The importance of Natural Ventilation
and Daylight for Healthcare Applications
1
Contents
Page 3
Preface
Page 12 Avoiding Overheating
Page 22 Cost Saving & Patient Recovery
Page 4
Front cover story Royal Chelsea Hospital
Page 13 Maintaining a Sustainable Future
Page 23 Winter Heat Loss - The Myth
Page 14 Design
Page 24 Poole Hospital
Page 15 Design
Page 25 Natural Ventilation for Cooling
Page 5
Page 6
Page 7
Front cover story Royal Chelsea Hospital
Introduction
Page 16 Frenchay Hospital
The Regulations
Page 17
Page 8
Page 9
New Brentwood
Resource Centre
Page 26
SUNPIPE® Natural Daylight
Systems in Healthcare
Page 27 Health Benefits
Blackberry Hill Hospital
Page 18 BREEAM
Page 28 COOL-PHASE®
Page 19 UK Organisations
Page 29 COOL-PHASE®
Page 20 Kentish Town Healthcare
Page 30 WINDCATCHER® to the Test
Page 21 Basildon Hospital
Page 31 Research & Development
Blackberry Hill Hospital
Health, Comfort and
Page 10
Sustainability
Page 11 Ventilation Guidance
The Case for Natural Ventilation and
Daylighting for Healthcare
A review of current legislation, latest guidelines and example case studies
Providing pure ventilation was seen by Florence Nightingale
developments should be assessed to ensure options are
as the first rule of nursing. In “Notes on Nursing” Nightingale
evaluated on a whole life cost basis. Low carbon options include
stresses, “the first and last thing upon which a nurse’s attention
more renewable energy, passive cooling, ultra-efficient lighting,
must be fixed, the first essential to the patient, without which
sustainable transport and natural environment.” This includes
all the rest you can do for him is as nothing…is this: TO
the need to “maximise daylight, shade, and ventilation naturally”.
KEEP THE AIR HE BREATHES AS PURE AS THE EXTERNAL
AIR WITHOUT CHILLING HIM.” This mantra is echoed in
Monodraught’s philosophy.
The principles of quantity, quality and control required by the
NHS to ensure good natural ventilation and daylighting are
equally enshrined in Monodraught’s own product philosophy. As
The National Health Service Carbon Reduction Unit reports that
a consequence Monodraught already plays a substantial and
the NHS is responsible for 20 million tonnes of carbon dioxide
successful role in providing natural ventilation and daylighting
emissions per annum. It is the largest public sector contributor
solutions in all areas of the national and private healthcare
to climate change in England, producing 25% of public sector
sectors.
emissions.
This brochure outlines Monodraught’s expertise in providing
In reducing carbon emissions, considerable importance is
ventilation and daylighting solutions for the construction and
attached to the roles of natural ventilation and daylight. The
refurbishment of healthcare facilities. In addition it highlights how
Estates Unit of the NHS stresses that “natural ventilation is
Monodraught is fulfilling the requirements and recommendations
always the preferred solution for a space, provided that the
of the National Health Service as well as the requirements of the
quantity and quality of air required, and the consistency of
relevant regulatory bodies.
control to meet the requirements of the spaces, are achievable”.
Similarly the National Health Sustainable Development Unit
states that: “Buildings designed with passive ventilation have
improved resilience to energy supply failure and are more
energy efficient than mechanically ventilated buildings. In an
‘‘
In an acute hospital up to 70% of
net floor space could be entirely or
’’
acute hospital up to 70% of net floor space could be entirely
partially naturally ventilated
or partially naturally ventilated”. It also states that: “Capital
NHS Sustainable Development Unit
3
y and
chnolog
e
t
n
r
e
d
t
ge of mo ods ensures tha
ia
r
r
a
m
g
meth
“The
g existin
building
n
l
o
a
n
m
a
io
it
ly
trad
oane
roud
ing sits p n and Sir John S
d
il
u
b
e
h
t
re
topher W oric campus.” ects (SBA)
t
Sir Chris
hit
is
on this h Steffan Bradley Arc
s
g
in
d
il
bu
Front Cover Story
Royal Chelsea Hospital
London
Architects: Steffian Bradley Architects (SBA)
Facade: Quinlan & Francis Terry Architects
Consultant: Delap & Waller
Monodraught WINDCATCHER® natural ventilation
systems were selected to provide energy-free fresh
air throughout the new three storey flagship care
home. The fifteen systems were cleverly adapted
by Monodraught to complement the architectural
style of the new infirmary, which is in context with
original Wren and Soane buildings. The units were
clad in clay pantiles to ensure a perfect blend with
the architectural style. CFD analysis was carried out
using Monodraught’s own development team and
then verified using external specialists to optimise the
architectural cladding.
The hospital is an institution that has
been looking after army veterans since
the late seventeenth century. The client’s
brief was to replace the old infirmary,
built in the 1960s, which had reached
the end of its useful life, and produce a
design that stands in context with the
original Wren and Soane buildings that
form the rest of the Royal Hospital.
The 125-bed flagship care home
provides residential nursing care
beds, outpatient facilities, staff
accommodation, ancillary facilities,
4
residents’ amenity areas and
landscaping. Lead architects Steffian
Bradley Architects (SBA) which had
experience in designing care homes
in the US, won the contract in an
international design competition and
was responsible for the interior as well
as the overall construction of the new
building. SBA created high specification
Healthcare capabilities to produce an
effective, modern healing environment,
while Quinlan & Francis Terry Architects
designed the facade of the building.
The infirmary is intended to emphasise
the sense of community and shared
experience that the residents have
acquired through their history with the
army. As the hospital was one of the
most prominent care homes in the
UK and could potentially be a model
for other care homes, SBA felt that
sustainability was a primary concern for
the project.
C a s e S t u dy
The new infirmary had to be
environmentally friendly and is designed
and constructed to reach a lifespan
in excess of 120 years. This ruled out
conventional air conditioning, with its
noise and relatively high running costs.
The original Royal Hospital was a
naturally ventilated building, so consulting
engineer Delap and Waller decided that
the new buildings also needed ‘energyfree ventilation’ and that only natural
ventilation could meet such rigorous
demands.
Monodraught WINDCATCHER systems
were selected to deliver this energy-free
fresh air throughout the buildings on
the project. For the 15 WINDCATCHER
units fitted at the Royal Hospital Chelsea,
Monodraught adapted the design to
replicate the existing chimneys on the
hospital building. The units were clad
in clay pantiles, ensuring that they
complemented the architectural style of
the new infirmary, which, in turn, mirrors
the existing hospital premises.
Programmable, motorised volume control
dampers ensure optimum efficiency
whether doors and windows are open
or closed, so whatever the time of year,
draught-free, cost-free ventilation is
readily available and always maintained.
Unlike mechanical air-conditioning
systems, WINDCATCHER natural
ventilation systems also provide free
night-time cooling via damper controls
that can be programmed to maximise
cooler night air while creating a cleaning
effect as the downwash of fresh air drives
out stale air.
5
Securing Health, Comfort and Environmental Performance
Healthcare facilities demand good quality ventilation, lighting and
thermal comfort. As major contributors to carbon emissions,
energy and environmental performance is also essential.
UK carbon emission targets are set by the Building Regulations
Part 2A Conservation of Fuel and Power. Achieving these
targets demand stringent controls on the efficiency of lighting, air
conditioning and ventilation performance.
To minimise carbon emission and ensure energy efficiency there
is strong emphasis on utilising natural ventilation, daylighting and
passive cooling solutions in the healthcare sector.
