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16 MARCH 1984
Circle ko. 162 on Readers' Sewice Card
Ill5
ISSN 0036-8075
SCIENCE
16 March 1984
Volume 773. No. 4641
Giant Panda Paternity: .S. J . O'Rt.ic,~let al.: Ediaci~ri~n
Fossils: K . 1:'. C'cr.\ti~l.:
H . I.i,,i.itl: Acetylene on 'fitan: I). .S. ,Mtrttc,\o~l;.I. I . I.rtt~itli~.I). J . . S r l ~ c , ~ l . \ o t ~ .
Y . I . . Y I ~ I. I. .~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
LETTERS
F . A . l d o ~ l , q. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1133
Impact Theory of Mass Extinctions and thc Invcrtebratc Fossil Kecord:
W. Al~,erre,: ct al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.
....................
1135
Hydrogen-Evolving Solar Cells: A . 11i,I/i,r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1141
Federal R &
EDITORIAL
ARTICLES
D Budget: (juns Versus Butter:
Herbicide-Resistant Mutants from 'l'obacco Cell Cultures: R . S . C'lltrl(:fl'and
7 ' . R . Her!, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1148
Juarcz: An Unprecedented Kadiation Accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NEWS AND COMMENT
1152
Ht.ii;fi~l,y:Soviets Drop Farther Back in Weapons 'l'cchnology: Better L.iving
Through Chemistry'!: Dingell Warns Kcagan on Cancer Appointments:
Kussian Influence in Science Diminishing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
,4gcnt Orange St~iil)1s l.ike
:I
('hameleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1156
VA to St~iil)'I'uins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1157
"Science Shops" r.'lourish in Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1158
E ~ ~ r o p c a nBack
s
Computer I'lan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
St;~tesWant Still'cr fil)H Kulcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160
h e 4 Vitilmin A f'rcvcflt Cancer?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 61
RESEARCH NEWS
Can Multibond Keactionx He S q nchronous?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 62
Computing Without 1)issipating Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 64
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
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'l'ours and Special Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 67
h1:ignctic Mi)nopolcs. / . c , ~ , i c ~ ~ /I\,t ' c ~.I.i l A . 11(1/.1,c,!,:
Wc;ithcr :init ('li~natcKcsponscs
to Solar V:iriiitions. \+', ('. l . i ~ ~ i i / , q \ t oC'ostii
i/:
Kic:i~i N:it~~r;il
Histor!.
I:'. (;. l.c,i,qlr. .I/..: Cohii. I ) . I.. I+'c,h\ic~/.:Rooks Kcccivccl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 70
End-Crctaccous Brachiopod Extinctions in the Chalk of Denmark: F . .SIII.I,VXand
,$I. B . .lolrtrir.cc,ir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 174
Terminal Cretaceous Extinctions in the Hell Creek Area. Montana: Compatible
with Catastrophic Extinction: J . Sttrii and .S. ~ . t r t rc1c.r Kereri,.\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1177
Geologic Framework of Nonmiirine Crctiicco~~.;-Tcrtiiiry
Boundary Site\. Kiiton
Basin. Ncw Mexico and Colorado: ('. 1.. Pilliiroi.c~ct aI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1180
'l'hc End of the Cretaceous: Sharp Boundary or Gradual 'l'ransition?:
W'.Al\,trrc~: cJt (11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 183
M a s Spawning in 'l'ropical Keel' Corals: 1'. I.. I/tri~i.i.coirct al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1186
Phenyliiliininc 'l'ran\fcr KNA: Molecular Dyniimics Simulation:
S. C. Ilerr~.c,!.el al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 189
Bioiissiiy 01' Soluhilircd R ( ~ c , i l l i tl~oi.ii~,yic,i~.ti\
~\
\ a r . i.\/.ccc~lc~ir\i\Cr!stals b!
Attiichmcnt to I.atcu l3ciicls: I ) . . I . .Y( lri~c~ll.
.\I. A . I ' / i r i ~ i ~ c ~ i ~ c i i c ~ l .
K . M.'. ,\.'ic.X(,i~\c>ir.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1191
The Enzymatic Synthesis of 5-Aniino-4-lmidazc~Icciirbc~~i~miilc
Kihosidc
Tripho4phate (Z'I'P): K . 1.. Strhiirer. E . W . I/olitrc~.v.,\I. A . Rc,c.Xc~i... . . . . . . . . . .
