was invested in this market,
39 percent more than in 2013. The USA ranked second
with USD 38.3 billion, followed by Japan with a total of
USD 35.7 billion [29].
7.7 million people were employed in this sector, representing a gain of about 18 percent compared to 2013. The highest number of employees is found in China (about 3.4 million), followed by Brazil (934,000) and the United States of
America (around 725,000). With 370,000 renewable jobs
Germany comes fifth place worldwide.
The number of employees in the renewables sector has
further increased in 2014. According to an estimate of the
International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA some
Figure 71: Employment in the renewable energy sectors, 2014
in 1,000 employees
Photovoltaics
2,495
Liquid biogenic fuels
1,788
Wind energy
1,027
Solid biomass
822
Solar heating / air-conditioning
764
Biogas
Hydropower < 10 megawatts
209
Geothermal energy
154
Solar thermal power plants
22
500
0
Source: IRENA [50]
Total:
7.7 million
employees
381
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
Figure 72: Investment in the renewable energy sector by regions
RE investments according to regions (billion USD)
Global RE investments (billionUSD)
150
278.8
237.2
120
181.8
90
270.2
256.4
231.8
240
178.5
180
153.9
112.0
60
300
120
72.9
45.0
30
0
2004
Europe
60
2005
Asia/Oceania
2006
America
Source: Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF [29]
2007
2008
Middle East/Africa
2009
2010
World
2011
2012
2013
2014
0
58
Annex
Methodological notes
Some of the figures published here are provisional results.
When the final data are published, they may differ from
earlier publications. Discrepancies between the figures in
the tables and the respective column or row totals are due
to rounding differences.
The terminology commonly used in energy statistics includes
the term (primary) energy consumption. This is not strictly
correct from a physical point of view, however, because energy cannot be created or consumed, but merely converted
from one form to another (e. g. heat, electricity, mechanical
energy). This process is not entirely reversible, however, so
some of the energy’s technical work capacity is lost.
Figure 73: Schematic diagram of energy flows in Germany in 2014
in PJ
Removal
60
from Stocks
Domestic
production
Import
3,992
11,213
15,265
Export and
bunkering
Domestic energy production
2,133
13,132
Primary energy consumption*
Non-energy-related consumption
981
Statistical
differences
2,969
22
Conversion losses
513
Consumption in
Energy sectors
8,648
Final energy consumption
2,508
2,629
2,212
1,298
Industry
Transport
Households
Commerce, Trade,
services
The renewables-based share of primary energy consumption came to 11.3 percent.
Differences in totals are due to rounding.
* All figures provisional/estimated.
29.308 petajoules (PJ) ≙ 1 million t coal equivalent (TCE)
Source: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (AGEB) 08/2015; download from www.ag-energiebilanzen.de
ANNEX
The amounts of energy (gross electricity consumption,
final energy consumption for heating and transport from
renewable energy) listed in this brochure cannot be added
appropriately to produce an aggregate value because each
summation follows specific conventions. Consequently it
is not possible to calculate shares of total energy consumption on this basis.
1. Share of renewable energy in gross final energy
consumption
Calculation of share based on EU Directive 2009/28/EC:
EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of
energy from renewable sources contains detailed requirements with regard to calculating the achievement of targets. In addition to the overall share of renewable energy
in gross final energy consumption, it also defines specific
shares for electricity, heating and transport.
Calculations of the contributions of wind energy and
hydropower take account of the effects of climate fluctuations on electricity yield. As a result of this “normalisation”
to an average year, the figure for wind and hydropower
no longer corresponds to the actual yield for the year in
question, but does provide a better picture of the segment’s
growth.
In order to include bioliquids and biofuels in the calculation
of progress made in achieving the overall target or subtarget in transport, they must fulfil specific sustainability
criteria.
The share for the transport sector also includes electricity
generated from renewable energy sources and consumed
in all types of electric vehicles. It is considered with a factor
of 2.5. In addition, biofuels from waste, lignocellulose, biomass-to-liquids (BtL) and biogas from waste are included
with a factor of 2.5.
59
Gross final consumption of energy is defined as follows in
Article 2 (f) of Directive 2009/28/EC:
“Gross final consumption of energy’ means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport,
households, services including public services, agriculture,
forestry and fisheries, including the consumption of electricity
and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission.”
Thus, data determined in accordance with the requirements of the EU Directive can be compared with statistics
from other sources, such as national statistics or data under
the Renewable Energy Sources Act, only to a limited extent.
Calculation of shares without applying the calculation
method of EU directive:
The German government’s Energy Concept also calls for
renewable energy sources to account for 18 percent of
gross final energy consumption by the year 2020. To track
current progress exactly, the calculation deviates from the
calculation method applied in the EU Directive; it is based
on the real generation of electricity from wind and hydropower and the actual consumption of biofuels in transport.
60
ANNEX
2. Calculation of the share of renewable energy in final
energy consumption for heating/cooling
The share of renewable energy in final energy consumption
for heating/cooling is calculated on the basis of the quotient of the final energy consumption for heating/cooling
from renewable energy sources and total final energy consumption for heating/cooling.
From the year 2014, heating/cooling generated with electricity is not taken into account. For the purpose of comparability, the time series has been accordingly adjusted for
previous years as well.
This method is based on international reporting requirements which consider the electricity and heating segments
separately when calculating the shares held by renewable
energy sources. This avoids double-counting the electricity
used for heating/cooling.