Strong management and
design structures have been
established to ensure that the
goals of staff and patient health,
energy efficiency and long-term
sustainability are achieved. This
is supported through legislation
as well as UK and European
compliance schemes. The
general structure for securing a
good indoor climate with optimum
energy efficiency and sustainability
is summarised in the figure.
aves
ense; it s
s
s
s
e
in
s
e
erfect bu d helps everyon
p
s
e
k
a
n an
use m
g energy porate reputatio Carbon Trust
in
c
u
d
e
“R
cor
The
nhances
change ”
money, e against climate
ht
in the fig
6
Organisations:
— NHS Carbon Reduction Unit
— BRE (BREEAM + EnCO2de)
— Carbon Trust (EnCO2de)
— CABE
Building Regulations
Part F: Ventilation
Natural
Ventilation
BREEAM
Day Lighting
Airtightness/
Air Leakage
Building Regulations
PartL: Conservation of
Fuel and Power
Calculation Methods:
— EnCO2de
National Calculation
Methods (NCM):
— SBEM
— DSM
Energy
Performance &
Display Energy
Certificate
BREEAM Healthcare
Environmental
Rating
European Energy
Performance of Buildings
Directive (EBPD)
ers
The Energy Intensive Us
ices
Group, expects energy pr
60%
to increase by between
years.
and 70% in the next ten
Within the UK National Health Service, primary funding for capital
schemes as well as for management and long-term maintenance
are primarily through Private Finance Initiative (PFI) schemes and
Local Improvement Finance Trust (LIFT) companies.
The ProCure21 Guide
To ensure best practice and to help NHS Trusts guard against
poor results, the ‘Procure 21’ procurement method for publicly
funded NHS capital schemes has been developed. This stands
alongside the PFI and LIFT schemes to deliver future NHS facilities
In all instances these procurement and finance approaches are
aimed at providing the best cost effectiveness in terms of capital
and operational performance. Throughout all the guidance
provided by the NHS, natural ventilation and daylighting are key
to meeting environmental, cost and maintenance performance of
buildings within the UK health sector.
T he Re g u la t io n s
NHS – Procurement, Operation and Maintenance
Achieving Excellence in NHS Construction
Private Finance Initiative (PFI)
NHS Local Improvement
Finance Trust (LIFT)
e. In
expensiv
y
r
e
v
is
g
r
rt coolin ery few days pe
“Comfo
v
e
r
r
ve y high
ea
r
is
e
h
e
t
r
,
u
K
t
a
the U
for
mper
re the te comfort cooling s
e
h
w
r
a
g
ye
ha
°C). Usin can cost as muc
(over 28
rm
short te
g”
just this
e
’s h atin
uide
r
a
e
y
nology g
le
005 Tech
a who
G
T
C
n
atio
lic
r ust pub
Carbon T
7
Blackberry Hill Hospital
Bristol
Concept Architect: Devereux Architects
Implementation Architect: Frederick Gibberd Partnership
Services Engineer: hurleypalmerflatt
Contractor: Rydon Construction
Client: Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health
Over 40 WINDCATCHER® natural ventilation systems
were specified on the project, with most sited in the ward
corridors, the central hub and the Main building. The
WINDCATCHER natural ventilation systems are designed to
catch the wind from any direction using a series of external
louvres linked to quadrants and internal turning vanes. The
captured fresh air is brought down into the building via
a damper system, which con­trols the rate of flow. At the
same time, the warm internal air is expelled through the
same route as a form of displacement ventila­tion. Among
the advantages of the system is that it can be designed
and sized to meet the exact ventilation needs of the spaces
without relying on external elements, such as rooflights or
opening vents, which in this case would have presented a
security risk.
The Fromeside medium secure mental health unit at
Blackberry Hill Hospital in Bristol formed part of a major
investment scheme to provide mental health facilities
in Bristol, north Somerset and south Gloucestershire.
Commissioned by Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health
Partnership NHS Trust with private sector partner
Ryhurst First Priorities.
The concept design was undertaken by Devereux
Architects, with the scheme sub­sequently run as a
design and build con­tract with Rydon Construction as
the con­tractor, Frederick Gibberd Partnership as the
8
implementation architect and hurleypalmerflatt as the
services engineer.
From the outset a strong emphasis was placed on
sustainability. This was driven in part by the original PFI
bid, which stipu­lated a 20 per cent energy saving over
traditional/existing designs. Stringent ener­gy targets were
also imposed by the NHS Trust, which required a low
carbon design in line with its existing commitment to reduce
primary energy consumption. Central to the success of
the scheme in environmental terms has been the use of
innovative nat­ural ventilation and lighting solutions.
C a s e S t u dy
Situated on a sloping site to the north­east
of the main hospital, the £19m build­ing is
designed to provide safe and secure treatment
for patients with serious mental health
problems it replaced an existing 27-bed clinic,
which could no longer cope with the number of
people requiring treatment and did not include
facilities for female patients.
The size and complexity of the building,
combined with the need for minimum
circulation areas, necessitated the use of
internal corridors and a num­ber of land-Iocked
ancillary spaces with no direct access to natural
light and ventilation.
The solution was to use a combina­tion of
Monodraught’s WINDCATCHER, SUNPIPE®
and SUNCATCHER® systems. The units
contain few moving parts and therefore pose
minimal long-term maintenance needs. The
WINDCATCHER systems chosen were mainly
square units and Specified in a light grey colour
to match the roof cladding.
9
Health, Comfort and Sustainability
The health and comfort of staff and patients is paramount in the
healthcare sector, with special requirements necessary to cope
with the demands of the vulnerable and ill.
The healthcare sector is a major contributor to CO2 emissions
as well having substantial energy costs. Improved energy
efficiency not only reduces environmental impact but can also
improve comfort. These needs are addressed in a number of
legal and guidance documents. Key documents in relation to
the indoor environment and sustainability within the NHS and
healthcare sector are:
zz Building Regulations Part F: Ventilation;
zz Building Regulations Part L2A: Conservation of
Fuel and Power
zz NHS HTM 03-01: Heating and Ventilation Systems
zz NHS Heatwave Plan for England
zz NHS HTM 07-02: EnCO2DE Making Energy
Work in Healthcare
zz NHS HTM 07-07: Environment and Sustainability
zz NHS Saving Carbon and Improving Health
zz BREEAM: BREEAM Healthcare
zz World Health Organisation (WHO): Natural Ventilation
for Infection Control in Healthcare Settings.
In addition, further general guidance is given by the Commission
for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) and the
Carbon Trust. In almost all cases, natural ventilation and
daylighting are advocated wherever practicable.
10
‘‘
Health and Comfort
The NHS is responsible for 20 million tonnes
of carbon dioxide emissions per annum.
’’
NHS Carbon reduction Unit
Environment and Sustainability
The NHS Carbon Reduction Strategy &
HTM-07: Environment & Sustainability
Building Regulations Part L –
Conservation of Fuel and Power
The NHS fulfils its sustainability obligations through its own
carbon reduction strategy. Within these objectives, natural
ventilation and the maximum use of daylighting are key
objectives. Key design considerations include:
Important requirements have been set to ensure that UK
buildings fulfil the environmental objectives of energy efficiency
and sustainability. Legal requirements are set out in Part L of the
Building Regulations. The goal of zero carbon remains a major
target. Part L has been formulated to comply with the European
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and to meet
the UK’s own targets on reducing CO2 emissions.
zz Encouraging techniques such as passive solar heating,
natural ventilation and natural lighting, to reduce the
need for artificial heating, cooling and lighting.
zz Mechanical solutions should be limited to core areas.