1193
Novel Viral Sequences Kclatcd to Huniiin 'I'-Cell 1,cukcmi~iVirus in T Cells of :I
Seropositive Bahoon: I / . - ( ; . (;lro. I-'. Woir,<~-.Sirrtrl.K . ('. (;erllo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1195
A Transforming rtr.s Gene in 'l'umorigcnic Guinea Pig Cell Lines Initiated hy
Divcrw Chemical Carcinogens: S . .Y~~ki~itrtrr
ct :I]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1197
Isoliition. Str~rcturc,and Synthesis of a Human Seminal PI~ism:i Pcptidc u.ith
Inhibin-Likc Activity: K . Ktriiltr.\Ileri~iiltr ct al. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
7'c,c~lriric~trl
( ' o i i l i t r c ~ i l i : Health ElTccts of Ilioxin: 7 . I ) . .Sic,i.litrg: 1'. I f . A h c ~ l \ o i r .. . . .
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COVER
Synchronous spanning by polyps of 21
\taghorn coral. , 4 c . 1 ~ > p o i ~li\tc~i.i.
tr
']'he
oral discs 01' the poI\ps bulge u,ith
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readiness 1)r rclc;isc. 'l'he bundles float
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1186. ]Peter H:irr~son. James Cook
University of North Quccnsliind. Australia]
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SCIENCE, VOL. 223
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SCIENCE.
Science Citation IndexB1955-1964 Cumulation
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SCIENCE. VOL. 223
LETTERS
Giant Panda Paternity
We have determined by biochemical
genetic procedures that the baby giant
panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) born at
the National Zoological Park in July 1983
was the offspring of the Washington male
(Hsing-Hsing) and have excluded the
possible parentage by the London male,
Chia-Chia. The question arose because
the mother, Ling-Ling, successfully
mated with Hsing-Hsing (for the first
time!) in March 1983 and was artificially
inseminated with sperm from Chia-Chia
on the 2 days following the sexual encounter.
Ling-Ling first showed signs of sexual
receptivity in the spring of 1973 and has
demonstrated estrus once a year ever
since. Although Hsing-Hsing is a rather
healthy male, his sexual encounters with
Ling-Ling through the 1970's were unsuccessful due to what has been politely
termed an orientation problem (I).
In 1980, artificial insemination was attempted on 2 days of estrus using fresh
spermatozoa collected from Hsing-Hsing
by electroejaculation (2), but no pregnancy resulted. In 1981, the London
male giant panda, Chia-Chia, was flown
to Washington for a mating encounter
with Ling-Ling. This pairing resulted in
an aggressive and extended physical attack on Ling-Ling by Chia-Chia, which
did not include copulation. In 1982,
Ling-Ling was again artificially inseminated on each of 3 days bf estrus. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa from Chia-Chia
were used on the first day, and fresh
spermatozoa from Hsing-Hsing were
used on the second and third days. During this estrus Ling-Ling was subjected
to two laparoscopic examinations at 48hour intervals so that ovarian activity
could be evaluated. Although the reproductive organs appeared morphologically normal and follicular luteinization was
detected, the artificial insemination was
not successful in producing a panda
cub.
On 17 March 1983, Ling-Ling dis-
Table 1. Panda phenotypes. Abbreviations:
A, acidic allele homozygote; B, basic allele
homozygote; and AB, heterozygote.
Protein
LingLing
Baby
HsingHsing
ChiaChia
p90*
p68
p32
p73*
p112
p54
A
AB
AB
B
AB
A
AB
B
AB
AB
AB
A
AB
B
B
AB
A
A
A
B
B
B
AB
AB
*Informative loci.
played symptoms of estrus again; on 18
March, Hsing-Hsing successfully mounted and copulated. On 19 and 20 March,
fresh buffered spermatozoa was collected at the London Zoo from Chia-Chia
and the specimens were used for artificial insemination. On 21 July, Ling-Ling
gave birth to a male cub weighing 134
grams. Approximately 3 hours after
birth, the cub died. Eleven hours later,
the cub was removed from the cage, an
autopsy was performed, and the cause of
death was determined to be acute pneumonia that had developed prenatally
from an ascending Pseudomonas infection in the birth canal.
