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LUCIANI VERA HISTORIA
C. S.
JERR AM
Uontrott
MACMILLAN AND
CO.
PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY QF
<©:cfortr
Clarenian
Series
fress
LUCI ANI
HISTORIA
\'ERA
WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES
FOR THE USE OF MIDDLE FORMS IN SCHOOLS
BY
C.
S.
JERRAM,
M.A.
Laie Scholar of Trinity College, Oxford
Editor of Cebetis Tabula,'
'
foitit Editor of the
'
London
&-c.,
and
Series of English Classics'
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
MDCCCLXXIX
\_All rights reserved'^
;
V
t'
iVi
PREFACE.
The
publication of this edition of Lucian's Vera His-
upon
ioria follows rather closely
me
edited by
that of Cebetis Tabula,
Clarendon Press Series a few months
Although these two works are widely
ago.
my
character,
the
for the
same
;
them
both cases
fact
that
the case,
modern subjects being very generally
why ampler provision should be
those who do
since these may fairly be prehave some aptitude for the study and a desire
some proficiency in it. To get this result the
of
allowed,
a
to attain
different in
now has at his disposal. The
now learn Greek than was formerly
substitution
made for
sumed to
in
of his work, with a greater variety of ma-
than he
fewer boys
is
to provide the student of Greek, in the
viz.
earlier stages
terial
object in publishing
is
'
'
reason
;
interest of the pupil
must be
excited, not indeed at the
expense of verbal accuracy or so as to avoid the necessary
labour, but alongside of this
incentive to work.
A
and by way of an additional
loose style
of translation, that
secures the general sense of a passage but misses
grammatical construction,
in these days of exact
but the opposite
is"
and even
fault, that
its
not likely to be encouraged
ultra refined scholarship
of extreme literalness without
PREFACE,
VI
any attempt
all
tention
upon
of the
new language he
Having
committed.
at style, is very often
been necessarily taught
along to concentrate his
the grammatical forms
at-
and constructions
is learning, a boy is apt to
wholesome maxim that
whatever
makes nonsense must be wrong;' not perhaps wrong
with respect to the rules of Latin or Greek syntax, of
whose requirements he is perhaps painfully conscious, but
lose
of
sight
the
as regards order
and
clauses,
his
own
all
'
and choice of words, arrangement of
that tends to clearness of expression in
native tongue, which he has never
Hence
properly to handle.
boy notion
'
classical
'
far
removed from common
The
best
sure
that the
way of curing
one who appears
this
several parts;
misconception
is
to
make
is
both as a whole and in
translating,
and
this
he
will
do the more
readily,
be of a nature to interest and even to amuse him.
if it
The
Vera Hisioria of Lucian,
edited
as
school-book,
a
kind, being a
is
now
for
the
its
fair
romance of moderate
;
The
there are a certain
time
this
length, full of mar-
progress in Greek to read
contents alone.
be great
first
eminently a work of
vellous adventures, that might well induce any
making
of
to
e very-day conditions.
pupil thoroughly understands the matter
of the book he
its
school-
no absurdity of language is too great for a
writer to perpetrate, and that nonsense is rather
that
to be expected than otherwise from
be so
been taught
common
arises the
it
boy who
for the
is
sake
labour involved would not
number of
unfamiliar words
which would require looking out\ but the constructions
*
I
have carefully noted
all
words not inserted
in the smaller edition
of Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon, and have translated them
in the
PREFACE.
are
quite
easy,
and framed as a
Attic prose models.
interested
upon
rule
mark
the best
be
well
one of the most ancient
specimens of romance writing, when the
infancy
may
Older students also
the perusal of
in
vii
art
was yet
in
historical
and
and
mythological allusions with which the work abounds.
In
its
;
they will
pointedness of the
satire,
book is one
popular, and I put it
short the
success
of which
I
that
the vivacity of style
and trace the
ought to be in every sense
forth
as
an experiment in the
cannot help
feeling
some degree
of confidence.
In dividing the text into sections, each with a descriptive
heading, I have followed the plan adopted in the
Selections
and
from Xenophon,'
This
myself.
edited
arrangement
by Mr.
for
young
'
Easy
Phillpotts
students
met with very general approbation.
I
have not troubled about collation of MSS. and various
has,
I
believe,
readings, not having found any of particular importance,
but have simply reprinted the chosen (Tauchnitz) text
with only a few minor alterations.
CHARLES
WooDcoTE House School, Windlesham,
January, 1879.
S.
JERRAM.
INTRODUCTION.
The
many other
advantage or disadvantage of being in
author of the Vera Historia shares with
illustrious writers the
own biographer. In the absence of any trustworthy details of his life derivable from other sources we
have to depend upon scattered notices to be found in his own
works, and these aiford at the best but meagre materials.
The date of Lucian's birth has with some probability been
assigned to the first quarter of the second century a.d., and
there are reasons for believing that he lived nearly, if not
a sense his
quite, to the close of
it,
so that
we may
say he 'flourished'
Born about 120 a.d. of
from a.d. 160-190.
humble parents, at Samosata in the Roman province of Commagene, he early found the necessity of being apprenticed
After
to some calling by which he might gain a livelihood.
a council of relations and neighbours had debated the matter,
he was, as he tells us, committed to the charge of his maternal
uncle, a Mercury-carver of some repute, to be taught the
craft and art of a statuary.
His first and only essay however
proved unfortunate for whatever may have been his aptitude
as a writer
;
for modelling in wax, as manifested in his school-boy days,
hand now proved too heavy for his uncle's marble and
The slab broke and the young sculptor received
the encouragement of a sound thrashing. To run away home
and to pour out his griefs to his sympathising mother was his
immediate resource, and then going to bed he dreamed a
dream that for the next five-and-twenty years was to shape
his
temper.
[
I
^
As Dr. Dyer
clast.'
'^,
suggests,
'
an
omen
of his future course ... an icono-
X
INTRODUCTION.
destiny.
Two women methought laid violent hands
upon me, each dragging me with all her force towards her;'
one was hard-handed dusty Sculpture,' the other fair Eloquence ^' In the sequel he flew with rapture to the latter,
doubtless \vith the greater joy from the remembrance of the
blows which he had received the day before,' and like Xenophon he tells us he has recorded his dream, because the relation of it might be useful to mankind and might persuade
young men to follow literature. The choice of a sculptor's
his
'
'
'
'
career, rather than one of the liberal professions, had, in
Lucian's case been originally made in great measure in con-
sequence of the poverty of his parents, and how after this
dream he was enabled to override this practical difficulty we
From the dialogue entitled Bis Accusatus we
gather that for some considerable time he wandered about
are not told.
Ionia, ' in habit little better than an Assyrian slave, in language a mere barbarian, and not knowing which way to turn
himself.'
Later on it appears that he became an advocate,
though at first with but meagre success and so, as a means
of gain, to the practice of Jurisprudence he added that of
;
Rhetoric, composing orations for others to deliver.
short account in Suidas' Lexicon
is
If the
to be trusted, Antioch
was the scene of these early efforts. Thence he soon set out
on his travels, and visited in due course Greece, Italy and
Gaul, gradually attaining success, and making, especially in
Gaul, the moderate fortune that at the age of forty enabled
him once more to change his profession. He had, he says,
grown weary of a calling sadly fallen since the days of
Demosthenes, and was sick of the tricks and pretensions now
characteristic of
its
professors.
He
returned
home
for awhile,
and before migrating with his family (his father was still
living) into Greece, he appears to have visited Alexander, the
Paphlagonian prophet, at Aboniteichos, on the Euxine. His
But the original is IlatSeta, i, e. ' EduFrancklin's English version.
The Dream is evidently suggested by the apologue of the Choice
of Hercules, delivered by Prodicus the sophist and recorded by Xenophon,
*
cation.*
Memorabilia,
ii.
i.
INTRODUCTION.
XI
exposure of that arch -impostor is one of the most amusing of
his works, and though certainly written at a far later time,
when he had acquired that polished Attic style ^ that recals
the best period of the language,
dentally recording an actual visit
the events of Lucian's later years
it may be taken as incimade about this date. Of
we have scarcely any parti-
culars.
All we know is that he lived permanently at Athens,
and devoted himself to philosophy and literature. There he
became acquainted with the genial Demonax of Cyprus, many
of whose witty sayings he has preserved in the piece bearing
that philosopher's name.
Towards the close of his long life, already ' with one foot in
Charon's boat,' he seems to have again become poor, and was,
in spite of his objections to the humiliating condition of one in
dependence on patronage ", glad to accept an official appointat Alexandria.
This office he was allowed to discharge
by deputy, and lived for awhile upon its emoluments, probably
still at Athens.
Here he must have enjoyed some years of
literary leisure, the fruit of which appears in the number and
ment
variety of his works.
If we are to regard as genuine the
almost certainly spurious Apology ', he was careful to defend
himself against what appeared at first sight a gross inconsistency.
made
There
is all
the difference in the world, he
is
there
to contend, between holding a public office under go-
vernment and being dependent upon private
individual caprice.
death nothing
is
Of
liberality
and
the place or circumstances of his
known.
Suidas assigns
him
a
death by
hydrophobia, but manifestly on the ground that nothing
is
We
'
find in Lucian few departures from the strict classic standard.
Kis chief pecuUariiies are the use of the subjunctive for optative and
vice versa in dependent clauses, and of the pluperfect for the aorist
of
firi for ov in direct negations, and of cl's for ware with the infinitive
also the employment of several words and phrases unknown in earlier
Attic Greek.
See observations on these in the notes as they occur.
- Lucian
had previously written an essay, De Mercede Condjictis,
setting forth (after the manner of Juvenal's 5th Satire) the miseries of
such dependence.
^ Apologia pro Mercede Conductis, purporting to be a defence made
;
;
by Lucian of his conduct in accepting this appointment.
b2
INTR OD UCTION.
XU
;
too bad for a blasphemer
a soubriquet that only too readily
attached itself to one who in his keen hatred of imposture
and superstition spared neither friend nor foe. The date of
his death is also unknown, but 200 a.d. is probably not very
far wide of the mark.
Lucian's works, representing a literary career of over forty
*
'
reckoned at eighty-two in all. Of these however
one half have, by one critic or another, been rejected as
spurious, often on very slender grounds, though that some are
Of the genuine pieces
so there can be no reasonable doubt.
by far the larger proportion are satires, professed or involved,
and indeed all have more or less of this element. Lucian, like
Persius, was
a great laugher with a saucy spleen ^,' and
heartily hated all kinds of imposture or what he thought
His ridicule was unsparing, not from mere love
to be such.
of hard hitting and buffoonery, but from a sincere desire
Roughly speaking, his satire is
to abolish the deception.
years, are
fully
'
directed against (i) the popular creed, (2) the professors of
It is not prephilosophy, (3) the vices and follies of society.
tended that any such division is intentionally observed by him,
or that his works can always be assigned to one or other of
on the contrary, many pieces occupy a kind of
these heads
;
border-land, and in the majority the religious element
found.