3. Economic stimulus from the use of renewable energy
The rapid expansion of renewables seen in Germany in
recent years has resulted in a massive increase in the importance of the renewable energy sector for the economy
as a whole. This is particularly due to investment in plant
construction. As the number of plants grows, the operation
of these plants is becoming an increasingly important economic factor as well.
Investment in renewable energy plants is calculated on
the basis of newly installed capacity or the number of
additional plants. This number is then combined with the
specific investment costs (EUR/kW) or average cost per
plant (EUR/plant) to determine the total investment per
segment in the year under review.
The economic stimuli arising from plant operation include
not only the costs for operation and maintenance, especially in the form of personnel costs and ancillary energy costs,
but also the provision of renewable fuels. What constitutes
costs for plant operators represents, from the vantage point
of supplier companies, demand for goods and services and
in turn stimulates the economy.
The costs for operating and maintaining plants are determined on the basis of technology-specific valuations.
Cost calculations from various scientific studies are used
for this purpose. These studies include in particular the
research projects relating to the Renewable Energy Sources
Act (including, for example, the research reports for the
Renewable Energy Sources Act Progress Report [51] and
the final report on the monitoring of power generation
from biomass [52]), the evaluations of the Market Incentive
Programme [53], and the evaluations of KfW assistance for
renewable energy sources [54].
The calculation of the costs arising from supplying fuel for
heat and power generation takes account of the costs of
solid and liquid heating fuels and of the substrates used to
produce biogas. Relevant solid biomass heating fuels
include waste wood, residual wood from forestry and
industry, wood pellets, wood chips, wood briquettes, and
commercially traded firewood. The main components of
substrates for biogas production are maize silage, grass
silage, whole-crop grain silage and inferior grain. All in all,
the economic stimulus arising from supplying biogenic
fuels for heat and power is assessed at EUR 4.5 billion.
ANNEX
International networks for renewable energy
sources
International Renewable Energy Agency – IRENA
The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the
worldwide promotion of the growth and sustainable use of
renewable energy. Since its establishment in Bonn, Germany, in the year 2009, 172 countries have signed the agency’s
Statute; 140 are full members. Adnan Z. Amin from Kenya
has been the Director-General of IRENA since 2011. IRENA
is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The
IRENA Innovation and Technology Centre, one of its three
divisions, is located in Bonn. IRENA currently works with
over 100 international experts.
61
Work programme and budget
IRENA began publishing work programmes and budgets in
two-year cycles in 2014. The work programme covers six
programme areas:
1. Global Energy Transition
2. Gateway to Knowledge
3. Enabling Investment and Growth
4. Renewable Energy Access for Sustainable Livelihoods
5. Islands: Lighthouses for RE Development
6. Regional Action Agenda
IRENA is the global voice of renewable energy in international debates. It is also a platform for countries to share
knowledge on successful approaches to renewable energy
growth, effective policies, capacity expansion, financing
mechanisms and energy efficiency programmes related to
renewable energy. As a knowledge repository, it provides
access to information on renewable energy ranging from
technological expertise to economic data to opportunities
and development scenarios associated with renewable
energy. It advises industrialised, developing and emerging
countries on driving renewable energy growth.
Principal organs and structure
IRENA has three principal organs. The Assembly, which
meets every year and consists of all the countries that have
ratified the Statute, is IRENA’s highest decision-making
body.
The Council, which is composed of 21 members, reviews
reports and documents, particularly the IRENA work programme and budget, and submits them to the Assembly for
a decision.
Cooperation with other players
Being an international organisation with a global reach,
IRENA aims to support all stakeholders’ efforts to achieve
the global, widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies. Its partners include governments, national and
international institutions, non-governmental organisations
and the private sector. They are indispensable to its work.
The Secretariat implements the IRENA work programme
and assists the Assembly, Council and other sub-organs in
performing their functions. The Secretariat is overseen by
IRENA’s director-general and consists of three divisions.
Two are located in Abu Dhabi and one in Bonn:
The Knowledge, Policy and Finance Centre (KPFC) is the
global repository of knowledge on renewable energy. It is
also a centre of excellence for policies and financial issues
relating to renewable energy. The KPFC is a one-stop shop
for statistics on costs, employment, resource potential,
investment frameworks and the socio-economic and environmental impact of renewable energy technologies. One
of the KPFC’s key projects is the Global Renewable Energy
Atlas, an internet-based platform for investors and policymakers that measures and maps the worldwide potential
for renewable energy growth.
62
ANNEX
The Country Support and Partnerships (CSP) division helps
countries and regions accelerate the introduction and
expansion of renewable energy. This division works with
a wide variety of public and private stakeholders on developing and implementing strategies to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin
America and on islands. In particular, the CSP conducts
Renewable Readiness Assessments in individual countries.
These projects identify priority areas for action in individual countries and guide policymakers in driving renewable
energy growth in their respective country.
The Innovation and Technology Centre (IITC) in Bonn,
Germany, seeks to accelerate the adoption of renewable
energy technologies. The IITC provides a framework for
supporting technological development and innovation
and works on ways to cut costs and more broadly apply industrial standards. To carry out its part of the IRENA work
programme, the IITC works closely with the KPFC and CSP
divisions in Abu Dhabi.