In order to establish paternity for the
baby panda, a blood sample and a skin
biopsy were obtained on 21 July and the
skin was placed in tissue culture at the
National Institutes of Health. Blood and
skin biopsies from Ling-Ling, HsingHsing, and Chia-Chia were also collected and placed in cell culture. As there is
nothing known of biochemical genetic
variation in this species, we used two
techniques to detect informative polymorphic gene products. The first was to
sample 29 isozyme loci, 22 of which we
have designated as mammalian "polymorphic cluster" enzyme loci because
they tend to be polymorphic in other
mammalian species (3). They were
ACPI, ACP2, ADA, ESA, ESD, FUCA,
GALA, GALB, GOTI, GOT2, G6PD,
GPI, GSR, GLO, HKl, HK2, IDHI,
MDHI, MEI, PEPA, PEPB, PEPC,
PEPD, PGD, PGM1, PGM3, PP, SODI,
and MPI (4). Surprisingly, none were
polymorphic in our group of four giant
pandas.
The second approach consisted of the
separation at high resolution of abundant
soluble proteins in two dimensions
(2DE) on polyacrylamide gels (5). Proteins from the four cell lines (from baby,
Ling-Ling, and the two suspect fathers)
were labeled with I4C amino acids and
subjected to 2DE gels and autoradiography plus silver staining for detection of
proteins. The autoradiographic patterns
were analyzed by computer-assisted
densitometry (6). Of the approximately
300 proteins examined, six exhibited
quantitative polymorphism within the
sample of four. Each polymorphism involved a mobility shift due to charge
alteration, and all the putative polymorphism~ exhibited gene dosage dependence in heterozygotes which is consistent with a genetic basis (5). The phenotypes of the four animals at each of the
six loci, designated p90, p68, and so
forth, after their molecular weights
(x
appear in Table 1. Two of the
loci, p90 and p73, show that the only way
that the baby could have been Ling-
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Ling's son is if Hsing-Hsing had been the
father. Chia-Chia is excluded by both
loci. The genotypes of the four other loci
are also consistent with this explanation.
These results are reassuring insofar as
they confirm the virility and fertility of
Hsing-Hsing and add another breeding
male to the very small population of
captive male giant pandas.
STEPHEN J. O'BRIEN
National Cancer Institute,
Frederick, Maryland 21701
million years ago died without descendants.
Many of the Ediacaran body fossils
have already been described and attributed without exception to extant phyla of
marine organisms but, according to Seilacher, one can question these attributions for two reasons. He says that the
Ediacaran sediments are coarser than
those which, in the Phanerozoic, contain
preserved evidence of the groups involved. This is especially so in the case
DAVIDGOLDMAN of soft-bodied organisms, as most of the
National Institute of Mental Health,
described Ediacaran fauna are. He
Bethesda, Maryland 20205
thinks the Proterozoic organisms were
JOHN KNIGHT,HARRY
D. MOORE invested with a tougher integument than
Zoological Society of London, Regents
later organisms (and hence were better
Park, London NWI 4 R Y,England
preserved in coarse sediments) and had
DAVIDE. WILDT
primordial flattish and "quilted" surMITCHELL
BUSH face, elsewhere unknown. Because he
RICHARDJ. MONTALI found no evidence of a mouth in some of
DEVRA
KLEIMAN the organisms heretofore attributed to
National Zoological Park, Smithsonian
Vermes, Seilacher concludes they were
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20008
mouthless (and presumably gutless) and
that their seeming metamerism is an illuReferences and Notes
sion; he speculates that they were possi1. D. Kleiman. Z. Tierpsychol. 62, 1 (1983).
bly acellular and carried on their physio2. C. C. Platz, D. E. Wildt, J. G. Howard, M.
Bush, J. Reprod. Fertil. 67, 9 (1983).
logic processes directly by transfusion
3. S. J. O'Brien, M. Gail, D. L. Levin. Nature
through their thick integumental wall. It
(London) 288. 580 (1980).