Building Regulations Part F - Ventilation
zz Using simulation models to assess the cooling potential
Ultimately buildings must be designed, constructed and
operated in accordance with the relevant Building Regulations.
Compliance is satisfied by following the relevant “Approved
Documents”. In relation to ventilation this is contained in Part F
(October 2010). This requires that ventilation must be provided
and be capable, under normal circumstances of limiting the
accumulation of pollutants and moisture, which could lead
to mould growth and would otherwise become a hazard to
the health of people in the building. In the case of healthcare
requirements have been devolved to HTM-03 as outlined below.
of natural ventilation and thermal mass.
Examples are given in HTM-07 of cost reductions associated
with using natural rather than mechanical ventilation.
European CEN Standard 13779
In instances when the dominant needs for ventilation are
to provide fresh air to occupants and to dilute and remove
occupant generated pollutant, European CEN standard 13779
has defined the quality of air according to the ventilation rate per
occupant. The classifications are:
zz Low indoor air quality – ventilation below 6 L/s.p;
zz Moderate air quality – ventilation between 6 – 10 L/s.p
zz Medium air quality - ventilation between 10 – 15 L/s.p
zz High air quality - ventilation greater than 15 L/s.p
These classifications are increasingly being used to set the
standard for ventilation.
NHS HTM-03 H&V Systems
In the healthcare sector, ventilation for infection control is critical.
In particular, stringent requirements are in place to prevent cross
contamination and the discharge of harmful contaminants to the
external environment. Requirements are enshrined in Healthcare
Technical Memorandum HTM-03 “Heating and ventilation
systems”. In non-infection critical areas, TM 03-01 states that
“Where odour dilution is the overriding factor, it is recommended
that 10 litres per second per person should be taken as the
minimum ventilation rate”. This, therefore, corresponds to the
boundary between ‘moderate’ and ‘medium’ air quality as
given by the CEN 13779 Classification. It is also the minimum
standard required by Part F of the Building Regulations
for Offices.
The World Health Organisation.
Throughout the world, natural ventilation
has a vital role to play in healthcare. In
its publication “Natural Ventilation for
Healthcare Settings”, the WHO states that
“Lack of ventilation or low ventilation rates
are associated with increased infection
rates or outbreaks of airborne diseases” whereas “high
ventilation rates could decrease the risk of infection...
A higher ventilation rate is able to provide a higher dilution
capability and consequently reduce the risk of airborne
infections”.
The WHO particularly
recommends that, in
existing healthcare
facilities with natural
ventilation, this system
should be maximized
where possible, before
considering other
ventilation systems.
11
Hea lt h , C o m fo r t a n d Su s t ain ab il i ty
Ventilation Guidance for Healthcare
Avoiding Overheating:
Natural Ventilation for Cooling
‘‘
Buildings designed with passive ventilation
have improved resilience to energy supply
failure and are more energy efficient than
mechanically ventilated buildings.
NHS Saving Carbon and Improving Health
’’
Overheating and Health
The Causes of Overheating
Controlling Night-Time Cooling
NHS Heatwave plan for England
Buildings overheat for two primary reasons. The first is as a
consequence of high heat gain from internal heat sources,
combined with solar radiation through windows. Poorly
designed buildings can overheat long before the outdoor
temperature becomes high. Typically this type of building
requires air conditioning for large parts of the year and therefore
performs poorly in terms of energy and environmental rating.
The second reason for overheating is due to high outdoor
temperature. In reality outdoor temperatures above 28 °C occur
very infrequently in the UK and for only a few hours in anyone
day. Thus this is rarely the main cause of building overheating.
Passive designs seek to minimise overheating periods and thus
reduce or eliminate the periods for which air conditioning is
needed.
Monodraught WINDCATCHER controls are programmed to
close the dampers automatically at 15 ºC to prevent the building
from overcooling but otherwise, this ventilation arrangement
provides approximately 8 hours of free cleansing and cooling
of the building interior, which is essential for the successful
application of natural ventilation.
Such is the evidence about
elevated death rates during
heatwaves, the NHS has
produced a Heatwave Plan
for England. This states that
high-risk groups, who are
vulnerable to the effects of heat,
are physiologically unable to
cool themselves efficiently once
temperatures rise above 26 °C.
The plan requires that every
care, nursing and residential
home should be able to provide a room or area that maintains a
temperature of 26 ºC or below. Hospitals should aim to ensure
that cool areas are created that do not exceed 26 ºC, especially
in areas with high-risk patients.
The plan recommends that cool areas can be developed with
appropriate indoor and outdoor shading, ventilation, the use of
indoor and outdoor plants and, if necessary, air-conditioning
ng factor,
tion is the overridi
lu
di
r
ou
od
re
he
“W
cond
that 10 litres per se
it is recommended
um
taken as the minim
be
ld
ou
sh
on
rs
per pe
03-01 BEM
ventilation rate”.
al memorandum TM
NHS Technic
12
Night-Time Cooling
Night-time cooling seeks to reduce the fabric temperature of
buildings to enable them to absorb excess heat from day time
thermal gains.
Night-time cooling provided by Monodraught natural ventilation
systems mean that dampers can be automatically programmed
to open to allow the night-time cool air to descend to floor level,
not only purging the building of state air but also cooling down
the interior of the building, as well as the building mass and
structure of the building.
Probably one of the most successful aspects of top down
natural ventilation systems is the ability to provide secure nighttime cooling, with virtually no energy costs.
Cooling and Ventilation with Security
In patient accessible zones, window opening is restricted to
100 mm. This limits the ability to provide ventilation and cooling
by window opening alone.
Solar Assisted Natural Ventilation
Monodraught SOLA-BOOST® solar assisted natural ventilation
system is based on the proven WINDCATCHER design that
includes a solar-powered fan which can boosts the ventilation
rate up to 260 l/s on sunny days.
Phase Change Cooling
Phase change cooling works by storing energy in phase
change material. The new range of Monodraught cooling units
provides an effective means for securing top-up cooling without
refrigeration during periods when passive cooling by ventilation
requires assistance.
Further details on our COOL-PHASE® passive cooling and heat
recovery system can be found on page 28
C a s e S t u dy
MT Vernon Treatment Centre
Northwood
Client: East & North Hertfordshire NHS Trust
Architect: AD Architects
Contractor: T & E Neville
This new extension to the present chemotherapy suite
comprises of a ‘link-building’ which joins the existing waiting
area and new treatment building, and a new larger treatment
space. This treatment area accommodates chemotherapy
treatment and clinical cancer trial areas.
The architects approach for the building was to design a
bright and spacious environment which is intended to be both
uplifting for both staff and patients and the therapeutic value of
a link to the outside.
The Chemotherapy unit uses SOLA-BOOST solar assisted
natural ventilation systems to provide energy free and
maintenance free ventilation to the office spaces, counselling
and PICC rooms. SUNPIPE natural daylight systems were
used to supplement the natural daylight, with the systems
dropping through the first floor to provide natural daylight to
deep plan and land locked areas on the ground floor.
Norwich & Norfolk
University Hospital
Angiography Suite 3
Client: NNUH
Architect: LSI Architects
Contractor: Eyre Electrical
This new part refurbishment and part new build
centre was opened in June 2010 and the Architects
chose Monodraught SOLA-BOOST® solar assisted
natural ventilation and SUNPIPE® natural daylight
systems to provide ventilation to the internal office
spaces and resource rooms.
13
Designing for Sustainable Goals
In European Union Member Countries the move towards
low and zero carbon buildings is managed through the
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD Directive
2002/91/EC). This requires member states to apply minimum
requirements covering the energy performance of new and
existing buildings. The EPBD therefore plays a major role in
forming building energy policy.