The above
will
however be
is
a convenient grouping for
us to adopt in our necessarily brief survey.
Of
the
kind the chief specimens are found in the
first
Dialogues of the Gods and Dialogues of the Dead. The former
are a series of burlesque pieces, ridiculing the time-honoured
objects of popular devotion and a faith
lete.
how
The
now fast growing
obso-
very fact of Lucian daring to write them proves
completely the age of belief had given place to an age of
enquiry.
Time was when
Plato ran the risk of giving serious
more orthodox fellow-citizens, because he objected to the Homeric stories being taught to children on the
ground of their immorality 2; when Socrates amongst other
offence to his
^
Persius, Sat.
i.
12,
'
sed
sum
petulanti splene cachinno
'
(Conington's
traxislation).
^
Republic,
Book
ii.
Admitting the possibility of explaining some of
INTRODUCTION.
XIU
charges was arraigned for asserting that the sun was a stone
and the moon earth ^.' But these dialogues of Lucian are
'
evidence of an altered state of things indeed.
It is
no longer
The
a matter for argument, but for undisguised burlesque.
gods are
'
of the earth, earthy,' and he treats them accord-
ingly, taking the stories of their doings as literal facts
and
building his grotesque scenes out of materials ready prepared
to his hand.
The
that
is
Dialogues of the Dead, in spite of a display of ribaldry
seriousness of purpose.
of
all
ment
marked nevertheless by a distinct
them such subjects as the levelling
often outrageous, are
estates of
men
In
after death
and the
final
award of judg-
are treated with a deep moral earnestness, which their
cynical levity of form only serves to heighten by contrast.
As instances we may
cite the
penthes
^,
in
doom
of the tyrant
Mega-
and the scene
in the tenth dialogue,
which Charon's intending passengers
in their several sta-
in
the Cataplus
that in life they had
These and other like specimens are admirMr. Collins' Ancient Classics series, whose
tions are forced to strip themselves of
held most dear.
ably translated in
all
'
'
Lucian should be in the hands of every student.
There
is
much
in all these dialogues to
that, in spite of the
dehcacy of
appreciation of art, especially pictorial
man
much
prompt the feeling
and his keen
Lucian was not a
his literary skill
^,
At any rate he wholly failed
to appreciate the undertone which modern students of mythology have seemed to detect of the longings of humanity in
even the rudest forms of religious faith. With him to destroy
was the principal aim, and ridicule his most potent weapon.
And in this field v/e must fain allow that Lucian stands almost
of
real refinement.
these legends allegorically, Plato objects to this
mode of
for children, since they cannot distinguish allegory
^
tov /xev tjXiov KiOov (pijalu elvai,
charge was false is conclusively shown
Apologia Socratis, ch.
afXrjv-qv
'yT]v.
That
this
interpretation
from matter of
xiv,
fact,
t^jv Se
in the
Defence.
See notes I, 2 on p. xiv.
See for instance the graphic description of the Procession
in the 15th of his Marine Dialogues.
2
2
oi
Europa
INTRODUCTION.
XIV
rival.
The amours of Zeus, the jealousy of Hera,
the gods dining out with blameless Ethiopians ^ when most
urgently required at home the whole paraphernalia of Hades,
without a
*
'
:
Avith
Charon's leaky boat and
some of whom
Hermes herding
naturally try to escape
pian council with
its
motley crowd of
if
they can
divinities
^
his shades,
;
all
the Olymjostling for
and Zeus at his wits' end to quell the disorder he has
been unable to prevent ^, above all the actual neglect of divine
worship among mankind being urged as a taunt of weakness
and imbecility against the King of gods and men * what
Pantheon that ever existed, let alone one already tottering to
places,
—
'
its fall,
But
'
could outlive such onslaughts as these
if
Lucian
—
?
unsparing in his attacks upon the worn-out
is
theology of his day, he deals not a whit more tenderly with
the Philosophers and Rhetoricians. He never loses a chance
of girding at them, and in the Sale of Lives (Bicoi/ Ilpaais)
especially he indulges in many scurrilous jokes at their ex-
Even such men
pense.
as
Pythagoras and Socrates do not
escape, nor does Diogenes, in spite of the author's real regard
for him, fare
much
better.
Like Aristophanes, who ridiculed
Socrates in the Clouds, Lucian must be allowed to have his
There can be
any price.
doubt that the
real
object of his satire was not genuine philosophy, but
the
jest at
little
wretched imposture that the philosophical profession had become in his day. He hated with a perfect hatred the host of
ignorant pretenders, who traded on the reputation of their
(supposed) masters, and were as immoral as they were ignorant.
He
introduced the great names of antiquity^
individuals than as
less as
well-known representatives of the various
^ Prometheus,
This and some of the
§ 17 (from Homer, //. i. 423).
other pieces referred to, though not ranked among the Deorritn and
Morhiorum Dialogi, are of the same character, and illustrate a similar
intention on the part of the author.
^ Calaplus, or the
Downward Voyage,' referred to above.
'
^
Deon/771 Conciliutn, also Jupiter Tragoedus (which
some
consider
spurious).
Ancient
*
Titnon.
*
In the Piscator Lucian
See
'
Ln'cmn, Pp. 41, etc.
triumphantly acquitted of bearing any
Classics,'
is
animus pgainst genuine philosophers.
INTRODUCTION.
XV
which he designed to caricature.
In the
he casts upon the teachers of Rhetoric and Dialectic
we cannot but feel that Lucian is speaking from his own
experience in early life, and he certainly displays an admirable
courage in thus assailing them. For in his time these men
were exceedingly popular, and to try and expose them and put
them down was a far more hazardous proceeding than to
attack an already discredited Olympus. The sort of hornet's
nest that he would be likely to bring about him is scarcely
exaggerated in the amusing dialogue known as Piscator, where
he represents himself as pursued by a host of angry philosophers, all thirsting for revenge and united in one common
cause for their enemy's destruction.
Of Lucian's social satire it may be said with Juvenal (i.
sects or classes
ridicule
85,86):
'
Quicquid agiint homine?, votum timor
Gaudia discursus,
Almost
nostri est farrago
ira
voluptas
libelli.'
dialogues contain specimens of it, and it is
purpose of several separate pieces.
Among
these, that entitled the Parasite is the defence of his trade
by a professional 'diner-out.' His arguments are a fair imitaall
his
the distinct
tion of the conversational style of Socrates, and
some of them
he contends, a real
art, and one pleasing to host and guest alike, and what can be
more genteel ? Great men of all ages have held it in high
esteem and practised it. The De Mercede Conductis (which we
have already noticed) sets forth in the form of a letter the
miseries of hired dependents,' and is directed against those
contemptible philosophical and literary hacks, whom the fashion
of the day made an indispensable appendage to every family
of position.
It is not so very long since that the sting of the
piece would have been felt even in England, and Francklin,
who wrote about one hundred years ago, introduces his transare not altogether without force.
It
is,
'
lation of
'
it
to his readers wdth the
very good lessons to
all
remark that
it
affords
the led captains, toad-eaters, and
domestic tutors of the present age.'
But there was another folly that specially stirred Lucian's
INTRODUCTION.
XVI
anger; superstition and an insane craving for the 'sensa-
and the marvellous. With this subject he deals in
some three or four pieces, and notably in the Philopseudes or
Lover of Lies.' Here we have ghosts, bogies,' and horrible
apparitions ad nauseam- sympathetic cures, walking statues,
a view
a pestle that would fetch water and do menial work
of the infernal regions, and messages from the spirit-world.
Lucian sufficiently marks his contempt for these absurdities
by calling the retailer of them a jackanapes in a lion's skin ','
tional'
'
'
;
'
or else a raving lunatic.
The
same
Vera Historia or
'
Veracious History
belongs to the
'
form of a
main outline it is an avowed satire on the
tales of professed poets and historians, some of whom are
mentioned by name and Lucian makes it his boast that he
can hold his own in the art of lying with any of them. So
naturally and with such an air of reality is the story told, that
in his preface he finds it necessary to guard the credulous
amongst his readers from being misled, by warning them that
the only word of truth in the whole is the confession that
class as
romance.
In
the Philopseudes, but
is
cast in the
its
;
'
I lie.'
The
contents of the piece are sufficiently indicated by the
headings to the sections of the text in this edition, and need
not here be anticipated.
voyage,
is
together a
an
obvious
number
Its
and
form, that of an imaginary
convenient
one
for
stringing
of adventures having no particular con-
nexion with each other. According to Photius the story is
imitated from an account of the Wonders of the Island of
Thule by Antiochus Diogenes, who lived in the time of
Alexander the Great. Of that work only the extracts given
by Photius remain, and
if
these are fair samples of the whole,
our author has certainly improved upon his model in regard
For while the fictions of Lucian
to the marvellous element.
are only now and then distortions of some ascertained fact ^,
those of Antiochus are
^
Philopseudes, §
yfXoiov Tiva
5,
ttiOtjkov
much more
frequently so.
apa togovtov xP^^o^ kXeXrjOfi
TrepLareKKwy.
'^
fie vtto ttj
See notes on
i.
359,
keovrfi
ii.
33.
INTRODUCTION.
xvil
But to speculate on all the possible originals of Lucian's
romance is useless. A start being once made, imagination
would do the rest we shall therefore only indicate a few of
the obvious or most probable sources of allusion. These are
chiefly Homer's Odyssey, certain stories in Herodotus (mentioned in the notes), and the Indian History of Ctesias ^
named in Lucian's preface. To these may be added the
work of lambulus^, of which the account given by Diodorus
Siculus is said to be an epitome.
But besides these Greek
sources there are plain traces of Eastern fable. Not only had
Lucian been a great traveller in his youth, but the place of his
birth, situated as it was upon the confines of the Eastern and
Western world, may well have made him familiar with Orien;
The stories in the collection known as the Arabian
Nights are some of them very ancient, or at least founded on
very ancient traditions, and there are at any rate two incidents in the Vera Historia that may have been borrowed from
tal tales.
this source.
(ii.