The IITC provides governments with custom solutions for
an accelerated transition to renewable energy technologies
that take account of their national needs, economic conditions and available resources. This work includes analysing
current technology costs and standards. To support governments in developing effective technology and innovation
policies, the IITC develops scenarios, strategies and technology development guidelines. It also works up roadmaps
for harnessing renewable energy in cities and industrial
processes and attaining the goal of the UN’s Sustainable
Energy for All initiative: namely, to double the global share
of renewable energy to 30 percent by 2030. IRENA serves
as the renewable energy hub in this initiative and outlines
how to achieve this goal in the REmap 2030 study that was
issued by the IITC.
The IRENA Statute contains more information on its organs.
History of the creation of IRENA
The proposal for an international organisation dedicated to
the promotion of renewable energy was first made in the
early 1980s. As global interest in renewable energy grew,
so did the demand for such an organisation until it was
clearly articulated by a large number of countries at the
2004 International Renewable Energy Conference (“renewables2004”) held in Bonn. The idea was put into action at
the IRENA Founding Conference on 26 January 2009. The
organisation was fully established with the first meeting of
the Assembly held on 4 and 5 April 2011 at the Abu Dhabi
headquarters.
More information is available at: www.irena.org
The renewables2004 conference in Bonn – and the
follow-up process
The first International Renewable Energy Conference –
renewables2004 – initiated by the German government and
held in Bonn put renewable energy on the global agenda.
This conference provided crucial momentum: Shortly after
the conference, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for
the 21st Century (REN21) was established. This non-profit
association provides important impetus for the political
debate on renewable energy with its annual Global Status
Report. The 2004 conference also initiated the conclusion
of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (RETD). It also produced the
groundswell that led to the founding of the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).
International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs)
The great success of renewables2004 continued with International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs) in other
countries. The individual conferences have generated strong
political impetus for the accelerated expansion of renewable
energies worldwide. In addition, the IRECs have often had a
strong impact in the respective host country.
The conference in Beijing (BIREC 2005) not only evaluated
the follow-up process to the Bonn conference, but also
discussed the use of renewable energy sources in developing countries. The subsequent Washington International
Renewable Energy Conference (WIREC 2008) focused
on, among other things, the progress made in expanding
renewable energy capacity in industrialised countries. Like
renewables2004, WIREC gave rise to a large number of voluntary commitments, thereby perpetuating the spirit of the
Bonn conference. The next conference in the series was the
Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference (DIREC
2010) in October 2010. DIREC led to the signing of a joint
political declaration reaffirming the intention of all the conference participants to promote the accelerated worldwide
expansion of renewable energy, and supported the initiative
for the UN’s International Year of Sustainable Energy For
All. The latest International Renewable Energy Conference
took place in Abu Dhabi in January 2013 (ADIREC) as part
of the Sustainable Energy Week held there. The Sustainable Energy Week hosted not only the ADIREC, but also the
third session of the IRENA Assembly and the annual World
Future Energy Summit.
ANNEX
The next – and sixth – International Renewable Energy
Conference in early October 2015 will be held for the first
time on the African continent – in Cape Town, South Africa
(SAIREC). There, participating countries will confer on the
development of renewable energy in Africa, particularly
in Sub-Saharan Africa, the contribution renewable energy
sources make to economic growth and prosperity, and the
contribution they make to climate protection.
Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
– REN21 –
63
Abu Dhabi International Renewable Energy Conference in
2013 (ADIREC 2013) and has attracted international attention. Building on this, REN 21 plans to publish a further
issue of the Global Futures Report in which it examines the
macroeconomic effects of the envisioned energy supply
that is completely based on renewable energy sources.
REN21 is also involved (together with the Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership – REEEP) in REEGLE, an
online information platform, and operates an interactive
world map on renewable energy, the Renewables Interactive Map, on its own website.
The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century
(REN21) was co-founded and extensively funded by Germany after the renewables2004 conference. It has developed
into the most important global multi-stakeholder network
dedicated to promoting political measures to accelerate the
expansion of renewable energy. It plays a key role in the
provision of conceptual and organisational support to the
countries hosting International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs). Governments, international organisations,
civil society, the research community and the private sector
involved in the energy, environmental and development
fields are represented in REN21.
The Secretariat of REN21 is located in Paris.
Every year, REN21 publishes the Renewables Global Status
Report (GSR), which tracks the yearly global growth of
renewables and has emerged as the standard reference for
renewable energy expansion and investment. The report
presents the worldwide situation and geographic distribution of installed renewable capacity, growth targets, policy
support and global investment in renewable energy.
The IEA was founded in response to the first oil crisis in
1974. Its initial mission was to ensure an undisrupted supply of oil. To achieve this goal, its member countries have
agreed to hold at least 90 days of emergency oil stocks.
In addition to the Global Status Report, REN21 also
publishes Regional Status Reports that examine the development of renewables in the individual global regions
in greater depth. For example, it published a status report
on the ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African
States) region in 2014. Plans foresee the publication of a
status report on the SADC (Southern African Development
Community) region in 2015.
In 2013, REN21 launched a companion to the Global Status Report – the Global Futures Report. This publication,
which has only been published once, presents a mosaic of
possible directions and expectations for the future growth
of renewable energy. Based on scenarios and interviews
with experts, it describes and compares the expectations of
various players for the future of renewables, key issues and
important policy options. The report was published for the
For more information, see: www.ren21.net
The International Energy Agency – IEA –
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is one of the world’s
central energy organisations. An autonomous institution
within the OECD, it is the voice of energy-consuming
industrialised nations and currently counts 29 OECD member countries.