Part of the EPBD is the demonstration of performance through
the assessment and the issuing of an Energy Performance
Certificate (EPC). An EPC provides an energy rating for a
building which is based on the performance potential of the
building itself (the fabric) and its services (such as heating,
ventilation and lighting). The energy rating given on the
certificate reflects the intrinsic energy performance standard
of the building relative to a benchmark which can then be
used to make comparisons with comparable properties. It is
accompanied by a recommendation report, which provides
recommendations on how the energy performance of the
building could be enhanced, together with an indication of
the payback period.
The Directive requires:
zz A common methodology for calculating the integrated
energy performance of buildings;
zz Minimum standards on the energy performance of new
buildings and existing buildings that are subject to major
renovation;
zz Systems for the energy certification of new and existing
buildings, prominent display of this certification and other
relevant information.
Regular inspection of boilers and central air conditioning
systems in buildings and, in addition, an assessment of heating
installations in which the boilers are more than 15 years old.
EnCO2de 2006
In addition to the national calculation method for building
energy efficiency, the healthcare sector has its own calculation
technique EnCO2de. This not only covers buildings but has been
produced as a comprehensive guide to all issues relating to the
procurement and management of energy in the NHS.
14
Dynamic Simulation Model (DSM)
DSM stands for Dynamic Simulation Model. It is a software tool
that models energy inputs and outputs for different types of
buildings over time. It is necessary because in certain situations,
SBEM, is not sophisticated enough to provide an accurate
assessment of a building’s energy efficiency. In these cases
Government-approved proprietary dynamic simulation models
may be used. DSM analysis is regarded as being more accurate
and allows the modelling of buildings which have sophisticated
features that vary non-linearly. This is particularly important
for designing for night-time ventilation, thermal coupling and
demand control ventilation.
Display Energy Certificate (DEC)
A display energy certificate currently applies to Public
authorities, and institutions, including healthcare facilities,
providing public services to a
large number of persons, who
occupy space in a building with
a total useful floor area greater
than 1000 m2.
A DEC shows an operational
rating which conveys the
actual energy used by the
building as opposed to an
EPC which conveys an asset
rating showing the intrinsic
performance of the building.
Building energy perfo
rmance
Measured Operational
Rating
Building type: Office
Certificate No:
Sub-type: air-condi
tioned
OR-Ukew-Off/17432
/06
Expiry: 26-Jun-08
A
0
B
100
C
D
200
E
300
F
500
400
300
200
100
0
2yrs ago
Last
year
Current
E3
400
500
G
Operational rating
The European Energy Performance
Certificate (EPC)
Display Energy Certificate
The European Energy Performance of
Buildings Directive (EPBD)
600
Current rating 347
Rating last year 382
Rating 2 yrs ago
407
E3
F1
F2
Benchmark for type
250
D3
& for sub-type
380
F2
Progress over 3 year
period
Asset rating 337
E3
Recommendations
for improving the property
are set out in the report:
Title:
Reference
Date:
Additional informatio
n
1
Was consumption data
based on actual or
2
estimated readings?
Contribution from LZC
Actual
technologies
3
Energy demand for
special uses discounted
%
from
above ratings (kWh/m2)
Fossil
4
Percentage of total
Electricity
area that is unheated
Administrative inform
ation
%
Building details
Address:
Total floor area
A government office
2,927m2
Main heating fuel:
Certification details
Gas
Service strategy A/C
Methodology
National calculation
methodology DCLG
Context
circular 3/2006
Whole office building
Issued by:
Calculation tool:
A Assessor Company:
ORCalc v1.3b
Energy Audit Ltd
Accredited by:
Signed:
ORCert - registratio
n no:
Related party disclosure
06-10732
Date:
: Facilities manager
operating the bulding
for Dept of Statistics
Calculation Methods – The National
Calculation Methodology
Satisfying the EPBD requires using an approved benchmark
energy and carbon emission model. The National Calculation
Methodology is the approved process by which the energy
performance of a building is assessed and the energy
performance certificate is awarded within the UK.
Simplified Building Energy Model
(SBEM)
This is the simplest tool available and has been designed to
meet the fundamental requirements of the EPBD. The SBEM
approach places particular importance on natural ventilation
stating “greater improvement is expected in buildings with
mechanical ventilation and/or air conditioning than those with
natural ventilation and no mechanical ventilation. This is meant
to encourage designers towards more passive solutions for
providing comfort.”
Monodraught WINDCATCHER® natural ventilation systems
satisfy ventilation and passive cooling needs by incorporating
the top down natural ventilation technique. Any prevailing
wind is encapsulated by the louvres on the windward side of
the Monodraught system and this air is turned through 90° to
provide a continuous airflow down to the room below. Motorised
volume control dampers, together with a sophisticated control
system, can accurately control this airflow to provide the desired
ventilation rate. Since the airflow is drawn from above the roof
level, the air is generally much cleaner than it would be drawn
through windows or low level intakes. By drawing air in from a
high level, this avoids dust, dirt, and often traffic pollution that
generally circulates at pedestrian level.
Fresh
air in
Stale
air out
Anti bird
mesh
Internal
divider
Weather
louvres
Motorised volume
control dampers
Des ig n
How Monodraught Satisfies Energy Efficient Ventilation
Since the downflow of incoming air is generally much cooler
and being wind driven, it has been proven through many years
of testing that this airflow descends to floor level, similar to a
displacement ventilation system, but without any energy costs!
Constant movement of air to floor level tends to slightly
pressurise the room which the WINDCATCHER serves, and this
incoming air helps to displace the warm air that rises through
the natural passive stack effect of the leeward side of the
Monodraught system. Warm air will naturally rise to ceiling level
in any room and since the air ducts are open to atmosphere
“passive stack ventilation” is created. Air movement over the top
of the Monodraught system also helps to create a venturi effect
on the leeward side of the Monodraught WINDCATCHER system
assisting in extracting stale air from the room.
The interaction of free night-time cooling cannot be overstated.
During the summer months, the volume control dampers on the
Monodraught systems are programmed to open fully at midnight
to allow the cool night air to descend down to floor level.
Even if there is no wind blowing at night-time, the warm air will
always rise up to roof level, and exhausted to the atmosphere,
since this action cannot create a vacuum, cool night air will
descend to replace the warm air that has been exhausted. It
follows when there is any prevailing wind from any direction, this
will simply increase the throughput of this fresh ventilation air,
purging the building of stale odours and the residue of any heat
build up, which has been created the day before.
Ceiling diffuser
air
in
15
Frenchay Hospital
East Ham
Client: North Bristol NHS Trust
Architect: Arturus Architects
Contractor: ER Hemmings Ltd
SUNPIPE® natural daylight systems were chosen to
provide natural daylight to the land locked internal
spaces and deep plan on the new build consulting
and therapy unit at Frenchay hospital. A series of
SUNPIPES to the rear of the areas ensure that an
even level of daylight is provided and washes the
internal rooms with a high quality of light.
16
are
nt when you
ta
r
o
p
im
so
t is
n your
“Natural ligh
ore restful o
m
h
c
u
m
so
otes and
working. It is
er to read n
si
a
e
it
s
e
k
a
eyes, it m
n.”
t informatio
study 2004
other patien
useCoopers
ho
er
at
w
ce
ri
/P
on C ABE
Nur se, Lond
Client: South Essex Partnership NHS Trust
Architects: Ingleton Wood
Contractor: Hutton Construction
The new centre is a modern purpose built facility, which
houses mental health outpatient, day care and therapy
services for adult and older people in the Brentwood Locality.