The
similarity
between the gigantic Kingfisher
560) and the Roc, or Rukh, that in the Second Voyage of
Sindbad the Sailor
alighted on the dome [its Q^g'\ and
brooded over it with its wings ^ (cp. to. wa OaXnova-a, etc.) is
obvious. Again in the Fifth Voyage the sailors break the Roc's
egg and eat the young one which they find inside*. The
only doubt indeed arises from the sequel of this tale in the
Arabian Nights. There the ship is smashed by the enraged
birds in revenge for their broken Qgg, and the temptation to
note this incident would scarcely, we think, have been reThe counterpart to
sisted by Lucian, if he had heard of it.
the huge sea monster (i. 448) appears in a story told (not in
the text of the Thousand and One Nights), but in the Cairo
In this expedition
edition of Sindbad's Seventh Voyage ^.
they encounter an enormous fish that could gulp down ships
with their crews entire, and Sindbad's vessel would have
been thus swallowed, had not a storm come on and broken it
'
'
in pieces just at the critical
^
*
See note on i. 22.
Cp. V. H. ii. 573.
^
'^
moment.
i.
25, note.
^
Lane's edition, vol.
Lane's translation.
iii.
p.
109.
INTRODUCTION.
Xvlil
In Lucian's description of the City of the Blest ^ and its
surroundings the imagery of the East and of the West combine.
The gold and precious stones, the river of unguents, and the
spice-perfumed baths are properties as surely Oriental as
'
'
the meads and groves, the zephyrs and fountains, the flowery
couches and musical birds of the Elysian Field are unmistakWhence the Eastern element in his picture was
derived opens up a question that has been much debated.
ably Greek.
Even a cursory reader cannot
fail
vines that yield their fruit every
to observe, notably in the
month and
in
the great altars
of one huge amethyst, a striking similarity to the descrip-
all
But was
of the New Jerusalem in the Apocalypse.
Lucian acquainted with the Christian literature ? No proof
of this exists, and the balance of evidence appears to us to
tion
point in a contrary direction.
The
distinctly anti-Christian
dialogue Philopatris was written possibly by a namesake
who
corresponded with the Emperor Julian, but was certainly not
the work of the author of the Fera Historia. In his account
of some religious rites practised by the false prophet
Alexander, he does indeed mention the Christians, and in conbut this classinexion too with atheists and Epicureans
fication is not Lucian's own, but that of the impostor's
admirers ^, who warn unbelievers of every class to keep aloof
from their pretended mysteries. Here therefore there is no
evidence that our author intended to cast any slur upon the
To their sacred books
Christians, but rather the contrary.
he makes no certain allusion of any kind, nor are there any
;
'
'
passages in his works that necessarily indicate the slightest
familiarity
The
with them.
Christians by
name
cline to believe
is
is
only other mention^ of the
in the Peregrinus.
This work we in-
Lucian's, though there have not been want-
145, &c.
The words of the proclamation are, Ei' ris aOfos rj Xpi<TTiav6s f/
EmKovpeios ijKei /caraaKoiTOs tcov opyiojv (pcvyiraj- oi de mCTfvovTfs
^
ii.
2
to) deal
reXfiaOojaav rvxv
tt?
dyaOfj.
a Syrian from Palestine' who cast
but, as Mr. Collins points out, we know from the Acts that
out devils
there were professed exorcists who were not Christians.
'
•'
In the Philopsendes
;
lie
speaks of
'
'
INTRODUCTION.
ing critics of
mark who have rejected
XIX
Herein,
it.
we must
allow, Lucian does ridicule certain practices of the Christians,
which he may well have thought marvellous'^ but he does so
only incidentally, as it were, and not with malice. To regard
the whole piece as a satire on the martyrdom of Polycarp or
any other Christian, is to lose sight of the fact that the
main circumstances of the account are recorded by Church
writers themselves, and also to misunderstand the intention of
the author.
His object was not to denounce the Christian or
any existing form of religion, but to hold up to derision
that charlatanism and imposture of which Peregrinus was so
'
;
That in his castigation the Chrissome measure involved was hardly Lucian's
conspicuous an example.
tians
were
also in
was their countenancing the man that alone
brought them even incidentally upon the scene -. Probably
Lucian troubled himself little about this new superstition
(as he doubtless considered it)
to him it was at any rate far
less obnoxious than the paganism which he set himself to
denounce, and of its real nature he nowhere gives reason
A certain
to suppose that he had any adequate conception.
outside acquaintance with the more prominent doctrines and
practices of the Christian brotherhood is all that can fairly be
fault, since it
'
—
claimed for him.
We
must therefore
hesitate to conclude
that Lucian's picture of the City of the Blest
New
is
founded, even
Jerusalem in the Revelation and
any resemblance that may be detected between them is
evidence only of a recourse to that common storehouse of
Oriental imagery, with its gold and precious stones and all
in part,
on that of the
;
the accessories of barbaric splendour, whence the details of
both descriptions were undoubtedly derived
^.
Twv XpiTTinvaiv. Peregrinus, § II.
According to Lucian's account Peregrinus seems to have joined the
Christians with the express design of profiting by their simplicity. They
regarded him as a great prophet, almost as a god,' allowing him to
comment upon, and even to interpolate, their sacred books. During his
imprisr-nmei't they subscribed liber:. Ily for his support, so that he very
soon became a rich man (Trpuaodov ov fiiKpav ravrrjv kK-rqaaro).
^ Some keen-sighted commentators have even detected in the seamunster, the chasm in the ocean ;^ii. 6io), and the blossoming of the
'
Tr;v OaviMLCTTTjV (jo(piav
^
'
XX
INTRODUCTION.
The
Veracious History
we have
such as
is
described
;
then a romance with a purpose
but although its satire is chiefly
directed against the poets and historians
who
are
its
avowed
Lucian does not stop here. He turns upon the philosophers also, and burlesques them and their opinions with a
zest that reminds us of some of his earlier essays ^
Indeed
some have esteemed those sections of the Second Book which
object,
deal with this subject the best part of his work
treatment of the various philosophical schools
:
is
certainly his
full
of ele-
gance and point, and moreover is fairly free from exaggeration.
Socrates and his tiresome cross-questionings, Plato dwelling
apart in his self-constituted Utopia, Pythagoras unrecognisable
after his manifold transmigrations, Academic doubts and Stoic
pertinacity, are made, each in turn, to serve the purpose of
the
In another place he holds up to ridicule the
dead performing bodily functions
satirist.
really absurd notion of the
and being influenced by human emotions"-, noting too the
hopeless confusion in the popular creed concerning the nether
lifeless body and the semi-material shade,
what affected the one must needs affect the other also ^.
The chief fault of the work (especially in the First Book) is an
exuberance of invention, and a too rapid transition from one
world, between the
as if
marvel to another. Just as a conjuror's tricks, following each
other in rapid succession, at last seem quite natural and make
us forget the difficulty of the performance, so Lucian's prodigies tend by overcrowding to sate the imagination, and fail
to impress it with an uniform sense of wonder. This effect is
however
in
a
great measure counteracted by the life-like
picturesqueness of his style, which enables him to relate the
wildest absurdities as though they were matters of daily ocmast
Sea,
^
(ii.
579), allusions to Jonah's 'great
fish.'
and the budding of Aaron's rod respectively
Such as the Sale of Lives and the Piscator
on pp.
As
the passage of the
Red
!
(if
genuine) referred to
xiv, XV.
of Ulysses, Menelaus, Helen, Achilles, etc.
Also in the Dialogues of the Dead (not to mention
money put into the mouth of the corpse is Charon's
fare for conveying the shade, and Mausolus in Hades is said to be burdened by the weight of his marble tombstone.
^
'
in the case
See ii. 157, etc.
other instances) the
;
'
INTRODUCTION.
The
currence.
xxi
naturalness of his story-telling imposes on the
mind of the reader and
soon we grow so
its egregious impossibility ^
If he at times travels too fast, he never allows
himself to fall into the opposite and more serious fault of
loitering.
From one marvel to another he pushes on, and
keeps one's expectation ever on the qui t'it'e.
The diversity of his fiction, the rapid change from the hideous to
the agreeable, his playful humour and continual strokes of
much
leads
it
captive
;
interested in the tale as to forget
satire (recalling perpetually the professions of his preface), the
—
much besides, makes the
more than a mere light piece
hour, and commends it to readers of discrimination
Some of the allusions have unavoidably lost their
absence of
effort
all
with
this,
Feracious History something
for an idle
and
taste.
force
of application, others are
irrecoverable.
even
Still
it
is
obscure, and
remarkable
spite of the
as a satire, in
how much
a
few quite
of the work,
distance of time and the
difference of interests in the present day, applies itself to
modern
Travellers now, as formerly, bring
conditions.
strange reports and
tell fibs too,
no means invulnerable, wild
still
broached, the battle
tion,^ discussion
still
many miodern customs
literary
still
and
scientific theories are
rages about the
goes on about
'
home
are by
'
Homeric ques-
the nature of the soul
and its state after death. Of course some acquaintance with
what has been said by ancient historians and philosophers is
presupposed in the student of a book like this, but that being
we may with but slight reservation adopt
Tooke^ that 'the satire is everywhere intelli-
taken for granted,
the opinion of
gible,
because
it is
Among modern
everywhere applicable.'
satires and romances the following have
been mentioned by various writers as more or less suggested
by Lucian's Vera Historia
the Visions of Quevedo, De
Bergerac's Foyage to the Moon and Empire of the Sun, Voltaire's
—
•"
Lucian's
skill in this
respect
may be
advantageously compared with
The
the best efforts of Edgar Poe and his partial imitator Jules Verne.
array of mock science at the command of these writers made their
attainment of vratsemblance very much easier.
^ One of Lucian's translators.
See p. xxiii.
;
INTRODUCTION.
xxii
Raand the renowned Baron Munchausen.
Princess of Babylon and Micromegas, the Gargantua, etc. of
belais, Swift's Gulli'ver,
With regard
to the
first
of these, beyond the bare descrip-
and the Last Judgment, and a general satire
upon poets, historians, and pretenders to science and philosophy, there is scarcely anything that suggests a comparison
with Lucian's work. Cyrano de Bergerac may very likely
have borrowed from it both the general idea of his romance
tions of Hell
and one or two
particulars, e. g. the notion of the inhabitants
moon
being nourished by smell, and odours inhaled
taking the place of food. The greater part of his work is
Voltaire's
a burlesque on the natural philosophy of the day.
of the
Micromegas describes a voyage to the planet Saturn by an
v\-ho is afterwards conveyed to
Jupiter on a comet and thence to the Earth on an Aurora
In the Princess of Babylon there is an account of
Borealis.
a tribe called the Gangaridae, who harness unicorns in battle.
inhabitant of the Dog-star,
With these they fight against the King of India, whose ten
thousand elephants are pierced through and through by their
Rabelais may have taken the idea of his Lychnobii
horns.
fiom the Lychnopolis of Lucian (see i. 406 note), but in our
opinion not much besides. Swift's satire on the philosophers
of Laputa may be compared mutatis mutandis with Lucian's
In the preface it
still there are no traces of direct imitation.