4. Abbreviations are as follows: ACPI, erythroshould be pointed out, however, that it is
cyte acid phosphatase; ACPZ, tissue acid phosunusual indeed to find the mouth area
phatase; ADA, adenosine deaminase; ESA,
esterase-A; ESD, esterase-D; FUCA, a-L-fucopreserved in rare fossil worms which, by
sidase; GALA, galactosidase-A; GALB, galactheir segmented nature, invite disassocitose-B; GOTI. glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase-1; GOT2, glutamate oxaloacetate transamiation after death; and pray how, other
nase-2; G6PD. glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPI, glucose phosphate isomerase; GSR,
than flattened, would one expect to find
glutathione reductase: GLO, glyoxalase-I;
H K I , hexokinase-l ; HK2, hexokinase-2; I D H I, a worm preserved? Or any other essenisocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (soluble); MDHI,
tially soft-bodied creature?
malate dehydrogenase-l (soluble); MEI, malic
Mine is the traditional view that the
enzyme I (soluble); PEPA, peptidase-A; PEPB,
peptidase-B; PEPC, peptidaseC; PEPD, peptiEdiacaran fauna is a backward projecdase-D; PGD, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; PGMI, phosphoglucomutase-l; PGM3,
tion of the Cambrian shallow benthos
phosphoglucomutase-3; PP, pyrophosphatase,
requiring no exceptional explanations of
inorganic; SOD1, superoxide dismutase- I; and
MPI, mannose phosphate isomerase.
any sort. In the more than 130 million
5. P. H. O'Farrell, J . Biol. Chem. 250,4007 (1975);
years
between the Ediacaran time and
D. Goldman and C. Merril, Am. J. Hum. Genet.
35.827 (1983); S. J. O'Brien et a / . , Science 221,
the earliest Cambrian, hard parts (calci460 (1983).
um phosphate, calcium carbonate, chi6. D. Goldman. C. R. Merril, R. J. Polinsky, M. H.
Ebeq, Clin. Chem. ( N .Y.) 28, 102 (1982); C. R.
tin), which may have been incipient in
Mernl, D. Goldman, M. H . Ebert, Proc. Nail.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 6471 (1981).
the Ediacaran organisms, were widely
7. Copies of gel photographs are available by redeveloped by invertebrate creatures.
quest from the authors. The excellent technical
assistance of Mary Eichelberger and Janice
This made their basal Phanerozoic presMartenson is gratefully acknowledged.
ervation not only abundant, but so much
so by way of contrast as to seem to some
paleontologists to have been the result of
essentially instantaneous "explosive"
Ediacaran Fossils
evolution. In contrast to Seilacher's attribution of the known Ediacaran fauna
In his article "Alien beings here on to a "world apart," most of it seems to
Earth" (Research News, 6 Jan., p. 39), me to fit comfortably into extant phyla.
Roger Lewin reports on the views of
In the earliest Cambrian, many of the
Adolf Seilacher of Tiibingen University organisms seem to have been at that time
with respect to fossils occurring in the "living fossils" which necessarily had
Late Precambrian Ediacaran beds of had a long antecedent, but undiscovered,
South Australia. Seilacher is said to be- evolutionary history. Current work on
lieve that these fossils have a completely primitive arthropods (trilobites and nondifferent architecture and physiology trilobites) furnishes considerable evifrom Phanerozoic (Cambrian-Recent)or- dence of this nature. The presence also
ganisms. It is reported to be his view that in the Early Cambrian of the remains of
these body fossil organisms of some 670 several higher arthropod lineages, some
delivery..
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Brinkmann Instruments Co.
Division of Sybron Corporation
Cantlague Road, Westbury, NY 11590
Tel: 800-645-3050: in New York. 516-334-7500
In Canada: 5 0 Galaxy Blvd.
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liquid handling
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~rinkmann
SYBRON
BRU.5087
For information circle reader service number 245
For a demonstration circle reader service number 246
Next to your own expertise,
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Circle No. 82 on Readers' S e ~ i c eCard
SCIENCE, VOL. 223
of which became extinct in the Phanerozoic, others of which are extant, also
indicates a long antecedent evolutionary
history before their first appearances as
fossils. The same kind of evidence exists
for the early Echinodermata.
When one considers the vastness of
Precambrian time, during which life existed in oceanic waters, and the undoubtedly gradual change of the nature of
those waters, it would be indeed strange
if there were not a multitude of these
ancients yet to be discovered as fossils;
moreover, it would be surprising if some
of these lineages were not unique to the
Precambrian; thus an open mind is required in testing the oldest organisms
with respect to their relevancy to the
Phanerozoic biota. But arguments for
such novelties should be well grounded.