The completion of the resource centre has brought together a
number of services which previously were operating in various
buildings around the High Wood Hospital site.
Natural daylight was considered of primal importance on this
new build development with the SUNPIPE natural daylight
systems utilised on the central corridors and to several of the
treatment centres to increase the level of natural daylight over
the level provided purely by the windows. In addition to the
SUNPIPE systems further daylight is provided by VELUX roof
windows and lantern lights.
17
C a s e S t u dy
New Brentwood Resource centre
BREEAM Environmental Assessment
BREEAM Healthcare
BREEAM is the UK’s Building Research Establishment’s
Environmental Assessment Method. This is regarded as
the world’s leading and most widely used environmental
assessment method for buildings, with over 115,000 buildings
certified and nearly 700,000 registered. It sets the standard
for best practice in sustainable design and has become the
de facto measure used to describe a building’s environmental
performance. Credits are awarded in ten categories. These
credits are then added together to produce a single overall
score on a scale of Pass, Good, Very Good, Excellent and
Outstanding.
The aims of BREEAM are:
zz To mitigate the impacts of buildings on the environment;
zz To enable buildings to be recognised according to their
environmental benefits;
zz To provide a credible, environmental label for buildings;
zz To stimulate demand for sustainable buildings.
HTM-07 requires that NHS healthcare schemes obtain at least a
BREEAM excellent rating.
Within BREEAM considerable importance is, again, attached to
natural ventilation and daylighting In relation to natural ventilation
the aim is to “recognise and encourage adequate cross flow
of air in naturally ventilated buildings” and ensure “flexibility
in air-conditioned/mechanically ventilated buildings for future
conversion to a natural ventilation strategy”.
18
To maintain indoor air quality BREEAM also recognises the
integration of natural ventilation components with CO2 sensors
requiring that sensors either have the ability to alert the building
owner/manager when CO2 levels exceed the recommended
set point, or are linked to controls with the ability to adjust the
quantity of fresh air, i.e. automatic opening windows/roof vents.
Monodraught ventilation products are particularly able to meet
the stringent ventilation requirements of BREAM. In particular
they can penetrate deep plan spaces that are unsuitable for
openable windows while, at the same time, overcome the
limitations imposed by restricted window opening. In addition,
Monodraught CO2 controls are designed to meet the need for
automatic control.
Similarly BREEAM Healthcare gives
credits for maximising the use of
natural daylighting.
The BREEAM exemplary level
requires that at least 80% of the
floor area is provided with an
average daylight factor of 3% in
multi-storey buildings and 4% in
single-storey buildings.
Monodraught SUNPIPE® natural daylight systems can assist
in achieving this specification especially in areas inaccessible to
window daylight.
maximising daylighting, natural ventilation and
passive cooling and heating, minimises energy
consumption and improves sustainability
Various organisations have been established by the UK Government to assist in the development of policies and
advise on measures to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. These include the following:
CVT001 Carbon Trust
’’
The Carbon Trust
CABE
The Carbon Trust was established to advise government and
industry on methods for reducing carbon emissions. Through a
series of reports it has produced substantial information on the
benefits of natural ventilation, passive cooling and daylighting.
It is also a major contributor to the healthcare EnCO2de
calculation method.
CABE is the Government established advisor on architecture,
urban design and the public space. It has called for better
design of primary healthcare buildings.
The Carbon Trust has made important statements about the
benefits of Natural Ventilation and daylighting. These include:
zz “Maximising daylighting, natural ventilation and passive
cooling and heating minimises energy consumption
and improves sustainability. In addition reducing
energy consumption while achieving optimum comfort
conditions makes sense.”
zz Low-cost quick wins: “Take advantage of natural
Lighting
Heating and Ventilation
Electricity
Cooling
Lifts
Other
Fuels
Hot Water
Other
ventilation and free cooling to halve energy costs.”
zz “Make good use of natural daylight: This costs nothing
and can reduce your lighting costs by 15%” Carbon
Trust Energy Saving Factsheet: (GIL 143 2004).
e
n and fre
io
t
a
il
t
n
al ve
ts”
of natur
ergy consTrust
n
e
e
g
a
r
t
u
n
a
o
v
y
o
The Carb
“Take ad you could halve
d
n
a
cooling
Breakdown of energy usage for a hospital in a northern location
(CADDET energy efficiency in hospitals maxi brochure)
For healthcare buildings CABE recommends that “Generous
amounts of natural light and ventilation help to contribute to
good and energy-efficient environmental conditions throughout.
Taking advantage of the natural environment can help create a
sustainable building.”
In addition CABE carried out research on the retention of
Hospital staff and 35% of respondents to the survey indicated
that the internal environment was very important in retaining
nursing staff. The ability to control the immediate environment
such as ventilation was cited as one example of an important
design feature affecting retention. Units which were too warm
or too cold were not seen as conducive to long-term retention.
Some nurses even went as far as saying that the ability to
control the local environment in which they worked could have
an impact on the sickness levels of staff.
emissions are
O
C
d
n
2
a
se
u
cluding
“Energy
ugh design, in
ro
th
d
e
is
tion,
im
min
atural ventila
n
s
a
h
c
su
solar
s
measure
ling, passive
c
y
c
re
y
rg
e
n
e
ter
orientation,
ting, grey wa
h
g
li
ay
d
l
ra
tu
design, na
C ABE
insulation.”
recycling and
19
O r g a n is a t io n s
‘‘
Government Established Organisations
Kentish Town Healthcare
Croydon
Client: Camden PCT & James Wigg Practice
Main Contractor: Morgan Ashurst
Services Engineer: Peter Deer Associates
Kentish Town Health Centre (KTHC) is a new health building
in central London, combining a large GP clinic and a
wide range of health facilities. Delivered through the LIFT
procurement programme the building was designed to
provide a new standard for modern healthcare facilities.
The project was initiated by a project champion with a
vision for integrating medicine, health and art within a
community building. These views were embraced by
the Architects, Allford Hall Monaghan Morris and the
partnership with Camden & Islington Community Solutions
has set an award winning standard for the future generation
of NHS development.
Awards:
• Civic Trust Award 2010
• Building Magazine: Public Building of the Year 2009
• RIBA Stirling Prize-Shortlist
• RIBA Award for Architecture 2009
• LIFT Award for best Design for Healthcare Project 2009
20
C a s e S t u dy
Basildon Hospital
Basildon
Direct Installation for Facilities Team, Estates Department
Our SUNPIPE natural daylight systems were chosen
to replace ageing roof lights which originally provided
daylight to internal corridors. The original skylights
had aged considerably and provided little or no
daylight but provided huge amounts of heat loss
during winter periods. As part of a ward refurbishment
project, the skylights were replaced with a composite
weathering skirt to fit over the existing skylight
upstands, minimising additional roofing requirements.
The SUNPIPE systems were then fitted down to the
new ceiling level. The works were carried out with the
minimum of disruption to the areas being served.
“The SUNPIPES were chosen by the client for speed
of installation, the ease with which they were fitted
and reducing the need for electric lighting.”
John Curley, Technical Consultant
21
The Passive Approach for Cost Saving & Patient Recovery
There is increasing understanding on the need for ventilation to
improve well-being. Low ventilation rates have now been shown
to have an adverse effect on health and performance. European
Standard EN13779:2007 “Ventilation for Non-Residential
Buildings – performance requirements for ventilation and room
conditioning systems” defines indoor air quality according to the
fresh air ventilation rate. A ventilation rate below approximately
6 L/s.p is considered to be of low air quality while a value of 10
L/s.p (the minimum rate specified in the Building Regulations for
UK offices) is on the boundary between moderate to medium air
quality.