In addition, the IEA is a central platform for sharing experiences and advising policymakers on virtually all aspects
of energy policy, including renewables. Its toolkit includes
thorough, regular country reviews with policy recommendations as well as the annual World Energy Outlook (WEO),
a comprehensive international reference on energy policy
with forecasts currently reaching to 2040.
Given the strong growth in energy demand outside the
OECD, the IEA plans to expand and deepen its collaboration with major emerging countries that are not OECD
members and therefore cannot be members of the IEA. Its
efforts here focus particularly on establishing association
relationships with major emerging countries.
64
ANNEX
The IEA has issued numerous publications on renewable
energy in recent years, most recently the Renewable Energy
Market Report 2014 with a forecast horizon that extends to
the year 2020. These publications examine the effectiveness
and cost-efficiency of various policies to promote the use
of renewable energy as well as the potential and challenges
of integrating large volumes of renewable energy into individual countries’ energy systems. The IEA also publishes
technology roadmaps on renewable energy.
IEA Executive Director van der Hoeven presented the IEA’s
study on the integration of variable renewable energy into
the grid (The Power of Transformation) in Berlin in July
2014. The study examines avenues for integrating fluctuating renewable energy in the best possible way and the
role that various flexibility options such as grid expansion,
demand management and storage play in this connection. It
shows that at today’s level of system flexibility, 25 percent
to 40 percent of the variable power being generated can
be integrated into most energy systems and that adjusting
the energy system reduces integration costs on the whole.
Follow-up studies currently being conducted are examining issues concerning designing renewables plants to better
serve the system and the role of captive consumption of
photovoltaic solar power.
Germany’s Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and
Energy is represented in the IEA Renewable Energy Working Party (REWP). The IEA and the International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA) cooperate closely on the basis of a
partnership agreement signed by the two organisations in
January 2012.
Since 2011, the Renewable Industry Advisory Board (RIAB),
a committee consisting of companies in the renewable
energy industry, has held regular workshops to discuss
market and industry trends and provided information to
support the REWP and the IEA secretariat with their activities. The RIAB includes German companies as well.
More information on IEA publications can be found on the
organisation’s website (www.iea.org).
The IEA Implementing Agreements
The IEA Implementing Agreement on Renewable Energy
Technology Deployment (RETD) was signed in 2005 at the
initiative of the Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB).
The RETD currently has eight member countries (Canada,
Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Norway and
the United Kingdom). It is the only cross-technology
agreement among the IEA’s implementing agreements
on renewable energy. In this function, the RETD supports
the large-scale market introduction of all technologies
for the use of renewable energy sources, and is devoted
to cross-sectional issues such as criteria for successful
communication campaigns on renewable energy, funding
instruments for renewable energy, and possible resource
and capacity shortages that could arise from the continued
growth of renewable energy.
More information is available at: www.iea-retd.org
ANNEX
65
Clean Energy Ministerial – CEM –
SE4ALL – The Sustainable Energy for All initiative
Established at the initiative of the USA, the Clean Energy
Ministerial (CEM) is a multilateral forum to support the
transition to a global clean energy economy. Prior to the
COP-15 climate conference in Copenhagen in 2009, the
major economies – all substantial emitters of greenhouse
gases – drew up ten technology action plans for a number
of low-carbon technologies as a constructive contribution
to the negotiations. The technology action plans have been
translated into twelve initiatives that focus on specific
issues and technologies within the CEM. The German
Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy heads the
Multilateral Solar and Wind Working Group along with
Denmark and Spain, and is also involved in initiatives on
energy-efficient electrical appliances, electric vehicles and
smart grids.
The Sustainable Energy for All initiative launched by UN
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon in 2011 aims to bring clean
energy to everyone by 2030. Besides ensuring universal
access to modern energy services, the initiative seeks to
raise the annual improvement in energy efficiency from
1.2 percent to 2.4 percent and to double the renewables’
share of the global energy mix by the year 2030.
Other implementation initiatives within the CEM are dedicated to bioenergy, hydropower, sustainable cities, improved
access to energy in developing countries and gender mainstreaming in the energy sector. The focal areas for the initiatives’ work are decided at annual, ministerial-level conferences. The last such meeting was held in Mérida, Mexico, on
27 and 28 May 2015. The seventh Clean Energy Ministerial
Meeting is scheduled to be hosted by the USA in May 2016.
More information is available at:
www.cleanenergyministerial.org/solarwind
Today, 1.3 billion people worldwide do not have access
to electricity. This figure is forecast to remain essentially
unchanged until 2030 if additional efforts are not undertaken. In addition, there are another billion people with
unreliable access to electricity and 2.7 billion who rely on
traditional biomass.
A high-ranking group of 46 advisors from industry, government and civil society has drawn up an Action Agenda for
operationalising the three individual targets. To achieve the
targets, it will be necessary to combine the efforts made by
the public and private sectors and civil society in order to
increase the overall impact. At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio (Rio+20), 50 states
from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the group of the Small
Island Developing States, plus a large number of companies, local governments and non-governmental organisations presented their own commitments in support of the
Action Agenda. The initiative thus harnessed the political
momentum from the Rio+20 negotiations to mobilise support.