The author was so distinguished for his 'veracity, that
is said
it became a sort of proverb among his neighbours, whenever
:
'
anyone asserted a thing to say, it ^vas as ti-ue as if Mr. GulliThis may remind us of Lucian's mock
'ver had spoken it.'
professions of veracity, which occur once or twice in the
Fera Historia ^; an observation that applies also to the Munchausen romance, in which the Baron harps perpetually on
and the credibility of
This of course is an ordinary common-place of
marvel-mongers, and of itself proves nothing as to the source
of any particular fiction but a great many of INIunchausen's
adventures are taken bodily, almost totidem 'verbis, from the
his alleged reputation for truthfulness
his narrative.
;
^
See, for instance,
i.
368,
ii.
440.
INTRODUCTION,
Veracious History.
In one chapter
ricane carries the ship up into the
riders
who
'
figure in a
we
xxiii
are told
how
moon, where are
'
a hur-
Vulture-
war with the inhabitants of the
sun.
Their weapons are asparagus darts and mushroom shields.
They have one finger on each hand and removable heads and
Instead of dying in the ordinary
eyes.
way they
dissolve into
smoke. Afterwards we read of an island of cheese in a sea of
milk, and an enormous kingfisher's nest, exactly as in Lucian.
A sea-monster swallows up ship and crew entire. They find
many nations inside him, and escape at last by propping open
mouth with
masts.
In all this there is obviously no orion the author's part, but whether the other writers
we have mentioned (except De Bergerac) were conscious
imitators of Lucian is a question which will bear discussion.
One of Thackeray's Sketches is a caricature representing
Clio the Muse of History supported by the Veracious Hishis
ginality
'
These are Homer, Virgil, Tasso, Rollin and others,
company with Munchausen and Don Quixote. If Mr.
Thackeray had remembered the Fera Historia, he might very
well have given Lucian a place among them.
Of the translations of Lucian, which are not very numerous,
we may mention, first and foremost, the German version by
There is one in English by Eminent Hands,'
Wieland.
torians.'
in
'
published in 171
1,
already referred.
and another by Tooke, to which we have
Francklin's
translation
in
four volumes,
and generally accurate, and may be reckoned
the best in our language.
In French the Vera Historia has
been separately rendered by Godard de Beauchamp in his
Bibliotheque des Romans Grecs (1746), and by Etienne Bequet
in the Collection des Romans Grecs, published by Didot at Paris
in 1823. There is also an adaptation of the piece for 'readers
young and old,' published at Haile in 1876, by R. Schonborn,
1
78
1, is
with
spirited
six illustrations, entitled
Lilgen-mdrchen.
ginal,
and
The
all
This
is
Der
Griechische MUnchbausen, ein
very nearly as entertaining as the ori-
who read German
will find
text of the present edition
is
it
worth
their perusal.
that of the Tauchnitz
Classics, by C. H. Weise, with some corrections of
and punctuation.
spelling
LUCIANI
VERA HISTORIA.
BOOK
Design of the work.
I.
The mind needs relaxation as well
and light reading affords a relief from serious
Such is the design of the following story, which is
'
as the body,
studies.
not only entertaining in itself, but is expressly intended as
a parody on the narratives of well-known poets and historians.
These (with Homer
head) have related
at their
many
impossible marvels with an air of truth ; I on the
contrary give fair warning that my story is a pure fiction
from beginning
''12(7776/)
to end.'
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BOOK
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We start 07i
our voyage and sail westward. After a violent
many days., we are thrown upon an island.
storm., lasting
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the island, wherein are rivers of wiiie
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and
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A
whirlwind carries us through the air and deposits us in the
Moon. We are introduced to its king, Endymion.
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Impending
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battle between the iiihabitarits
Moon and
of the
The forces of Endymion and
Sim.
those of the
their
equipment.
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tovs
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aTpaTias beKa y^vpiabes eyevovTo, &vev
VERA HISTORIA,
8
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BOOK
I.
Both armies are draivn up for
battle.
Descriptioti of the
forces of Phaethon^ the king of the Stm.
'E-TTet
oe Katpbs
rjv,
dxov
ol '^IiTTroyvTTOL
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tov
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w?
6e
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to.
01
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otl
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p.ev
240
VERA HIS TORIA.
lO
aairapdybiv.
aav, ovs
eirefjiyp^av
avT<^
tov ^eipiov
ol
t5)v
ekeyovro
fxaxofxevoL.
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be
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5^
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be avTcov ol KvvofidXavoL
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jjLVKrjTLvais
!45
kol
fxev
^aeOcov
eiT-pei irapaa-Kevfj.
The fight
which
The arrival of
begins, in
torious.
the
Moon's army
is
at first vic-
the Cloud-centaurs reverses
our
goodfortune.
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es x^'^pas be^dpLevov tovs '^iTnroyviTovs, Kal
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kol oiyKTrjcravTo
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270 eiKdCeiv,
pi-q
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dvoo yevop-evov
BOOK
viTeKo.^ev
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7]piG-eias
peyakiqs <popTibo9.
avTu>v ovK aveypayj/a, pi]
Tov
ebei
e^ XinTaiv iTTepcoToiv kol avOpca-
(TvyKeip.evoi'
vecsis
ovs
e(l)aCvovTo irpocTLovTes,
8r)
p^eyeOos be, T(av piev
TTciiV
tr^TTOdv ocrov
kol
<t>ae6ovTL.
ayyeXiav
eirep^iTov
avOis
piev
eirl
tov
avTol
e-Jiievai'
be 285
btara^dpLevoL TeTapaypcevoLS ep^-i-Tovcri toIs ^ekrjVLTais,
aTOLKTOLs irepl ti]v bica^iv kol
tcl
Kd(f)vpa
bteo-Kebaa-pie-
KOL TidvTas p^ev TpeiTovcnv, avTov be tov (Bacnkea
voL'i'
KaTabl(iiKOV(TL
TipoS T1]V
avTov KTeivovaiv'
veciiv
TTOktV
KOi
TCL
7TXel(TTa
t5>V Op-
a.vecn:acrav be kol tcl Tpoiraia, 290
Kal KaTebpap.ov dirav to vtto tcov dpa)(vG>v irebiov ixpacr-
pivov,
ijbr)
We
ep.e
be kol
be TTapijv
kol
bvo tlvci^ tS>v
6
are takeji captive
mto
the Sun.
built to intercept the light.
leased
but
and
e^foyprjaav.
sent back to the
A
wall of clouds
is
Terms of peace. Being reMoon, we are pressed to stay,
declitie.
'^Hju.ets'
TOi
eTaipoov
^aeOoov kol avOis dkXa Tpoiraia
x^^P^
p^ev
ovv dnriyopieda es tov ''hlkiov avOr]pep6v, 295
OTTiVoo
beOevTes dpaxvtov diroKoppaTi.
ol
be
iTokiopKelv piev ovk eyvccxrav T7]v irokiv' dvacTTpey^avTes
IZ
VERA HIS TORI A.
b€ TO iJL€Ta$v Tov
uipos a-n^T^iy^i^oVi
avyas auo tov tjXlov
300 Telx^s
W hnrXovv,
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vec^^koiTov'
kol
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hovvai ijOeXev.
y€Vopi€vr]s bis iKKX-qa-tas,
\v(rav
opyrjs
TTJs
lyiveTo
-npoT^paia fihv ovbev irape-
" Kara
to^jtols.
kol
peTiyvcocrav.
be
vcrTepaia
Trj
em
elprivr}
7)
kol
kol b}ir]povs
be irepl tov ^aiOovTa,
ol
Trj
iv ctkotco
TeXecreiv
(popovs
koX fxrjKeTL 7:oK^\xr\(TeLv'
305 (TvpLixaxos ^crecr&ai
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7:e/u,\//-a?
kol
ok
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to oe
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acpas irepiopav
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ras
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aip^lv TO olKoh6ii.r]\xa, kol
wore
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irpos Tr]v
(JVv6r]Kas
Tcibe
310 eiTOLriaavTo o\ 'HAiwrat koX 01 ovpiyLay^oi TTpos ^€X.r}VLTas
KOL Tovs (Tvp.pAy^ovs,
TO bLaT€L)(L(rpa
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be
aa-Tepas,
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5'
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tcls
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Tcav
be
pJr]
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tov
eTovs
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kol 6p,r]povs be
eKaarov
prjTOiv
cKpelvai pikv avTov6p.ov9
oirXa
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eKaorTov
ein^ipeiv
depi
eirl
toIs pieOopiois.
kol
t5>v
ap,(po-
bovvai
aXXcDv tov (SovXopievov.
arvvBrJKas aTr^Xij rjXeKTpivr)
toIs
eirir]'
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bpoaov
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crcficiov
tls
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ela-QaL, koX p.eTeyjiv TOiv
be
be
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2eAr]z;iras
aviipLaxelv
1,€Xr}VLT(av
320 pLOVS, TTJV
tov9
kol
akXovs
ye
315 TOVS
kol p^rpUTL ej ti]v ^eXijvrjv ecr/SciAAetr,
Tovs
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tw KaTaXvaai pkv tovs 'HAiwra?
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eyypd-
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dp.ocrav be *HAta)-
tG>v p.ev Hvpoivibris kol QepLTrjs kol ^Xoyios' ^eXr]VLT(av
325 be
NvKTCOp
fiev
7]
KOL
eiprjvr]
MrjViOS
eyeveTO'
KOL
evdvs
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be
to
Tel^os
KOL r]p.as TOVS alxpaXc^Tovs diTebocrav.
p.e6a
es Tr]V ^eXi^vrjv,
VTir]VTia^ov r]p,as
e-irel
kol
TOLCCVTrj
KaOrjpelTO
be dcptKojja-TTd^ovTo
BOOK
baKpvoov
\xeTa
re
ot
Kol 6 fxev rj^Lov
kToipoi
\j.elvol
13
I.
koX
6
avros.
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re Trap' avT^ koX KotvcDvelv
t7]S
33°
anoiKias, VTTKTyvovix^vos hdo(T€iv irpbs ydjjiov ttjv eavTov
dvyarepa.
aAA' -q^iovv airo-
eyco 6e ovbaficas iireLOofjii^v,
h
7T€ix(pdrjvai Kara)
ov TT^iOeiv,
ri]v
wy 5e
OaXarrav.
ahvvarov
eyz^O)
kaTidcras kuTa rjiiepas.
a7i07r^fX7T€L Tfixas
The food afid drink
Manuel's mid customs in the Moo7i.
atid bodily structure of its inhabitants.