We can only wish Seilacher success in
his further study of the Ediacaran trace
fossils and hope that this will encourage
others to undertake similar studies of
Precambrian deposits for organic remains. Such quests are of immense importance to an understanding of organic
evolution.
E. CASTER
KENNETH
Insidetim.
kilometer of the planet's surface (3).
Fantasies of the first space probe's triggering a spectacular detonation of the
whole planet are dampened by the
knowledge that meteorites have been Upper outside diameter f~ts
there first, and prosaic chemical reac- into 10 x 75 mm test tubes
tions such as polymerization probably
never allowed the explosive solid to accumulate in the first place.
DONALD
S. MATTESON
Department of Chemistry, Washington
State University, Pullman 99164-4630
References and Notes
1. Beilstein's Handbuch der Organischen Chemie,
B. Prager and P. Jacobson, Eds. (Springer.
Berlin, ed. 4. 1918). vol. 1, p. 233; ibid., 3rd
suppl., F . Richter, Ed. (1958). vol. I , p. 895;
commercial acetylene cylinders contain acetone
as a diluent for safety.
2. International Critical Tables, E. W. Washburn,
Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1929). vol. 5, p.
181; ibid., vol. 7. p. 490.
3. A megaton of TNT occupies a cube approximately 100 meters on a side.
We acknowledge the rather explosive
properties of pure, solid acetylene, as
noted bv Matteson. However. we envision thecomposition of the solid material
underlying the ethane-methane ocean to
be considerably more complicated than
pure acetylene, as we suggest briefly in
our report. The dissociation of methane
Department of Geology, University of
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 452214013 and consequent production of hydrocarbons in the Titan stratosphere from
Caster misses the point when he seeks methane must produce not only C2 and
to imply that Seilacher is unaware that C3hydrocarbons but also much heavier
when soft-bodied marine organisms are long-chain polymers (incorporating nifossilized they are typically flattened. trogen), at the expense, in part, of acetyWhat is of interest is that the evident lene (I). This material has been inferred
quilted structure of many of the Edia- by a number of authors (2) to be the
caran fauna indicates that these orga- source of haze layers visible in Voyager
nisms were also of a generally flattened images. The base of the ocean must
appearance in life. Hence, at least in therefore be a collection of complex
part, Seilacher's inference of the unusual polymers, solid acetylene, and intermediffusional mode of nutrient and metabo- diate photochemical products stable as
solids under the ambient conditions. The
lite t~an~p0rt.-ROGER LEWIN
final proportions of the various products
after descent through the atmosphere
and the intimacy of the mixture on the
Acetylene on Titan
ocean floor are at present difficult to
quantify but of interest, since the presThe ocean of ethane on Titan pro- ence of impurities can slow further
posed by Lunine, Stevenson, and Yung polymerization of acetylene. The possi(Reports, 16 Dec., p. 1229) is a fascinat- bility of meteorite impacts inducing furing idea to an organic chemist, but the ther reactions of hydrocarbons both in
suggested layer of solid acetylene (C2H2) the ocean and at its base is a fascinating
100 to 200 meters thick lining the bottom one; the frequency of impacts by objects
is utterly fantastic. "Don't liquefy acety- sufficiently large to reach the ocean and
lene, but whatever you do, don't freeze affect the base is 10' to lo8 years.
it!" is the advice I remember from my
I. LUNINE
JONATHAN
days at E. I. du Pont. The legendary
DAVIDJ. STEVENSON,
YUKL. YUNG
explosive character of the liquid or solid Division of Geological and Planetary
is attested in the older literature (I). The Sciences, California Institute of
unfavorable heat of formation from the Technology, Pasadena 91125
elements, 227 kilojoules per mole, is
References
more than twice the energy of explosion
of an equal weight of TNT (2). Thus, the
1. Y. L.Yung, M. Allen, J. P. Pinto, Astrophys. J.
Suppl. Ser. in press.
estimated instability of Titan is approxi2. D. M. Hunten et al., in Saturn, T . Gehrels, Ed.,
mately 200 to 400 megatons per square
(Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, in press).