More information is available at:
www.sustainableenergyforall.org
66
Conversion factors
Metric prefixes
Terawatt hour:
1 TWh = 1 billion kWh
Kilo
k
103
Tera
T
1012
Gigawatt hour:
1 GWh = 1 million kWh
Mega
M
106
Peta
P
1015
Megawatt hour:
1 MWh = 1,000 kWh
Giga
G
109
Exa
E
1018
Unity of energy and output
Joule
J
for energy, work, heat quantity
Watt
W
for power, energy flux, heat flux
1 Joule (J) = 1 Newton metre (Nm) = 1 Watt second (Ws)
Legally binding units in Germany since 1978. The calorie and derived units such as coal equivalent and oil equivalent are still used
as alternatives.
Conversion factors
PJ
TWh
Mtce
Mtoe
1
0.2778
0.0341
0.0239
1 Petajoule
PJ
1 Terawatt hour
TWh
3.6
1
0.123
0.0861
1 million tonnes coal equivalent
Mtce
29.308
8.14
1
0,7
1 million tonnes crude oil equivalent
Mtoe
41.869
11.63
1.429
1
The figures refer to the net calorific value.
Greenhouse gases
CO2
Carbon dioxide
CH4
Methane
N 2O
Nitrous oxide
SF6
Sulphur hexafluoride
H-FKW
Hydrofluorocarbons
FKW
Perfluorocarbons
Other air pollutants
SO2
Sulphur dioxide
NOx
Nitrogen oxides
HCl
Hydrogen chloride (Hydrochloric acid)
HF
Hydrogen fluoride (Hydrofluoric acid)
CO
Carbon monoxide
NMVOC
Non-methane volatile organic compounds
67
List of abbreviations
Technical terms
AusglMechV
Ordinance on the equalisation mechanism (Ausgleichsmechanismus-Verordnung)
BCHP
Block-type heating power station
Biokraft-NachV
Biofuel Sustainability Ordinance (Biokraftstoff-Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung)
BioSt-NachV
Biomass Electricity Sustainability Ordinance (Biomassestrom-Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung)
BRICS
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
CHP
Combined heat and power plant
CHP Act
Combined Heat and Power Act
COP-15
15th Conference of the Parties
EEG
Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz)
EEWärmeG
Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energies in the Heat Sector
(Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärmegesetz)
EnergieStG
Energy Taxation Act (Energiesteuergesetz)
EnStatG
Energy Statistics Act (Energiestatistikgesetz)
FEC
Final energy consumption
GFEC
Gross final energy consumption
GHG
Greenhouse gas
GSR
Global Status Report
HHHouseholds
HP
Heating plant
MAP
Market Incentive Programme (Marktanreizprogramm)
N/A
Not available
NQ
Not quantified
NREAP
National Renewable Energy Action Plan
PEC
Primary energy consumption
R&D
Research and development
RE
Renewable energies
StromEinspG
Act on the Sale of Electricity to the Grid (Stromeinspeisungsgesetz)
SystEEm
Integration of renewable energy sources and regenerative energy supply systems
TCS-sector
Trade, commerce and service sector
TSO
Transmission system operator
USD
United States dollars
68
Glossary
Acidification potential Potential contribution of an acidifying air pollutant (SO2, NOX, NH3) to acidification.
It describes the increase in the concentration of H+ ions in the air, water and soil.
Sulphur compounds and nitrogen compounds from anthropogenic emissions react
in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid or nitric acid, which falls to the ground as
acid rain and has harmful effects on soil, water, living organisms and buildings. SO2,
being a reference gas, has a global warming potential of 1. The relative acidification
potential of nitrous oxides (NOX) is 0.696. The factor used for ammonia (NH3) is 1.88.
Acidification potential is expressed in SO2 equivalents.
Air pollutant Any substance present in the air which can have harmful effects on human health
or on the environment as a whole.
Avoidance factor Avoided emissions per unit of final energy from renewable sources (electricity, heat
or motor fuel).
Biodiesel Diesel-quality methyl ester of a vegetable or animal oil intended for use as a biofuel.
Regarded as a first-generation biofuel. Rapeseed oil is the main oil used in Germany.
It can also be refined from soy oil, palm oil or sunflower seed oil. Biodiesel can also
be produced from waste substances such as frying oil and animal oils.
Bioethanol Ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste
and intended for use as a biofuel. Bioethanol, like biodiesel, is regarded as a
first-generation biofuel. Unlike biodiesel, however, bioethanol is used in petrol
engines. If bioethanol is added to conventional petrol, the product is known,
for example, as E5 (five percent admixture), E85 (up to 85 percent) or E85
(up to 85 percent).
Biofuel Liquid or gaseous motor fuels made from biomass.
Biogas A combustible gas formed by fermenting biomass or the biodegradable fraction of
waste. It consists largely of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). When purified
and treated, it can reach the quality of natural gas.
Biogenic (municipal) waste Fraction of waste which can be composted under anaerobic or aerobic conditions
and which is generated in agriculture, fisheries and forestry, industry and households. This includes, for example, waste wood and residual wood, straw, garden
waste, liquid manure, biodegradable waste, fatty waste. Municipal waste in particular includes waste types such as household waste, household-type commercial
waste, bulky waste, road sweepings, market waste, compostable waste, garden and
park waste, and waste from the separate collection of paper, board, glass, plastics,
wood and electrical and electronic equipment. By convention, the biogenic fraction
of municipal waste is 50 percent.