*A
5'
rw fxera^v hiarpi^aiv iv
kv
rrj 'E^X'qvr]
Katva KOL TTapdbo^a, ravra (SovkofjiaL
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7/
yap
irvp dvaKavo-oiXTL,
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7T€pLKad€(6fJL€VOL,
be,
uepl rpdire^av, Xdirrovcn rov dvadvp.icopievov 34°
axTTT^p brj
KaiTvbv KOL €vo:>yovvTaL.
o-oVoj ixkv bi]
rpe(j)ovTai roLoijTco'
7T0T0V be avTois icTTLv drjp d77o6ki/36p.€vos
vypov dviels,
avTOLs,
a)cr7T€p
ttov
rjv
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yeveia
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KOfjiriras
iirl
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Kakovs
vo[jX^ovg-lv'
puKpov virep ra yovaro..
ovk eyovaiv, dkka irdvTes
yvfJLvdCcovTai,
kiirapov
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Kal
pLrjv
Kal ovvyas ev
elcrl
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rj
7rov(o(Tiv d^o
Ibpovmv, ^orre Kal
rov ixekiTos
eiri-
ekaiov be TTOLOVvrai duo tu)v Kpojipfjiav irdw
re
Kal
evojbes,
axrirep
TTokkds eyovdiv vbpocpopovr
elcrlv
be
eirebrnxovv
Kal
KaTretbav
Tvpovs dii avTov TiiqyvvcrOai, okiyov
ard^avres'
nap
tovs
?/*
be tS)v koix7]tS>v dcrrepcov 345
dTTop.vTTovTai be fieki bpiixvTaTov'
t)
KvkiKa, kol
es"
vojii^eTai
Kal nepl eKeivcav birjyovvro.
(f)vovG-L
rots- TTOcrti;
Kakos 8e
bpoaov.
Kal ixvcrdTTovTai.
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pky
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ttoXXoX h\ Trap' avrols eiaLv
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Kai
at
/otot
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yap payes
boKel,
dpLirekov^
be
tS)V (BorpvoDv 355
eireLbdv
epLireo-ajv
VERA HISTORIA.
14
av€fios 5iao-et(rr; tcls aixiriXovs €K€ivas, t6t€ irpbs rjixas
KaTaTTLTTT^L
360 oa-oiv
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beovrat.
rovTo
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fjiovov,
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kol
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evrocrOe kol
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€VT€pov be €v avTrj ovbe
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be
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be
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Kal
aXXdiv
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375 cfyvXXa ecTTiv avTols'
bav
be yrjpaa-ij
tovto
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koX
av
tovs
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6
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8'
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ot Kal
to.
a>Ta be
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6 avdpudnos, ovk a~o6vi](TKeL, aAA.' cocnrep
Kal
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aXXo
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pLi]v
KCLTOiTTpov p^eyi-
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av
p.ev
380 ets TO (f)peap KaTa(5fj rt?, cLKOvet ttclvtoov tcov irap
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ft^ecrrws
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p.€v
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be
to
KCLToiTTpov
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385 OVK e^(o TO dcFCpaXes elireLv.
el
opa,
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be KCiKelvoi
octtls be
av Tiore Kal avTos
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els
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Kal iracrav ttjv iraTpCba'
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ttoXXovs
kol
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tovs
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ibelv'
ber]6fj
etcrt 5'
tovs ocfyOaXfjiovs
epu>.
6 KaiTvos bioXvopievos arjp yiyveTai.
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to aTncTTOv
vopLLaj} xj/evbea-Qai bia
e^ovan'
370 TiepiaipeTovs
opq.
e^ovaiv, OKvSi
irepl fievTOi tu>v 6<pOaXpLU)v, oiov9
epia.
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rols
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rjplv
diro-
axrirep
eQea-
fxe ecapcuv
TTicTTevei
TavTa
eKftcre d(})LKiriTaL, etcreTai
BOOK
I.
Leaving the Moon, we are carried through
the Zodiac to the
City of Lanterns, a?id thence to Cloiid-ciickoo-toivn.
Tore
5'
ovv acnrao-dixevoi rbv (Baa-tkia kol rov9
avTov, ifxlSavTes
6
avr]yBr]ii€V ,
be
ifiol
KariXiTTov.
(TVve-ejJLTTe he
TTapa-iiJLyj/ovTas
o.XP'-
a Travra ev rw
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pAvroi
ti]v
evvbpov KOL TToXXoJv
ol
K e(})eXoKevTavpoL,
eTTeiTT-qcrav
tv,v
eirl
dve\(i)pr\G-av.
jjbrj
be
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apn
dTTefBrjpiev,
dAA'
evOaXrj
ovk
re kol
kol
7]p,as
rw ^aeOovri,
pLaOovres
vvKTa
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e<prJKev.
iriova koL 40^
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ciyaOctJv pLecrrriv.
pA(rdo(f)opovvTes irapa
vavv,
tov
^V^^
Kairoi ttoXXcl T(av
dvepLOS
6
x.'^pav
eh
be
rbv rjkiov, ev XP<p
be kol ol '^limoyvnoi
ti]v
rw
be
ev
avvoLKL(opiev(o, 395
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iraprjeipLev
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TrevraKocrLoov.
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ov yap
yrjv TTapairXeovres'
eraipoiv
kol '^liUiOyviTovs xikiov^,
vbpevcrdpLeOa.
d-olSa.vres
evo-TTOvbovs
direX-qXyOecrav'
koX
j]p,epav
Tiepl 405
ecr-epav dcpiKOfjieOa €9 T7]V AvxvottoXlv KaXovpLevqv,
rbv
Kdrci)
fiera^v
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rod
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p.evTOL
ttoXv
kol
rj
be
rod
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ovbiva evpopiev Xv^vovs be ttoXXovs
OeovraSi koX ev
rjj
olKrio-ets 6'
kolI
be
Trept- 410
rbv Xipiiva btarpi/Bovras,
rov9 pLev pLLKpovs KOL a>cnTep eLTrelv Trivrjras'
rS)v pieydXojv kol bvvarSiv,
ra-
depos,
dirojSdvres
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irepl
r/677
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rod ZcobiaKOV.
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hi^pa
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irdw Xap.irpovs kol
oXiyovs
be,
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avrols kol Xvxve(i>ve9 Ibia eKdarco eire-oiiqvro,
avrol 6v6pi,ara et^ov, axrirep ol dvOpin-noi, kol
cf)a}VT]v
415
VERA HIS TORIA.
l6
i^via kKoKovv'
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5'
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ap-yjav
420 avTiav hi oAr]S vvktos KadrjTai, ovofxaaTl Kakoiv eKaarov.
av
5'
09
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ra yiyvopAva, kol rjKOVopiev
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425 bi as €(3pdbvvov. €v6a kol tov rjjjL^Tepov kvyj;ov eyvcaptaa,
Kal
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ov
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^fJLvrjcrOrjv
435
kol
eyw
e</)'
0I9 eypaxj/ev dTTLo-rovpL^vov.
descend to the Ocean again, and are swallowed, ship
and all, by an enormous sea-monster.
TpiTi]
(Ta(pu>s
aepi'
^aaikeveiv
rod TiOLrjrov, dvbpos cro^ov Kal
^ ApLcrrocpdvovs
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w?
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tov ^D.Keojvov
be ovbapLov, 7rk/]v ye TGtv ev
o)s
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be
rw
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tov vbaTos
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evr]y6p.e6a'
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TO TieXayoS'
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ipiivopiev'
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Description of the monstefs inside^
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vrjl
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be
bia
ov 455
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ive found
there.
be evbov
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kvtos
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be
Ibelv
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TeTTapdKovTa.
biaKocrioi
veoTTevovTa. TOTe p-ev ovv
(popTia'
koX
eptol
Xd\ava
(TTdbiOL
TCL
iKavov 4^°
vyj/yjkbv,
do-Tea
dvOpcoiroav
Kal XocpoL
Kal bevbpa navTola eTTe(f)VKeL, Kal
Kal ecoKeu
Kal
6r]pia iroXXa (TvyKeKopp^evo. kol ttXolcov
Kara pLecov be Kal
TTjs
kol
eKetvTo
pLvpidvbpco iToXeL evoiKelv.
lyQves KOL
rjv,
vcrTepov be avTov dvayjivovTos etbop^ev
vavv
viTea-Tr]pi^ap.ev'
C^
8
VERA HISTORIA.
1
avToX
ra
6e
heiirvov
€K
crvvrpixj/avTc^
irvpeia
Trapovrcov
Tu>v
avaKavcravT€'i
/cat
be
iTapiK^LTo
k-noiovix^Oa.
&<l)Oova KOL TTavTobaira Kpia tu>v lyBvoiv, kol vhoip €Tl to
475 €K Tov 'E(0(r(f)6pov eXxofxev.
et
TTore
eodpG^ixev
avayavoi to
akXoTe be
KOL
vrfo-ov^.
yap
rfj
jjlovov
iinova-r) be biavaa-ravTes,
akkoTe
ktjto^,
f\(T6av6}xe6a (pepop^evov
OakcLTTrfS.
Trpoj TTCLV fxipoi TTJs
kol
yrjv
p,ev
opr]
tov ovpavov, irokkaKis be kol
eirel
be
avTov o^eois
ijbrj
eOdbes
ttj
480 biaTpififj eyiyvop^eOa, kajSiov eiTTa TUiv eTaiponv e^abiCpv
€S T-qv vk-qv, TrepLo-Kexj/acrOaL tcl iravTa (Sovkopevos.
ovtto}
he irevTe okov^ btekOcdv crTabiovs evpov lepov Y[oaeibS>voSi
ws eb-qkov
r)
einypacfyr}, kol
TTokXovs KOL o-Trjkas eii avTG)v,
eTi be kol kvvos
485 biavyovs'
peT ov TTokv kol Tacpovs
irkrja-iov re Trqyrjv
vbaT09
vkaK^v rjKOVopev koI KaTTvo^
^(paiveTo TToppooOev Kat Tiva kol enavkiv elKafyp^ev.
We
and his son^ who have lived here
After hearing our story the old man
his own, and describes the region in which we are.
meet an old
7na7i
twenty-seven years.
tells
SttodS^
veaviCKt^,
ovv
(3abiCovTes
pdka
upoBvp^oas
Kolvboiip airb TTJs TTqyrjs
e<pi(TTape6a
TTpaaidv
irpeo-jB-uTji
Tiva
koI
epyaC,opevois
avTqv bioxeTevovcnv' riaOev-
ei:
490 res ovv dp,a kol ^ofB-qOevTes ea-Trjpev' KO-KelvoL be, tovtov
riplv
(ins
TO eiKOS TraOovTes, avavbot irapeo-T^Kecrav'
v(^ be 6 TTpea-jBvTrjs
TTorepoVt^
(TTVxeis
e(f)r},
riplv
e(f)r},
^'TtVe? apa vpel^ ecrTe,
" rwz; evaktociv baipovcov,
TTapairkqa-Lot
;
kol
yap
?/
co
Xpd-
^evoi
;
dvdpodiiOi bv-
i]iiels
avOpcoiroL
Tpa(f)ivTes vvv dakaTTioi yeyovapev, Kal
yfj
rw
irepiexovTi T0VT<a Oqp'nd, ovb' a ira(TVvvrjxoP'^BcL
495 ovTes Kal ev
aryoiiev ciKpL^oiS
^v
be
et6ores.