Avoiding Expense by Free Running
Natural Ventilation
In general ventilation research
has shown that the higher the
ventilation rate, the better is the
indoor air quality and occupant
satisfaction. Thus, outside periods
in which purpose provided heating
and cooling is necessary, there
is a clear advantage to operating
systems above the minimum
ventilation rates specified by HTM
03-01. However, in the case of
mechanically driven ventilation
systems, increasing ventilation
rates means the expense of
installing larger capacity ventilation
fans and ducts, as well as
consuming more electricity. This
extra expense is avoided with freerunning natural ventilation.
22
Optimising Ventilation Rate with
Automatic ‘CO2’ Control
Because occupancy levels in healthcare buildings are variable
it makes sense to control the rate of ventilation according to
occupant load. This is particularly important during periods in
which purpose provided heating or cooling is being provided
since unnecessary ventilation will result in the unnecessary loss
of heated (or cooled) air. Since carbon dioxide is generated
by metabolism, the easiest way in which ventilation can be
automatically adjusted is by monitoring the carbon dioxide
concentration within occupied spaces. This is because there is
a strong correlation between the steady state CO2 concentration
and the ventilation rate in terms of litres/seconds per person.
Thus for a given ventilation rate the concentration of CO2 will rise
in proportion to the number of occupants.
The figure below shows the approximate upper and lower
level of steady state metabolic CO2 concentration for typical
ventilation rates. To comply with the recommendations of HTM
03-01 a ventilation rate of 10 L/s.p corresponds to a steady
state CO2 concentration of approximately 900 – 1000 ppm.
The actual figure depends on the starting outdoor value which
varies from approximately 380 ppm for rural areas to 500 ppm
for urban areas. Poorer indoor air quality results as the CO2
concentration increasing. A 5 L/s ventilation rate correspond to
a to a CO2 concentration of between 1400 – 1500 ppm.
As an optimal solution, a set point CO2 concentration of 1000
ppm is often used as an acceptable threshold for demand
control systems but this can be varied according to outdoor
conditions and specific air quality needs.
Ventilation Rate vs CO2 Concentration
25
Ventilation Rate (L/s.p)
Ventilation and Air Quality
Better
Air Quality
20
Poorer
Air Quality
Ventilation at 5 L/s.p
~ 1500 ppm of CO2
15
10
5
Minimum Ventilation
for Occupants 10 L/s.p
~ 1000 ppm of CO2
0
500
1000
1500
CO2 Concentration (ppm)
(Based on urban CO2
concentration of 500 ppm)
2000
Outdoor Air Quality
Concern is often expressed that, during the winter,
excessive heat and energy can be lost through the
exhausting of ventilation air. It is for this reason that
there can be a perceived conflict between providing
the ventilation needed to ensure optimum health and
productivity, and a desire to reduce building heatloss,
Sometimes heat recovery units are specified. In
ventilation intensive areas where significant thermal loss
is identified, heat recovery may be considered. However
cross-contamination must be avoided with the result
that conventional air to air systems would need to be
approved by the infection control officer. Furthermore
these require a continuing maintenance commitment to
ensure that filters are regularly replaced and that ducts are
kept clean. Uncontaminated ducting is particularly critical
in the health sector.
Natural ventilation cannot, in itself, compensate for
poor outdoor air quality. Fortunately much research
has been undertaken in recent years to reduce
problems associated with poor outdoor air quality.
Requirements are now included in the Air Quality
Strategy for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern
Island. Local Authorities are required to monitor
urban air quality and designate zones of poor air
quality as Air Quality Management Areas. Action
plans must then be developed and enforced to
improve the air quality in these zones. There are also
restrictions on emissions and on the location of air
exhausts and fresh air intakes. This is resulting in
continuing improvement to outdoor air quality
In reality, for a well insulated space, ventilation heatloss
may not have as much of an additional space heating
burden as some calculations may suggest. Much
depends on incidental heat gains which can be quite
high in a healthcare environment. For typical outdoor
winter temperature of between 6 - 12 ºC, the heat loss,
on a per person basis is between approximately 100 to
180 W at a ventilation rate of 10 L/s per person. These
figures may easily be balanced by incidental gains from
electrical healthcare equipment. Therefore it is important to
undertake a full thermal analysis to identify the true impact
of ventilation losses. With good design, natural ventilation
may be expected to provide reliable ventilation without
resulting in excessive energy loss. The NHS Carbon
Reduction Strategy particularly recommends improvement
to insulation and controls to reduce heating needs.
Nevertheless some air pollution problems can occur
and these may often be dependent on weather
conditions. As a general rule, air intakes at low level
and facing busy roads are more likely to cause air
quality problems than those placed at high level or,
indeed, at roof level and away from traffic sources.
There can sometimes be problems of dust ingress
or traffic pollution through low-level air intakes and
complications with conventional windows and
intakes placed in courtyards because stale air can
become trapped in such zones. Monodraught
WINDCATCHERS® can effectively overcome this
range of problems by taking in fresh air at roof
level where the air supply is usually cleaner than at
ground level.
Ventilation Heat Loss for Typical Winter Daytime Temperatures
200
Typical Minimum
and Maximum
Ventilation Range
Ventilation Heat Loss (W)
Winter Heat Loss
180W
6 ºC Outdoor
Temperature
150
12 ºC Outdoor
Temperature
100W
100
50
89 W
In well designed spaces
ventilation heat loss can
be balanced against
solar gain, occupant and
internal heat gains
51 W
0
By demand control,
ventilation rates can
be reduced in low
occupancy periods
5
Minimum ventilation
10 for occupants 10 L/s.p
Ventilation Rate (L/s.p)
~1000 ppm of CO2
23
C o s t S av in g & Pa t ie n t Re c ove r y
Winter Heat Loss - addressing the myth....
Poole Hospital
Dorset
The new Sandbanks ward at Poole Hospital includes
a greater number of single rooms to improve patient
privacy. The refurbishment concentrated on bringing
a brighter, more modern environment for people who
have to undergo a hospital stay.
“The work that has taken place to refurbish Sandbanks Ward will make a
real difference to patients coming to the Hospital for cancer treatment.
It will improve patient privacy and offer a more modern environment
that is better equipped to support our doctors and nurses in providing
the highest quality patient care.”
Jackie Spendlowe, Ward Sister, Sandbanks Ward
24
Avoiding Overheating
Night-Time Cooling
Overheating is an increasing problem. Often it occurs not only
as a result of high outdoor air temperature but also because
of high indoor heat gains. Major sources of heat gain are IT
equipment, artificial lighting, occupants themselves and solar
gain caused by the direct effect of the sun. Control of indoor
gains is therefore, essential.
Probably, one of the most successful aspects of top down
natural ventilation systems is the ability to provide secure nighttime cooling, with virtually no energy costs and providing 100%
security to the building.
The avoidance of overheating is covered by Part L2A of
the Building Regulations. For UK climate conditions natural
ventilation can provide the main mechanism for maintaining
thermal comfort by flushing hot indoor air from the building with
cooler outdoor air. This is particularly beneficial with top down
ventilation provided by Monodraught WINDCATCHER® natural
ventilation systems and SOLA-BOOST® solar assisted natural
ventilation systems.
in are IT
es of heat ga
rc
u
so
r
jo
a
ccupants
“M
ial lighting, o
c
fi
ti
r
a
t,
n
e
y the
equipm
ain caused b
g
r
la
so
d
n
r
a
themselves
trol of indoo
n
o
C
.
n
su
e
of th
direct effect
l.”
fore essentia
gains is there
C o o lin g
Natural Ventilation for Cooling
During summer months, there is often a build-up throughout the
day of solar gain as well as occupier heat gains.