Biomass
All organic material arising from or generated by plants and animals. Where biomass is used for energy purposes, a distinction must be made between regrowable
raw materials (energy crops) and organic residues and waste.
Biomethane Treated crude biogas (CO2 content approximately 30 percent to 45 percent by
volume) of which carbon dioxide and trace substances were removed to obtain a
product with a methane content and purity comparable to natural gas (CO2 content
not exceeding 6 percent by volume).
G LO S S A RY
69
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless and odourless gas which is a natural component of the atmosphere. Consumers (humans and animals) release it by breathing,
and producers (plants, green algae) transform it into energy-rich organic compounds by means of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is also formed as a waste
product of energy production in the complete combustion of carbonaceous fuels.
Carbon dioxide is the most important of the climate-relevant atmospheric trace
gases with the property of being “opaque” to long-wave heat radiation. It thus
prevents the equivalent re-radiation of the short-wave solar radiation reaching the
Earth and increases the risk of a rise in the Earth’s surface temperature. It serves as a
“reference gas” for determining the CO2 equivalent of other greenhouse gases and is
therefore assigned a global warming potential of 1.
CO2 equivalent This unit for the global warming potential of a gas states the quantity of CO2 that
would have the same greenhouse effect as the gas in question over a period of 100
years. The equivalence factors used follow the values specified in the IPCC Second
Assessment Report: Climate Change (1995), which are used for national emission
reporting.
Coal equivalent (CE)
Unit for the energy value of primary energy sources. Amount of energy released by
burning a standardised kilogram of hard coal.
Combined solar thermal plants Solar thermal plants used to provide not only hot water, but also heating support.
District heating Thermal energy supplied to the consumer via a system of insulated pipes.
EEG surcharge As of 1 January 2010, the Equalisation Scheme Ordinance requires electricity suppliers to pay an EEG surcharge to transmission system operators (TSOs) for every
kilowatt hour of electricity. The EEG surcharge is the same throughout Germany.
It aims to cover the difference between the EEG feed-in tariffs and the proceeds
collected by the TSOs from marketing EEG electricity at the exchange. Electricity
suppliers that supply electricity to final consumers may pass the EEG surcharge
onto their customers.
Efficiency Ratio between input and output. It is not the same as the utilisation rate, which
expresses the ratio of energy input to energy yield.
Electric mobility Use of electric vehicles on road and rail.
Electric power Electric power states how much work is performed in a particular period of time.
Physical power is defined as work per unit of time. Power (P) is measured in watts
(W). 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1,000 watts, while 1 megawatt (MW) = 1,000 kW.
Emission balance An emission balance compares the emissions avoided by an energy source with
the emissions caused by that source. In balances for renewable energy sources, the
avoided emissions correspond to the emissions from conventional energy sources
that are replaced by renewable energy, while the caused emissions result from the
upstream chains and the operation of the renewable sources.
Emission factor
An emission factor describes the quantity of emissions caused by an energy source
in relation to a unit of final energy. As well as this input-based view (gram per kilowatt hour (g/kWh) of final energy), however, the emission factor may also be based
on product output (g/kWhel). Moreover, emission factors are always process-specific
and plant-specific.
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G LO S S A RY
Emissions Emissions are the gaseous, liquid and solid substances that are given off into the
environment (soil, water, air) from a plant, building or means of transport. Releases
of heat, radiation, noise and odours also count as emissions.
Energy Fundamental physical quantity that describes the capacity of a system to perform
work. Its basic unit is the joule (J). In terms of physics, energy cannot be created
or destroyed, but only converted from one form into another. Examples of energy
types include kinetic, potential, electrical, chemical and thermal energy.
Energy crops Crops grown for energy purposes, for example cereals such as maize, wheat, rye or
triticale, grasses like zebra grass (Miscanthus), pasture grass, and also oil seeds such
as rapeseed and sunflower seed, fast-growing trees, poplars and willows, and beet
and hemp.
Energy sources Energy sources are substances in which energy is mechanically, thermally, chemically or physically stored.
Feed-in tariff A government-mandated minimum price is paid for every kilowatt hour of electricity fed into the grid, provided it is generated from certain energy sources, most
of which are renewable. These tariffs are higher than market prices. This reduces the
risk of price fluctuations and enables plants to be operated profitably. In Germany,
feed-in tariffs are governed by the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG).
Final energy Final energy is the portion of primary energy that reaches the consumer after deducting transmission and conversion losses and is then available for other uses. Final
energy forms include district heating, electricity, hydrocarbons such as petrol, kerosene, fuel oil or wood, and various gases such as natural gas, biogas and hydrogen.
Final energy consumption (FEC) Final energy consumption is the direct use of energy sources in individual
consumption sectors for energy services or the generation of useful energy.
Fossil fuels Fossil fuels are finite energy resources formed from biomass under high pressure
and temperature over millions of years. They are hydrocarbons such as oil, coal and
natural gas.
Geothermal energy Use of renewable terrestrial heat at various depths. In the case of near-surface geothermal energy, the heat of the earth is supplied by the sun. It gradually heats up the
soil from the top down. In the winter, the soil stores a large proportion of this heat.
In the case of deep geothermal energy, the heat is released by the decay of natural
radioactive isotopes. The influence of this energy source increases with depth.