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Rexdale. Ont. M9W 4Y5, Tel: 416-675-7911
liquid handling
,wstems
Brinkrnann
For information circle reader servlce number 247
For a demonstration circle'reader service number 248
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Circle No. 307 on Readers' Service Card
1132
SCIENCE, VOL. 223
16 March 1984, Volume 223, Number 4641
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR
THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Science serves its readers as a forum for the presentation and discussion of important issues related to the
advancement of science, including the presentation of
minority or conflicting points of view, rather than by
publishing only material on which a consensus has been
reached. Accordingly, all articles publ~shed in Science-including editorials, news and comment, and
book reviews-are
signed and reflect the individual
views of the authors and not official points of view
adopted by the AAAS or the institutions with which the
authors are affiliated.
Editorial Board
FREDERICK
R. BLATTNER,
BERNARD
F. BURKE,ARDEMAIN,CHARLESL. DRAKE, ARTHUR F.
FINDEIS,E. PETERGEIDUSCHEK,
GLYNNISAAC,NEAL
E. MILLER,FREDERICK
MOSTELLER,
ALLENNEWELL,
RUTHPATRICK,
BRYANT
W. ROSSITER,
VERAC. RUBIN,
WILLIAM
P SLICHTER,
SOLOMON
H SNYDER,
PAULE.
WAGGONER,
JOHNWOOD
SCIENCE
Federal R & D Budget: Guns Versus Butter
U.S. scientists and engineers are generally aware that federal funding for
R & D for the military has increased sharply in recent years. What is less
appreciated is that federal funding for the rest of the nation's R & D effort
has considerably decreased. Using words from a classic phrase, R & D
funding for "guns" is up and R & D funding for "butter" is down.
The National Science Foundation compilation* of federal R & D funding
for fiscal years 1980 through 1984 by budget function, corrected for inflation
with official deflators (fiscal 1984 is set at loo), reveals the following in
billions of constant dollars.
NOLD
Publisher: WILLIAMD. CAREY
Associate Publisher: ROBERTV. ORMES
Editor: PHILIPH . ABELSON
Editorial Staff
Assistant Managing Editor: JOHNE. RINGLE
Production Editor: ELLENE. MURPHY
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J. CULLITON
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(deputy editor),
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Research News: ROGERLEWIN(deputy editor), RICHARD A. KERR,GINAKOLATA,
JEANL. MARX,THOMAS
M. MITCHELL
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MACK;
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Senior Editors: ELEANORE
RUTHKULSTAD
Associate Editors: MARTHACOLLINS,SYLVIAEBERHART,
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GORDON,
LOISSCHMITT
Assistant Editors:
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MCCULLOUGH,
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BookReviews: KATHERINE
LIVINGSTON,
Editor; LINDA HEISERMAN,
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GILBERT
BOULDIN
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EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE: 1515 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Area code
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Science, 30 September 1983.
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Fiscal year budget
Category
Total R & D
National defense
All other R & D
Increase
1980-1984
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
(9%)
$39.0
$19.4
$19.6
$39.2
$21.7
$17.5
$39.6
$24.2
$15.4
$40.4
$26.2
$14.2
$45.7
$32.0
$13.7
17
65
-30
Figures for fiscal 1983 and 1984 are estimates. However, the opposite
trends of support are obvious. N S F lists 15 nondefense budget functions
that obtain federal support for R & D. Of these, only one, general science,
which is primarily basic research, shows an increase in constant dollars
between fiscal 1980 and 1984; the 4-year increase is a modest 7 percent. In
President Reagan's recent budget proposals for R & D for fiscal 1985, the
dominance of funding for the military continues.
The rapid increase in R & D for the military is not surprising; it was
almost inevitable, given the large expansion of military budgets. The
surprise is the magnitude of the decrease in support of nondefense R & D.
This has occurred in the face of rising concern about the international
competitiveness of our industries and the need for increasingly innovative
U.S. technology. One response to these concerns was passage of the
Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, which provided U.S. industry with a
25 percent annual tax credit for incremental R & D expenditures. Partly as a
result, industry funding of R & D rose between 1980 and 1984 at about 6
percent per year in constant dollars.
There are fields of effort where contributions by industry are small o r
fragmented and where federal support of R & D is essential. These include
health (other than drugs), energy, housing, agriculture, environmental
protection, and natural resources. Basic research, which supplies the
fundamental knowledge on which industrial R & D builds, also requires
federal support, since industry's contribution is slight.
Will the pressure for increased military R & D ease soon? The answer is
almost surely no, since large increases in budgets for the military are
proposed for the next several years, and there is no reason to expect the
fraction for R & D to decrease. The most likely future is intensified
pressure on all other federal budgets, including those for R & D. What then
is to be done to obtain more adequate federal support for civilian R & D?