Night-time cooling provided by the WINDCATCHER means that
dampers can be automatically programmed to open to allow
the night-time cool air to descend to floor level, not only purging
the building of state air but also cooling down the interior of
the building, as well as the building mass and structure of the
building.
Monodraught WINDCATCHER controls are programmed to
close the dampers automatically at 15 ºC to prevent the building
from overcooling but otherwise, this ventilation arrangement
provides approximately 8 hours of free cleansing and cooling
of the building interior, which is essential for the successful
application of natural ventilation.
Programme Settings
Monodraught’s iNVent control system
provides settings for spring and autumn
as well as winter and summer, to ensure
that night-time cooling only occurs during
summer months when natural ventilation is
essential. These settings are as follows:-
iNVent Control Panel
Temperature
Spring
Up to 16 °C
At 17 °C
Dampers remain closed
At 18 °C
At 19 °C
At 20 °C
Dampers open 20%
At 21 °C
Dampers open 40%
At 22 °C
Dampers open 60%
At 23 °C
Dampers open 80%
At 24 °C
At 25 °C
Dampers fully open
At 26 °C
Night-time cooling

Summer
Dampers remain closed
Dampers open 20%
Dampers open 40%
Dampers open 60%
Dampers open 80%
Dampers remain
fully open
Autumn
Dampers remain closed
Dampers remain closed
Dampers
Dampers
Dampers
Dampers
open
open
open
open
20%
40%
60%
80%
Dampers fully open

Winter

25
Dampers open 5%
Dampers open 10%
Dampers open 15%
Dampers open 20%

Natural daylight in Healthcare. . .
Natural light provided by the sun is fundamental to human
health, and this has never been more important than today
because most people spend 80-90% of their lives hidden
inside some type of building. However, over the past 50 years
the designs of buildings, towns and cities have not been
sympathetic to this evidence.
Throughout human history, records show that the health
benefits of daylight have long been acknowledged by doctors.
The Ebers Papyrus found in Egypt and dated to around
1550 BC chronicle that “to relive any painful part, the body is
anointed and exposed to the sun”. Greek physician Aretaeus of
Cappadocia (2nd Century AD) recorded that “lethargics are to
be laid out in the light and exposed to the rays of the sun”.
In her book entitled “Notes on Hospitals” (1859), Florence
Nightingale noted that “direct sunlight, not only daylight, is
necessary for speedy recovery.” Later, Dr Oskar Bernhard drew
on his experiences of applying heliotherapy to treat soldiers
injured during the great war in his book “Light Treatment in
Surgery” (1861-1939) saying that “the remarkable analgesic
effect of the sun’s rays has as yet received no physiological
explanation” and “the reduction of pain, which insolation
soon brings, even in deep-seated diseases, may probably be
connected with the process of healing.”
These later comments are reflected in Victorian hospital
architecture that use large sash windows to flood the wards with
daylight and naturally ventilate them. However, their architecture
changed during the 1960s and 70s because the medical
profession believed modern cleaning methods to be superior to
the germicidal effects of sunshine in interiors. However, the link
between human health and daylight is becoming clear; daylight
has a range of non-visual and systemic effects on people.
26
As recently as the 1980’s, a relationship between daylight and
depression was established thus confirming the hypothesis of
Aretaeus of Cappadocia proposed nearly 2000 years earlier.
In 1956, Sister Janice Ward at the Rochford Hospital in Essex
found that by putting jaundiced babies in the sun helped increase
the metabolism of their livers and boost the breakdown of the
causative substance, bilirubin, and so decreased their recovery
time and showed that Florence Nightingale was accurate.
In 2005, a study showed that the sunlight found in a hospital
room affects the pain levels that patients feel and the quantity
of analgesic medication that they need to cope with it. In the
University Hospital in Pittsburgh, patients with an average of
46% more sunlight than equally ill patients needed 22% less
medication per hour following spinal fusion surgery showing that
Dr Bernhard was correct.
Other links between daylight and human health are also coming
to light. Sunlight is known to boost production of dopamine and
endorphins (feel good hormones), cortisone (anti-inflammatory
immune response), and testosterone in men. Furthermore, the
rate at which people synthesise vitamin D varies throughout
the year and is related to the position of the sun either side of
the two equinoxes. Therefore, during the autumn and winter
less vitamin D is produced and we must rely on stores built up
during the spring and summer. Vitamin D deficiency is difficult to
diagnose, but symptoms include disrupted sleep, depression,
deafness, gum disease, loss of balance, muscle and bone pain,
muscle weakness, and fractures.
Hea lt h B e n e fit s
. . . and the benefits of SUNPIPE
Adequate indoor lighting is essential for
hospital staff to work and move about in safety,
perform tasks, and create a pleasing ambiance.
Generally, people have a strong preference for
daylight over electric lighting in a room, and
in a healthcare environment daylight can be
beneficial to staff and patients alike. Research
by the Commission for Architecture and the
Built Environment (CABE) indicates that space,
access to natural light and fresh air are crucial
design factors affecting patients and their
recovery. In fact, constant exposure to artificial
light, in particular fluorescent tube lighting, is
commonly mentioned by nurses as one of the
most draining aspects of working on a ward.
The bare economic facts show that the use of
daylight in hospitals will increase patient recovery
times and keep staff happy, thus lowering costs.
Providing daylight inside hospitals pays.
People who suffer from heart disease are more likely to suffer
from depression than healthy individuals. In addition, patients
suffering from depression after a heart attack have a greater
risk of death. In 1998 it was found that heart attack victims
benefitted from being on sunlit wards, and that the sunlight may
have relieved some depressive symptoms, having a greater
effect on women than men.
in a
be working
to
r
ie
p
p
a
h
u
fficient
“It makes yo
asant view, su a
le
p
t,
n
e
m
n
o
opening
nice envir
ossibility of
p
e
th
d
n
a
t
dayligh
fresh air.”
2004
oopers study
window for
waterhouseC
l C ABE/Price
Nur se, Bristo
27
Passive cooling and heat recovery system
COOL-PHASE System
Night-time Charging Operation
The COOL-PHASE® passive ventilation system is an intelligent
passive cooling system utilising Phase Change Material (PCM)
to provide high “potential” thermal mass with the ability to
release the thermal storage highly effectively.
During the systems Summer operation, night-time
cooling is activated. Between midnight and 6am,
the system will purge the room with fresh air, pumping
the PCM through the heat exchanger at the same time.
This freezes the PCM, storing the coolth for the
following day.
Each COOL-PHASE module has the equivalent thermal mass of
8 tonnes of concrete.
Developed in collaboration with the University of Nottingham,
BASF, the Carbon Trust and Monodraught, the COOL-PHASE
system offers significant energy conservation potential.
How does it work ?
The COOL-PHASE system is designed to be floor mounted
against an outside wall. The system brings in fresh air through
discreet circular external weather louvres using very low
powered, low noise DC fans.  The fresh air is entrained over a
spiral wound high efficiency copper heat exchanger and into
the room.
The Phase Change Material (PCM) is a micro encapsulated wax
which is held within a fully insulated tank.  The PCM solidifies
and melts at temperatures around 20°C, storing or releasing
thermal energy and dependant on the operation of the system
will either provide cooling or temper the incoming fresh air. The
COOL-PHASE system is designed to provide fresh air only or
when required to activate the PCM, pumping it through the heat
exchangers. The COOL-PHASE system can re-circulate room
air or provide controllable fresh air with the use of insulated
modulating volume control dampers.