Global warming potential (GWP) Potential contribution of a substance to the warming of near-surface layers of
the atmosphere, relative to the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO2
expressed as global warming potential (GWP, CO2 = 1). The GWP of a substance
depends on the reference period and is used to compare the greenhouse effect
of different gases and express their contribution to global warming. CO2, being a
reference gas, has a global warming potential of 1. According to the Fourth IPPC
Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007, the relative global warming potential of
methane (CH4) over a 100-year period is 25. The GWP of nitrous oxide (N2O) is 298.
Global warming potential is expressed in CO2 equivalents.
Greenhouse effect Various greenhouse gases contribute to global warming by absorbing and re-emitting solar radiation. This is known as the greenhouse effect. A distinction is made
between a natural and an anthropogenic (man-made) greenhouse effect.
G LO S S A RY
71
Greenhouse gases Atmospheric trace gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect and which can
be of natural or anthropogenic origin. Examples are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs).
Gross electricity consumption Gross electricity consumption corresponds to the sum of total electricity generated
in Germany (wind, water, sun, coal, oil, gas, etc.), plus electricity imports and minus
electricity exports. Net electricity consumption is gross electricity consumption
minus grid and transmission losses.
Gross electricity generation Gross electricity generation comprises the total amount of electricity generated in
a country. Net electricity generation is determined by subtracting the captive consumption of the generating plants.
Gross final energy consumption
(GFEC)
Gross final energy consumption refers to the final energy consumption of the final
consumer, plus the losses incurred in the generating units and during transport. The
gross final energy consumption for renewable energy is the final energy consumption for households, transport, industry, skilled trades, commerce and services, plus
on-site consumption in the conversion sector as well as line and flare losses.
Section 1 of the Annex to this report shows the shares of renewable energy in gross
final energy consumption, calculated pursuant to Directive 2009/28/EC (utilising
special calculation rules such as “normalised” electricity supply from wind and
hydropower).
This report implicitly classifies renewable energy used in electric vehicle and railway applications as electricity. There are still no methods for allocating the shares
of renewable electricity in the transport sector that do not involve double-counting.
However, these contributions are described in detail in the report submitted to the
European Commission regarding the fulfilment of the 2020 minimum target of
ten percent renewable energy in transport.
Heat pump Technical installation which can be used to raise the temperature of available heat
energy by inputting mechanical energy, in order to permit technical use. The principle of the heat pump is also used in refrigerators, but there it is used for cooling
purposes.
Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
(KfW)
Bank of Germany’s federal and Land authorities. Assists various projects by
providing low-interest loans.
Landfill gas Energy-rich gas formed by rotting waste. May contain up to 55 percent methane
(CH4) and 45 percent carbon dioxide (CO2).
Local heating Heat transmission over relatively short distances within and between buildings.
Heat production is decentralised and close to where it is needed. Unlike district
heating, local heating is often not generated as a co-product.
Marine energy Collective term for various forms of mechanical, thermal and physicochemical
energy present in the waters of the world’s oceans. Examples include the use of
marine current power and tidal and wave power plants.
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G LO S S A RY
Market Incentive Programme
(MAP)
Marktanreiz­programm für erneuerbare Energien im Wärmemarkt.
Programme to incentivise plants that generate heat from renewable energy sources.
Methane (CH4) Methane (CH4) is a non-toxic, colourless and odourless gas. After carbon dioxide
(CO2) it is the most important greenhouse gas released by humans. According to
the Fourth IPPC Assessment Report: Climate Change (2007) its climate impact is
some 25 times greater than that of CO2 over a 100-year period, but it occurs in the
atmosphere in much smaller quantities.
Near-surface geothermal energy
and
ambient heat
Near-surface geothermal energy is taken to mean the abstraction of heat from
drilling depths of up to 400 metres to supply buildings, plants or infrastructure.
Heat is abstracted from the ground by means of a heat exchanger and adjusted to
the desired temperature at the surface by a heat pump.
Ambient heat, by contrast, is an indirect manifestation of solar energy, which is
stored in energy media such as air, surface water or the upper layers of the soil.
It is characterised by a relatively low level of heat which can be harnessed by heat
pumps.
Net calorific value Also known as lower calorific value or lower heating value. Usable heat energy
released during the combustion of a particular fuel. Unlike the gross calorific value,
the net calorific value does not measure the heat of vaporisation of the water
vapour in the exhaust.
Nitrous oxide (N2O) N2O (nitrous oxide / laughing gas) is a colourless gas that is an oxide of nitrogen.
Like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), it has a direct impact on the climate.
According to the IPCC (1995), its climate impact is 310 times greater than carbon
dioxide, but it occurs in the atmosphere in much smaller quantities. The principal
anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide emissions is the use of nitrogen fertilisers in
the agricultural sector.
Nuclear fuel Fissile isotopes of radioactive chemical elements such as uranium, plutonium or
thorium which are used as fuels in nuclear power plants.
Offshore wind turbine A wind turbine for generating electricity in marine waters.
Photovoltaics (PV) Direct conversion of solar radiation into electrical energy by means of semiconductors, often known as “solar cells”.
Physical energy content method Statistical quantification method used when preparing an energy balance. When
there is no standardised conversion factor (net calorific value, etc.) for a particular
energy source, the energy content of the energy source is quantified using an assumed efficiency. Nuclear energy is assumed to have an efficiency of 33 percent,
while wind, solar and hydropower are assumed to be 100 percent efficient. The
physical energy content method based on the international convention has been
used in Germany since the 1995 reporting year.