Three efforts suggest themselves: develop more persuasive arguments to
federal agencies and Congress on the need for more support for R & D in
nonmilitary areas; emphasize the need for more basic research, particularly
in areas that supply the scientific base for our industries; and urge greater
effectiveness in the federal government's civilian R & D support programs,
with less emphasis on such research spectaculars as the Manned Space
Laboratory and tighter constraints on the burgeoning expenditures for
military R & D.
Scientists and engineers have a particular responsibility to understand
these problems and make their recommendations known. What is at stake is
the future prosperity of our nation.-F. A. LONG,Program on Science,
Technology, and Society, Cornell University, Zthaca, New York 14853
"Science Resources Studies Highlights, NSF 83-323, 14 October 1983
constant tempera
circulators
eader servic~
? reader sen
16. New York Botanic Garden. Monday, 28 May, 12:30 p.m.4:30 p.m. (Limit: 30 persons)
Visit the Enid A. Haupt Conservatory, an acre of gardens
under glass, containing 11 galleries and pavilions, each with a
different plant environment. See also the Rose, Systematic,
Chemurgic, and Herb Gardens and other exhibits.
17. Subway Safari: NBC and Rockefeller Center. Monday, 28
May, 12:30 p.m.-4:30 p.m. (Limit: 30 persons)
Led by professional guides, this tour will take you to the NBC
TV studios and the famous Rockefeller Center.
18. Broadway Musical: Cats. Monday, 28 May; Showtime:
8:00 p.m. (Limit: 48 persons)
This award-winning show is the most exciting musical on
Broadway today! AAAS will send you a voucher; pick up
your tickets at the AAAS Ticket Desk.
19. AT&T Bell Laboratories. Tuesday, 29 May, 8:30 a.m.1:00 p.m. (Limit: 100 persons)
The facility is located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1-hour's
drive from midtown Manhattan. Here, at the birthplace of the
transistor, advanced research and development is performed
across a broad range of scientific and engineering disciplines
important to information technology. After an introductory
presentation, small groups will visit selected laboratories and
see current work on very large scale integrated (VLSI)
circuits, fiber optics, and recent developments in computer
science research.
20. Subway Safari: Radio City Music Hall and St. Patrick's
Cathedral. Tuesday, 29 May, 9:00 a.m.-1:00 p.m. (Limit:
30 persons)
Our final safari will take you to the majestic beauty of St.
Patrick's Cathedral and the wonder of Radio City Music
Hall-a great way to end a stay in New York City.
Order Form for Tour and Show Tickets
Name
Institution or Company
(If part of mailing address)
Street Address
City
-
State
-
-
Zip Code
For tours 1, 10, and 19 indicate citizenship:
Indicate any special requirements due to a handicap:
Tour
No.
Ticket
Price
-
No. of
Tickets
1. IBM Thomas J . Watson Research
Center (25 May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tour
No.
Ticket
Price
11. American Museum of Natural
HistorylHayden Planetarium (27
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Brooklyn BridgelCity Hall (25
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Broadway Musical: 42nd Street
(27 M a y ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Brooklyn MuseumlBotanical
Gardens (25 May). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. ChinatownILittle Italy (27 May)
4. New York Stock Exchange (25
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
......
Soho (28 May). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Lower East Side (28 May)
15.
5. David Letterman Show (25 May)
.....
16. New York Botanic Garden (28
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. American Museum of Natural
HistorylHayden Planetarium (26
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17. NBClRockefeller Center (28
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Intrepid Museum (26 May).
18. Broadway Musical: Cats (28
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Bird Walk in Central Park (27
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Free
9. South Street Seaport (27 May). . .
2.00
19. AT&T Bell Laboratories (29
May) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. West PointlHudson River Boat
and Bus Tour (27 M a y ) . . . . . . . . .
Charge to my
VISA or
No. of
Tickets
20. Radio City Music HalliSt.
Patrick's Cathedral (29 May)
MASTERCARD. Enclosed is my check
....
Total amount enclosed or charged: $
Total number of tickets ordered: $
Account No.
-
-
-
Expiration Date
Signature
MAIL TO: Tours, AAAS-Dept.
16 MARCH 1984
Cardholder's Name
-
-
R, 1515 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005
1169