28
Daytime “Cooling” Operation



Within the COOL-PHASE system’s daytime operation,
the onboard control system analyses the internal room
temperature, CO2 levels and the external air temperature
every minute. When the internal temperature threshold or
CO2 level is exceeded and the external air temperature is
below 23 °C, the control system brings in fresh air only.
If the internal temperature thresholds are exceeded and
the external air temperature is above 23 °C then the PCM
cooling sequence is activated. The external air damper is
closed and the system will re-circulate the room air. The
system pumps PCM through the heat exchanger, cooling
the re-circulated room air. If the CO2 level exceeds 1200
ppm then the system will open the external damper to
bring in fresh air and maintain air quality.
Winter “Heat Recovery” Operation
During the systems Winter operation, our heat recovery
control program is activated. The Cool‑phase system is
programmed to actively
re-circulate the buildings warmth through the PCM late in
the afternoon. This method effectively stores this excess
warmth overnight, allowing the system to re-circulate the
warm air the following morning and provide air tempering
during the following day.
Pa s s ive ve n t ila t io n s y s t e m
Designed for Zero Carbon
The COOL-PHASE system is designed to be low energy and its
future development is ultimately to be powered entirely using
solar power.
The aim is to provide a fully zero carbon alternative to air
conditioning for intelligent buildings of the future.
Currently under test is our Solar Pack Module; consisting of solar
panels, solar charging system and solar batteries. This will allow
for year round, mains free, power to the COOL-PHASE system.
Academy of Medical Sciences
London
Architects: Burell, Foley, Fischer
2N° Cool-phase systems were installed at the new
headquarters for the Academy of Medical Sciences at
41 Portland Place. The headquarters is sited within a
Georgian townhouse which was built in 1773 as a grand
private residence, and the building still contains many
substantial period features.
The Cool-phase systems provide low energy ventilation
to the modern meeting rooms and have been specially
sited within facades designed to suit the period features
of the rooms.
Daytime Operation
29
Putting WINDCATCHER systems to the test
A 4-day on site investigation carried out in August 1998 by the Building
Research Establishment on two Lecture Theatres at the University of
Hertfordshire at Harlow proved the effectiveness of the Monodraught
WINDCATCHER® natural ventilation system under summer load conditions.
The detailed monitoring and measurements were carried
out over four days in August, during which the external
temperatures were approximately 29 °C, for two of the days. On
the other two days ranged from 18 °C to 22 °C.
G105 and four days in G111. The effect of night cooling from
the units was also determined over two days. Flow visualisation
studies were undertaken on the units using smoke as a tracer. A
recording of these tests were made on videotape.
The ventilation rates of the lecture theatres with the
WINDCATCHER closed and sealed was determined to find a
base comparison. Readings were also taken with the dampers
closed and fully open and were measured on three days in
It was determined that the background ventilation of both
lecture theatres (i.e. WINDCATCHER systems sealed) was
relatively low. With the WINDCATCHER systems fully open the
ventilation rate in G105 ranged from 1.24 ac/hr at 1.7 m/s wind
speed to 5.2 ac/hr at 4.5 m/s. For
G111 it ranged from 2.13 ac/hr at
2.6 m/s to 4.68 ac/hr at 4.1 m/s.
air change rates were measured with the monitoring
equipment being placed in the furthermost corners of the
Lecture Theatre in each case and recorded air change
rates of up to 5.2 ac/hr despite external temperatures of
up to 29 °C which is considered to be an excellent result.
Ventilation measurements were
carried out in both lecture theatres
using the tracer gas decay method,
Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6).
Left: Flow visualisation
of moderate wind speed
with no evidence of any
"short circuiting" of the
air movement
30
Three pairs of small mixing fans
mounted in opposing directions in
stands were placed far apart in both
lecture theatres. The purpose of the
fans was to mix the incoming fresh
air with the tracer gas inside the
lecture theatre.
The BRE Tests determined that
there was no short circuiting
of airflows at any time and the
The University of Hertfordshire was the test site and used
two Lecture Theatres that had been converted from what
was originally its old mainframe computer room. There were
no openable windows in either Lecture Theatre. G105 was
the smaller of the two with a volume of 458m3. G111 had a
volume of 769m3.
R & D
Our commitment to R&D
Monodraught have a very active Research and Development
Department at their offices at Halifax House in High
Wycombe and are also working closely with a number of
Universities in the UK. A group of nine full-time dedicated
R&D Engineers are exploring every avenue of renewable
energy features at Halifax House, where a total of 45
SUNPIPE® natural daylight systems, WINDCATCHER natural
ventilation systems and COOL-PHASE systems are installed
at the offices and constantly monitored on performance.
Monodraught have a
permanent Environmental Test
Chamber there to carry out
the continuous assessment and development of SUNPIPE
natural daylight systems and all their associated components.
Monodraught SUNCATCHER and SUNPIPE systems are
also installed at the Eco Houses at Nottingham University.
A 2-year Study was carried
out to develop a computerised
EDINBURGH
prediction model, as shown,
to assess the transmittance of daylight by lux plots into
the interior of buildings. Further advice on light output
is always available from Monodraught Head Office.
NAPIER UNIVERSITY
A 4-year Research Programme
was completed in 2009
WEST LONDON
in conjunction with Brunel
University to investigate indoor environmental conditions on
a wide range of Projects including Schools, Colleges, and
Universities to Building Society offices throughout the UK.
Buildings are being assessed after WINDCATCHER systems
have been installed and full Reports are available on request.
Brunel
U NIV E R SIT Y
A 3-year Research
Programme has been
undertaken to study
and assess the potential of solar powered air conditioning,
to be used in conjunction with the Monovent system and to
establish the viability of an energy free cooling system.
Liverpool University,
Loughborough
University and UMIST
have all been closely involved with research into Monodraught
products and various Papers have been published.
THE UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL
INVESTING IN KNOWLEDGE
Other Universities and Test Houses
Work has also been carried out at Loughborough University
and UMIST, as well as at BRE and BSRIA on the application of
WINDCATCHER natural ventilation systems. Full copies of all
these Reports are available on request from Monodraught.
Carbon Trust and DTI Awards
Two major funding awards were made to
Monodraught in 2006 to research PCM
(Phase Change Materials) and Evaporative
& Desiccant cooling in conjunction
with Nottingham University. As a result,
Monodraught’s new COOL-PHASE system
Choking risks to children
has been launched.
Department of Trade and Industry
GOVERNMENT CONSUMER SAFETY RESEARCH
under four from toys and other objects
Monodraught supports a number
of Research Programmes being
carried out to ensure that their
products maintain a continual
development cycle that can be
monitored and independently
assessed by the Universities.
Furthermore, Monodraught
considers it has a commitment to
supporting and encouraging new
Engineers to the industry to engross
themselves in these new sustainable
developments that may hold the key
to so many of our dilemmas for our
future energy usage.
31
Monodraught
Leading the Field in
Design and Sustainability
Tel: 01494 897700
Fax: 01494 532465
email: info@monodraught.com
www.monodraught.com
SUNPIPE, SOLA-BOOST, SOLA-VENT, SUNCATCHER, COOL-PHASE, ACTIVLOUVRE and WINDCATCHER are registered trademarks owned by Monodraught Limited
October 2010
Halifax House,
Cressex Business Park,
High Wycombe,
Buckinghamshire
HP12 3SE