Precursors of ground-level ozone
Ozone is a trace gas and a natural component of the earth’s atmosphere. It is formed
in the near-surface layers of the atmosphere when ozone precursor substances are
exposed to sunshine. The most important precursors are nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC), followed by carbon monoxide and methane.
G LO S S A RY
73
Primary energy Primary energy is the theoretically available energy content of a naturally occurring
energy source before it undergoes conversion.
Primary energy sources include finite energy sources such as lignite and hard coal,
oil, natural gas and fissile material such as uranium ore, and renewable energy
sources (solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, geothermal energy and tidal energy).
Primary energy is converted into another stage in power plants or refineries. Conversion losses occur in this process. Parts of some primary energy sources are used
for non-energy purposes (e. g. oil for the plastics industry).
Primary energy consumption (PEC) Primary energy consumption (PEC) is the net total of domestic production and fuel
exports minus marine bunkers and changes in stock.
Process heat Process heat is needed for technical processes such as cooking, forging, smelting or
drying. It may be produced by means of combustion, electricity or, in the best case,
exhaust heat.
Regrowable raw materials Biomass produced by the agricultural and forestry sectors that is used to supply
energy (energy crops) or as a material.
Renewable Energy
Heat Act (EEWärmeG)
The 2009 Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energy in the Heat Sector (shortened
to: Renewable Energy Heat Act – EEWärmeG) sets out the obligations of owners of
new buildings to meet some of their heating (and cooling) requirements from renewable energy sources. The first amendment to the act came into force on
1 May 2011.
Renewable energy sources (RES) Energy sources which, on a human time scale, are available for an infinite period of
time. Nearly all renewable energy sources are ultimately fuelled by the sun. The sun
will eventually burn out and so is not, strictly speaking, a renewable energy source.
However, present knowledge indicates that the sun is likely to continue in existence
for more than 1 billion years, which is virtually unlimited from a human perspective.
The three original sources are solar radiation, geothermal energy and tidal energy.
These can be harnessed either directly or indirectly in the form of biomass, wind,
hydropower, ambient heat and wave energy.
Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) The 2000 Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources (shortened to:
Renewable Energy Sources Act – EEG) regulates the grid operators’ obligation to
purchase electricity generated from renewable sources before all other sources, the
(declining) feed-in tariffs for the individual generation methods, and the procedure
for allocating the resulting additional costs among all electricity customers. It has
been amended several times. The last amendment was in 2014.
Repowering Replacement of older power generation plants by new and more powerful plants at
the same site. This plays a particularly important role in the wind energy industry.
Secondary energy Energy obtained from primary energy as a result of a conversion process. The quantity of useful energy is reduced by the conversion stages. Secondary energy sources
are “line bound”, such as electricity, district heating and town gas. Also, the refinement of fuels such as coal and coke in briquette plants, oil in refineries or natural
gas in CO2 and H2S removal units makes for better availability and thus counts as
conversion to secondary energy.
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G LO S S A RY
Secondary energy source Unlike primary energy sources, secondary energy sources are obtained from the
conversion of primary energy sources. This includes all hard coal and lignite products, petroleum products, blast furnace gas, converter gas, coke oven gas, electricity
and district heating. Secondary energy sources can also be obtained by converting
other secondary energy sources.
Sewage gas Energy-rich gas formed in the digestion towers of sewage works. It is one of the
biogases. Its main component is methane.
SO2 equivalent Unit used to state the acidification potential of an air pollutant.
Solar cell Converts light directly into electricity. The photons in solar radiation temporarily
release electrons in semiconductors (mainly silicon, obtained from quartz sand)
from their atomic bonds, thereby generating an electric current. This functional
principle is known as the photovoltaic effect.
Solar thermal collector
Solar collectors use solar radiation for heating water and/or for space heating.
Solar thermal power stations Power stations where direct solar radiation is converted into heat, transferred to a
heat-transfer medium (e. g. heat-transfer oil, water, air) and transformed into electrical energy in a prime mover (e. g. steam turbine, gas turbine).
Substitution factor Describes the extent to which individual energy sources are replaced by another
energy source. In the context of emission accounting, substitution factors are used
in particular to describe the replacement of primary and secondary fossil fuels with
renewable energy sources.
Transmission losses These losses occur during the transmission and conversion of electrical energy.
Transmission losses increase as the square of the current transmitted. That is the
reason why electricity is stepped up to higher voltages in transformers prior to
transmission over long distances.
Upstream chains Processes that occur before plant operation and involve the production, provision
and processing of fuels and materials needed to build and operate energy generation plants.
Useful energy The energy available to the final user for satisfying his needs. It is obtained directly
from final energy. Useful energy may come in the form of light, mechanical work,
heat for space heating or cooling for space cooling.
Wind turbine In the strict sense, plants for converting wind energy into electrical energy. There is
no clear-cut definition of the borderline to “small wind turbines”.
Wood pellets Standardised cylindrical pellets of dried untreated waste wood (sawdust, wood
shavings, waste wood from forestry) with a diameter of 6 mm and a length of 10 to
30 mm. They are produced under high pressure without the addition of any chemical bonding agents and have a net calorific value of approximately five kWh/kg.
75
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2
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4
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For more information about renewable energy sources, visit the BMWi’s websites at
www.bmwi.de and www.erneuerbare-energien.de.
N OT E S
N OT E S
www.bmwi.de