TTLo-Tevopev.'^
TeOvdvai pev yap eiKafo/xer,
TTpbs
TavTa Kayo) el-nov
" Kat
-
BOOK
TOL avOpcoTTOL verjkvhes eo-fxev,
r)ix€is
KaraiToOevTes.
7Tpojr]v
(f)€L
jiaQeiv ra iv
^ji€voi
Aacrto? e^atz^ero.
KaOeipyp^eOa rw
wj
w? eoiKev,
on
aXXa
TTjv
ovbe
epelv
e(})7]
oLKiav,
re
TaWa
Kciyci)
kol
rjpias -^yev
kol
o-rt/3a8as
irapaOeh be
en
Ix6v9
be
ov 505
irplv
rjpXv
oTvov 510
kol
envvOdvero a
eire-
irdrra e^TJs bL7]yrJG-dpr]v, rov re x^ipoiiva
rov ev rw dipt irXovv Kal rbv
vqa-cd Kal
tt]
rwSe
6 be
rjpoiv,
kol \a[3(t)v
iKavSts eKope(T6r}p.ev,
eyyjeas, e-neibi]
KOL ra ev
yyaye,
irap
be avrapKr],
e^rjpTiCTTO')
aKpobpva
kol
-novOeip.eV
tls kol
p-ovoL ev
p.r}
Treixreo-Oai
{eireiTOirjTO
eviOKobojjLTjTo, Kal
Xd)(^avd
yap
rjfias
<ppd(TOv rjpXv ti]v oreavTov
(evLcov tS)v irapovTcov perabovvat'
eirl
be vvv ^ov\6- 500
ttoXXt]
e'xft.
elcrofjievovs
Orjptco'
irdrep, avTio (tkcI-
re obv kol ottco? bevpo ela-jjkOes.^^
TV)(r]v, ocTTis
TTporepov
rfj vXjj
kcll
a>
irpo-qkOofjiev
haip.(ov be rt?,
re 6\}/oiJievovs
ere
19
I.
TTokepiov Kal raXXa, p-expi rrjs es to ktjtos Karabvorews.
6
6'
"To
bte^rjet, Xeyoov,
eU
opdre,
ov
Tratbb^,
Kar
be
oppL-qOels
piev
yevos
epnTopiav
Kal
elpX,
d-no
^evoi, Y^virpios'
a»
Trarpibos
rrfs
dkXcDV ttoAAwi;
'IraXiav, ttolklKov (fiopTov KopLi((ov
r]v eiil
otKercoz;
eirl vecbs p.eyd\7]s,
ev6a
t<2 Krjret
KaraiToOevTes
bvo
rjpiels,
e(r(£>6r]pLev.
Odxjfavres
TpiTaioL es rov "Q.Keavbv
a-(f)obp<2
d7:r]veix6rjp,ev,
iTepiTVxdvTes Kal avravbpoi
r^v
rovs
be
dXXcov
eraipovs
Yloa-eibdvi beip.dp.evoi tovtovI rov ^iov
KTi-nevovres
piev
be o)s opdre
TToXXds,
eKeWev
ovv ^LKektas evTVX(^s bieirXevo-ap.ev'
be dp-naa-OevTes dvepco
TToXkr]
pLera
eiiXeov
CTTopian rov k7]Tovs biaXekvpLevqv To-w? ecopdKare. 520
piexpi p-^v
va
avrov 515
avrbs ev pcepet rd KaO'
vTTepdavpido-as Kal
dcf)'
&v
rj
vXt],
Kal
vadv rw 525
(oop^ev,
atrovpievoL Kal
be
IxOvs
diroOavdvTcov,
Xdxa-
dKpobpva.
Kal pj]v Kal dp.i:eXovs exei
ijbLa-Tos otvos
yiyverac Kal
C 2
rrjv irrjyrjv be
VERA HIS TORI A.
30
530
he
KaWicrTov kol ^^rvyjpoTaTov vharos.
eidere
fo'cos'
TU)v (pvXkcav TTOLOvixeda
CLTTO
evvr\v
kol TTvp acfidovov Kaio-
KOL opvea be 6-qpevofxev ra ela-ireToixeva kol ((avras
fji€v,
l^Ovs aypevojxev e^iovres
€vda
Kol
oirorav
kovojjLeOa,
ra ^pay\ia tov
eirl
Oripiov,
kol
eiridvix-qcTOiixev.
\xi]v
535 KoX k[[xv7} ov TToppco ecrrlv akfivpa, aTahioiV etKOcn rr/r
Ix^vs expvcra iravrobaTTOvs'
irepiiJieTpov,
KOL TrXeofiev
fxedo.
yr}ardp.rjv.
err]
orKacfyovs
iirl
ev
kol vt]x6-
fj
puKpov, o eya> Ivavni]-
be rjiMv earn ttjs Kara-nocreoiS ravra eirra
KOL eUoai.
We
hear of other inhabitants besides ourselves, who are said
A cotmcil of war.
to be ti7ipleasa7it neighbours.
Kat ra
540
yecToves
" KOL
dkkoL Tives
e(p7],
" KOL a^evoL, kol ras
elcTLv ev
kdnepia kol ovpala
ydp
kol
eyxekvoiiTov
eOvos
dpacrv KOL
ebvvap.e6a'
(pepeiv
tcro)?
(jl)p.o(pdyov'
rw
Krirei
"'H yapT
eoLKores
550 p.evTOi dbiKoi
be
TapLxaves
vkri^
KapajSoTrpoo-coirov,
ra be
tt^s
elcTi
ra be
Kdrco
tu>v dkkoov'
fxev
oIkovg-lv,
iJ.dxLp.ov
kol
erepas Trkevpas, Kara
vols
to.
ovvT
ra
akkoKoroi.
p.op(f)as
rijs
e(prjv eyo),
;" " llokkol fxev
TOV be^Lov Tolxov, TpLTcovop.evbriTes, ra
BpcsiTTois
ol
Kat irdpoLKOi crcpobpa )(^ake7fol kol (Sapels
re ovres kol aypiot."
elcTLv, afjLLKTOi
545
oXKa
\xev
rj}Ji(ov
p.ev
dvco
yakeixirais'
dv-
tjttov
katd be KapKLvoxeipe'i
KOL QvvvoKid>akoi, (Tvpp.a\iav re kol (piklav irpos eav-
Tovs
t: eiT o 17] p.ev 01'
bat KOL
ra
555
€(i)a
ti]v
^'rfTTOTTobes,
8e irpos avT(^
e<TTL,
7Tpo(TKkv(6pLeva
eyoct,
(f)6pov
rotj
be piecroyaiav veptovTai
rw aTopLan ra TTokka
ti]
Oakdrrr].
op.ois
'^'qrroTTOcnv virorekcov
oarpea TrevraKoata.
Uayovpi-
yevos p.dxip.ov kol bpop.iK(t}TaTov'
roiavrr]
pev
i]
p.ev
eprip.d
be eyco ravra
eKdcrrov
Irot'y
eariv*
7]p.a9
X^P^
BOOK
be
opav
y^pi]
ottooj hvvqcrofjLeOa toctovtols
Kol 077609 ^iOT€V(TOIX€V.''
"
'TTCLvres dcri;''
ecfy-q,
Ylkeiovsi"
''
be TLva elalv avro'i^ ;"
ekOelv
{Jio,)(r]s
yap
el
ebo^e
OLKricroixev"
eOveai juax^eo-^at,
ecp-q,
"
d(TTa rSiv
av eyoi
avoTrkot^f
bta
avrovs
ye
aoewy toKolttov
Kparrjcroixev avrSiv,
kol
OVTOL
""OTrAa 560
ttXt/z;
" apicTT
are ovcnv
ravra,
eyO), "
^(f)r]V
" roiv xtA-twi;."
eyo),
€(f)r]v
avrols,
b)7rkLcriJLevovs.
IlocrOt 8',"
"Ovbev,^'
" OvKovv,'^
IxOvcov.'"
2T
I.
aireXOovres
vavv 565
eirl
napea-KevaCoixeOa.
After tivo days'
out,
conflict 07tr enemies are
and
ive are left in
Atrta be rov TToXejiov
7]
ovK aTTobodLi,
ol
TLKC^s
TOV
e7T€}Ji7Tov
fxev
ovv
ijbrj 7-779
eTTrjeaav.
-nevre
Kal
e'lKoa-iv.
'iboicn
Kal
Tr]v
-TTai?
TTpoeip-qro
TTapek-qkvOoras
ovtods
(TVfjiiJLL^avTes
avTov
6viJL<2
be TpoTTrjv avTcov
Tovs
cf)cokeovs.
irpaJToi 570
ttoXXov
rw
6opv(3ov
e(pobov vTroirrevovTe^, e^oTrki-
be avrols ev
rovs
eiroirja-av.
ripLels
Kal elKoan tov dpidpLOV ovTes (Kal
6
brf
be virepoi:-
ko^ov riva TTpord^avre^ dvbpcov
KaronLv eKOTTTov avrov9, Kal
Kal
6
aTrebico^e rov^ ayyekovs.
'
dvefxevofxev,
(TTacrdai'
airairovvTes'
(popov
kol
KOL ol Ylayovpibai y^aXeiraivovres
be,
r;//€t?
tov
irpoOecriMas eveaTcoo-qs.
(tovto yap eKaXelro) ixera
^Kiv6dp(£>
eneibav
eaeaOai
efieXXev
bacTfjibv
a-noKpivaiievos
ol "^rjTTOTTobes
adpLevoL
exterminated or driven
undisturbed possessio7i.
Kal
TTOLrfo-ajjievoL
evebpa, 575
eiravi-
yap
eTTavaa-ravres
be Kal avrol, irevre
yap Kal 6 ^KLvdapos
oDvea-TpaTevovTo),
pcopLr]
rfj
iTokepLiovs,
rivTid^opLev,
bLeKLvbvvevofjLev.
KaTebtoJ^aiJiev
Kal 580
Tekos
d\pi irpbs
direOavov be t&v [xev irokep.ioiv e^bop-rf-
KovTa Kal eKaTov
rjpo^v be els Kal 6
irkevpa biairapels to peTd(f)pevov.
KVJSepvrjTrjs, Tpiykrjs
eKeivrjv p.ev ovv tt]v 5S5
VERA HIS TORIA.
22
Tjjiepav
iraiov
Kol T7JV vvKTa €7Tr]vkL(TdiJL€6a
pd^Lv
€(TT-q(Ta{jL€v,
^ripav
r?}
'^^^
/m-ax??
''P®'
dvair-q^avT^s.
b€\(f)'ivos
vcTTepaia 5e koX ol dXkoi alcrOoiievoL Traprjcrav, to fxev
rfj
be^Lov
Kepas
^xovres ol
590 VL-qXapos) to
ol
8'
KapKLv6)(^€ip€S.
i)yov
TapixcLV€S
evcovvpLov ol
ovheTepois
ol
yap TpLTCDvopivhrjTes
(rvppayjEiv
avrdv
be
(fiydro
0vvvoKi(pakoL to piaov 6e
ti]v rjorvyJ-OLV
Tipoaipovpevoi.
rjpiels
be
TTpoaTTavTrjcravTes avTols irepl to YIoa-eLbcavLOv irpoorepiqapLev, irokXfj jBor] x^pcdpevot.
595
avTYD^^ei be to ktjtos (ocnrep
yvpn]Tas ovTas,
Tpeij/dpevoL be avTov^, aTe
a7T7]kaLa.
TO,
Kol KaTabL(ji>^avTes es Tr\v vXr\v to Xolttov eireKpaTovpev
Trjs
KOL
yijs.
ov
p,eT
ttoXv
veKpovs Te dvr\povvTo koX
dkka
be ovK eboKei cnrevbea-Oai'
600 re?
€77
avTovs
irdvTas
TpLT(ovopLevb7]T(iiv.
duoaTeiKavTes
KrjpVKas
btekeyovTo.
irepl (pLklas
dpbr}v
Tjj
ypiv
ixiTepaia -yuipriaav-
e^eKoy^ap^ev^
ovTOL be ws etbov
7:ki]v
T(ov
yiyvopieva, bua-
tcl
bpavTes €K Toov ^payyJioLiV d<pTJKav avTovs eh n/y 6dkaTTav.
rjp.e'is
tG)v
(Tav
be ttjv \(opav eirekOovTes,
to
7TokepL(i)v,
koLTTOv
eprjpov
aSewj
ijbrj
KaTcoKovpev,
ovtcl
605 TTokka yvpvaa-LOLS Te kol Kwrfyecriois \p(i>pevoi kol dp-
irekovpyovvTes
T(av bevbpoiv'
ydkoi Kal
From
kol
tov Kap-nov avyKopi^opevoi
tov
eK
kol 6k(os ec^Keip^ev toIs ev beapcoT-qpiio /xe-
d(f)VKTii) Tpv(f)S>o-L
kol kekvpevois.
the monster's opeii jaws
we
descry another marvellous
sight J a strange tribe of giants
upon fioati?ig
islands.
'Eytavroy pkv ovv kol pijvas okto) tovtov bir\yop.ev tov
610 TpoTTov.
rw
8'
evvdTi^
pirjvl, TrepnTTTj
laTapievov, irepl Tr]v
bevTepav tov (TTop^aTos dvoi^Lv, (a7ra£ yap
TTJV
&pav
br]
tovto KaTo.
eKdcTTTjv eTTotei to ktjtos, axTTe ijpa^ irpos Tas
dvoi^eis TeKp,aipe(T6ai
tols copas)
irepl
ovv
Tr}v
bevTepav,
BOOK
wy
€(priv,
To,
/.
23
avoi^Lv acpvco ^orj re irokkrj kol Oopv^os rjKOve-
axTTfep
K€kev(TjjLaTa
av€LpTTVorapi€v
tov Orfpiov, kol
(rropia
tuiv 6b6vT(ov Ka^ewpai/xez; airavroiv
res" €vboTep(jL>
elbov O^aixcLTCxiv Trapabo^orarov,
ras
r]ixi(TTahiaiovs
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ov
Ti]v
irepLp.erpov.
TTCLVV
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ol
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eperptols.
KV^epvriTr]s enX
k6(f)ov
eiiX rrjs irpvpLvrj^,
vxj/rjkov
TTrfbdktov, cTTabiaiov to pirJKOS.
Teo-aapaKOVTa
eirl
avrStv
oiirkio-pLevoL
KOTes dv6p(i>TT0LS, irkrjv
ela-rriKeL
be
avep,os ep.7TL7TTu>v
Tjj vkj],
TTokkfj
ovarj
Te avT7]v KOL €^6/36 TTjv vrjo-Qv,
Kekev(TTi]s
§'
ecfyeio-T-qKei
ttj^
avTr\
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fj
avTols,
w?
eboKei,
x^akKovv
lx<^z^
irpcopas
epcdxovTo,
eKaieTo, oxrTe ovbe KopvOoov ebeovTo.
'7T0V
Trpoa--
avTOKkdboLS pieydkais kol avTOKopiois, oxr-
KVTrapLTTOLS
rrjs.
rjcrav
eKarov crTabiinv
ocrov
avr&v cirkeov
6'
eyo)
otba pi€v aTTicrTOLS €ot- 620
Tovs eiKocn kol eKarov.
apL(f)l
p.^ydkodv
v7]cro}v
0/0,609.
be vxj/rikaL,
(tt6.v-
ojv
avhpas pieydkovs ocrov
rpt-qpodv.
Trap' eKCLTepa rrj? vrjcrov
Trepel
kid
r}kiKia<s,
ki:\
l(TTop-qcroov,
piev
I'ojz/
rapaxOivres ovv 615
Kal dpeoriai.
avTo TO
€77'
oaov
irdvTa eoL- 630
be irvp ^v kol
dvrl be Icttlcov 6
ev eKaa-Trj, eKok-
eOekoi 6 Kv(3epvr]kol irpos ti]v el- 63;
pecriav o^ecos eKLVOvvro, wcrTrep tol piaKpa tG>v ukoioiv.
The Battle of the
To pkv
e(f)dv7](Tav
ovv TipSiTov bvo
rj
Islands.
Tpels eoopcapiev vaTepov b
oaov e^aKoa-ioC kol btacTTdvTes eirokep^ovv Kal
evavpid^ovv.
TTokkal p.ev ovv avTiTrpoipoi (TVVTjpdcraovTo
dkkrjkais TTokkal be Kal epLfSk-qOela-aL KaTebvovro, al be 640
(TV pLirkeKopiev at
CLTTekvovTO.
KapTep5>s bLr]yoiviCovTO,
oi ycLp eirl
ttjs
Kal
ov
pabicas
irpcopas Terayp^evoi iraaav
VERA HISTORIA.
24
€7T€b€LKvvvro TTpoOvfjiLav kTTejx^aivovTes
e^wypet he ovheis.
olvtl
avatpovvT^s'
Kttt
he ^etpGiV (rih7]pQ>v iroXyTToha^
645 ixeydkovs eKhehefxevovs aXk'qXoLS k'neppiiiTovv'
pnrkeKoixevoL
rfj
Karel^ov
vX-p
ot he ire-
e/3aAAor
T7]v vijcrov.
TOL Koi erirpbiCTKOv oarpeois re afjLa^07T\r]6ecrL kol
yoL9
TiXeOpiaiois^
rj-yelro
he
tS>v
fxei;-
(ttto-/-
AlokoKevrav-
ixev
pos tQv he Qakaa-oroTTOTTjs' kol ixayj] avTol'S eyeyevqro,
650
d)S
ehoKei, keCas
eveKa.
ekeyero yap 6 QakacrcroTTOTr]^
TTokkas ayeka^ hekcfiivoov rod AlokoKevravpov ekrjkaKevai,
0)?
AlokoKevravpov, Kal
655
CLfxcpl
v7](tov9
to,
ovopLara
rekos he vlkQxtlv ot tov
rcav irokepiictiv
Karahvovcnv
ras TTevTrjKOVTa Kal eKarov' Kal akkas rpels kap.-
(3avova-Lv avrols avhpacriv'
ecnrepa
rjV,
al he kotiral irpvpvav Kpov-
ol he p-eyjyi
ecpvyov.
(rdpievaL
rivos
rpairopevoL irpos ra
eireKpaT-qa-av
660 v(ov
kol
oLKoveiv eTTLKakoTJVTcov akk'qkoLS
rjv
tS)v ^ao-ikeoiv einjBooopLevoiv.
Kal
Karehva-av
htdo^avreSy
Kal yap eKei-
eavro^v aveikovro.
to,
vrjcroL
ovk
ekdrTovs
tG>v
6yhor]KOVTa.
earrja-av he Kal rpo-naiov ttjs vrjcropiaxCas, eirl
TOV KrjTovs
[JLiav
eireihr}
vavdyia, tQ}V Tikelcrriav
rfj Ke(()akr]
TUiV TTOAe/xtcor vrfcrcov dvaorravpoixTavTe's^
eKeivqv piev ovv ti]v vvKTa irepl to
6y]piov rjvkia-avro,
e^a\\ravTes avrov ra d.Troyeia Kal
dyKVpQv
665 oppLtcdpievou
kivaLS
Kal
KapTepdls.
yap dyKvpais
ttj
vaTepaia
eir'
e)(j)QvTo
he
K7]Tovs Kal T0V9 olKeiovs Od^avTes
r}b6pi.evoL,
Kara
rr]v
Kal
coa-irep
iraiavas
Ovaravres
e-n
ahovTes.
vrjaopaxCav yiyv6p.eva.
iTkrjcrLOv
peydkais vaeirl
tov
avTov dneTikeov
ravTa
piev
ra
BOOK
11.
BOOK
11.
Tired of our lo7ig miprison7nent we contrive a means of
escape^ and launcJi our vessel 07ice inore oji the open sea.
To
hi
TovTQv
0.770
d'
hiairav
rfi
ap^dfievoL
bieKonToixev.
ovb€v
7T€VT€ crrabiovs
6e vXriv
p.€6a Tr\v
a-oOav€iv.
KTjTos
eo-ecrOai
paioiv €KaLoiJi€v'
dvaLo-6i]Toos
tov
etx^
ap^dp.evoi ovv
oybor]
KavpiaTos'
Tayv
m,
crdai'
ovTiii
vavv
^Kivdapos.
8'
Ti]
dveXKvaravTes
e-niTi^beia.
eiTLOvo-r]
to
ws
boKols
Kal
is Tr}v
dvcravTes
^^" ^5
(TvyKXelorai,
diroXe-
biepeicravTes
evL nXelcrTov epij3aX-
Kal
ijbr]
bia
eTedvijKet'
tu>v
biayayovTes Kal eK rcoy obovTOiv e^a^avTe's
r]Kap.ev
bco-
Tjj
KVlSeprnjcreiv 5' epieXXev 6 20
to p.ev
-kXoIov
pLTjKeTL
veKp^ avT^
TO aTop^a /xeyaAat?
TaXXa
rjv.
pn^ rts x^^'^'^^^^
el
ev
e7Te(TKev6.CopLev, vbo^p re
X6p.evoL Kal
5'
bi]
KaTaKketa-devTes
dvixaa-Ke'
beKaTrj be koI kv-
a-vvefwe,
Tov VTToaTTjpL^eLe Tovs yopLcpLOVs axTTe
Ti]v
ov-
evvaTrj
nal
be
dpyoTepov yovv
p.6yis evevorja-ajiev,
KLvbvvev(Top.ev
e,aeAA.ez;
Tcav
dirb
TeXeov o.TieveveKpoiTo Kal bvcratbes
beKCLTri be
koX
og-qv 5
yap av to
ovrco
bUyvcofx^v'
voa-ovvTos'
Kal etiroTE dva\dvoL,
beKCLTT}
irpo^XBovTes
8e
rjpjpas jiev kuTa Kal vvKTas Xcras lo
K.al
(TVvU\x€v avTov
roiyov anobpavai'
8e tovto yivoiTo, pabta
et
K?]ret
€Qr]Tovv,
rod dpvyjjiaTos kiravaa-
Tjvvop.ev,
€^obo9.
rj
nva
koI to jxkv ikpSiTov ^bo^ev
eireLbrj
Kavcrai
rw
ti]v kv
ij.7]')(avr]v
biopv^acTL Kara top b^^ibv
i]liLV
rjfjuv
jiovf]
av k^€X6a.v yevotro.
TJs
eyw
(pepo^v
jutT^/ceVt
ayOoixevos re
i]p.els
dpaionxaTOiv
ripepta
OdXaTTaV eiravajSavTes 8' eirl
rw IToo-etSwi/t avTov Trapa to
to,
Ka6vQ>Ta
TpoiraLOv 25
VERA HISTORIA.
36
yap ^v) reraprr^
riixipas re rpels iiravkLordfjievoL {vr}V€fj.La
aireTiXeucraiiev,
We make our way
and reach
across the Frozen Sea
the
Island of Cheese.
Ez^^a
30 re?
5r)
TToAAots rSiv €k ttjs vavixayj.a's veKpols aiTr]v-
KOL TTpocrajKekkoiJLev' KOL ra orcaixara KaTafx^Tpovv-
T(oiJ.€v
Kal
€davfjLa(oiJi€v.
evKparo) aipi
Tos p.iya
Kpvos ^yevero,
kol vtt
Ttikayos, ovK e^eTriTroAr/s' p^ovov
is
T€TpaKO(TLas
opyvias'
35 €776 TOV KpVOrTaXXoV.
(f)€peLv
(ocrre
ov bvvdpievoL Totovbe
r(p
vban
(n:r]kaLov
koX dirofidvras btaOieLV
OVV TOV TTV^Vp.aTOS,
(6 6e ttjv
iirevo-^a-apiev.
^KivBapos).
piyio-rov
ev
(TKCLxIfavTes
tovtco
'7T€7T7]yv'tav
iireibr]
dvaarirdaavTes
Kal
Trerdo-avres
Trdyov biokiordaivovTes.
^/^fpa 5e
7re/x7rrr/
iirl
tov
dkia re
ijbr]
Kal 6 irdyos ikvero Kal vbo)p irdrra avOis eyiyvero.
'nkeixravres ovv oaov rpiaKocriovs (TTabiovs
Kal iprjpj] T:poa"r]vi\Br]pev,
cAeAotTret
yap
dcj)
rjs
vbccip
i^t/ctw
puKpa
kajBovres
{iir-
Kal bvo ravpovs dypiovs Kararo^evaav-
yjbr})
ol
be ravpoL ovtol ra Kepara ovk
€7:1 TTJs K€(f)aki]s
etx^ov,
aAA' virb rols 6(f)0akpols, &cn:ep
6 Mwjuios' ri^iov.
p,€T
ov TTokv be els vekayos eve^aivo-
T€S
50
be
odovqv
ti]v
icrvpopeda uxrirep irkiovres Aetco? kol Trpoa-qv&s,
'^v
yap
e/xetyajuei;
iirlknre ra i'mr-qbeia^ 7rpo<T€k66vT€S Kal tt)v vavv
7]br]
45
to
kirayr]
is (3d6os, ocrov
avTovs dvopvTTovT€s.
§6
€vpL(TKOiJL€v
eirkiofjLev
dvaKaiovres Kal cnrovp^evoi tovs
Tjpiipas rpLCLKOVTa, irvp
40 lyOvs'
n
avrov irav
oXka kol
€7TLp€V0VT0S
yvit>pif]V dTTO(pT]vdp,€vos rjv 6
€v
nvas
jueV
r]fjL€pas
€7T€LTa (Bopeov aripohpov TTvevaav-
)(pa)//ez^ot*
fxev,
CLTTeTTkevo-apev.
ov)(
vbaros dkka ydkaKTos.
€(paLveT0 kevKT], irki^p'qs dpLirekcov.
Kal
yv be
vrjcros
-q
ev avria
vija-os
rvpos
BOOK
fxiyL(TT09,
TTCLvv
ifidOofxev,
(rrahmv dK.oam:ivT€
vqario
TO
avcoKohopLTfTo
6'
at
55
5*
iv
i^icrr} rrj
w? ehrjkov
Nrfprjibos,
tt]S
ovv yjyovov eKet ifieivafiev
TiOTOV he TO
e/c
6\}/ov
tS>v [BoTpvoiv 60
(SacriXeveLv be tovtchv tgjv xcoptcav ekeyeTo Tvpoi
ydXa.
7]
5'
y?] /cat (TLTLOV V7Tr]p)(^€
7)
k\x(pay6vT^s
Trepiixerpov'
Upov
iTTLVofxev.
FaAareta?
ocrov
iTTLypa/jipLa.
p.\v
to
ov piivTOi oivov aXKa yoika
TrAv/petj*
€^ avT(ov oLTioOXi^ovT^s
V(7T€pov
o)S
(TVfJL7:€7TriyG)S,
j3oTpv(ov
afjiTTekoL
27
II.
^akfjicoveoos, [xeTa ti]v
evTevOev d7iaKkayi]v TavTrjv irapa
Tov IIoor^Lb(t)vos XajSovcra
The Cork-foot people.
fragrant smells.,
yieivavTe^ he
he
p.ovos
ova-qs
Ti\iriv.
The Island of the
its
Blest., with
musical birds and breezes.
ev
ijpiepas
avpas
e^a}pp.ri(jap,ev,
t-i-jv
Trj
6a\dTTr]s.
ttjs
eKTrj
ttj
tlvos TrapairepiTTOvo-ris XetoKV- 65
p^ev
TrkeovTes, ovk ert hia tov
TrevTe
vi^crc^
its
oyhor]
Trj
yaXaKTOs aAX'
rfhr]
he
rjp.epa
ev aXp.vp(^
KOL Kvav(^ vhaTL, Kadopoypiev dvOpcairov^ lioXkovs
tov
eirl
ireXdyovs htaOiovTas, aTfavTa rfpuv Trpoo-eoLKOTas kol
(T(^p.aTa KOL TCI p-eyeOr], 7tXi]v p-ovcov
tG>v 7Toho)v'
to,
TavTa 70
eKaXovvTO
yap (peXXiva
etx^i^'
<i>eXX6'iTohes.
eOavp.d^op.ev ovv IhovTe^ ov jBaiTTL^opiivov^,
^^^
ov
kol
6lp.aL
hi]
dXX' v-nepeyjovTos Tdv Kvp.dTcov koI dhecds ohoiiropovvTas'
ol
KoX
he
(poivfj,
TTpoo-jjecrav
eXeyov re
els
koL
^eXXo)
rjpias 'EAAryytKT/
rjcnrd^ovTo
ti]v
iraTpiha eireCye- 75
avT(x>v
crOaL' p-expi- p^ev hi] tlvos crvvcohoiTiopovv i]]iiv TrapaOeovTes'
eiTO.
diTOTpaiTopLevoL r?/? Shod efSdhiCov,
eirev^dpievoL.
pieT
e( dpi(TTepG>v
TrXi](TLov
\iev
irevhov,
ttoXls
KO.TOiKOV]xevr].
oXiyov he ttoXXol
eirl
i]
p^eydXov
iroppoiOev
he
^eAAw,
kol
koX
evuXoiav
vrjcroL
h
rjv
eKelvoi ea(f)eXXov 80
aTpoyyvXov
p.aXXov
r]p.lv
e(f)aLvovTo'
ev
he^ta
VERA HIST OKIA.
28
7T€vr€
koX
ixiyia-rai
avT(av av€KaUro.
he ttXtjo-lov re
rihr]
v€V(T€V Tjixas, rihela kol evcohrjs, olav
'HpohoTos airoCetv
ttjs
ns avpa
en
-)(j>r](TTa
Yjhv
Kptvoov kol
rjcrOevre^ he
irpoaejiakXev.
eK fiaKpcov
yhr] ttXtjo-lov TrJ9 vrjaov
eoip(^p.€v Ai/xeVa? re
ttovcov
ekiricravTes
evda
eyiyv6p.e6a.
95 ddXaTTav'
fXeV
en
€776
hi]
6(Tp,fj
oXiyov
kol KaO-
'ijpeiia
es
ttjv
he Xeipiu>vas kol vXas kol opvea povaiKa,
dhoVTa TToXXcL he KOL
T(OV TJioVCiiV
m]p he
KXahoiv.
tj]
Kar
iroXXovs irepX iracrav aKXvcrTOVS kol
peydXovs, irorapovs re hiavyels eS,i6vras
TOL
olov yap
€vhai\xovos "ApajSias.
he fjLvppivris kol hd(f)vris kol aiJL7reXdv6r]s, tolov-
90 Tov 7]pXv TO
KOL
'nepUi:-
avyypacpevs
6
(fyrjalv
airb pohoiv kol vapKiaa-cov kol vaKLvOoiv koi
Xoiv,
an:
OVK iXcLTTOVS TievTaKOcridiv.
kol Oaviiacrrr]
^ijl€v,
irokv
Trvp
Tr]v irpc^pav juta 7rA.areta kol
Ta7T€LV7}, (TTahiOVS aiT€)(^OV(Ta
^5
kol
vxjrrjXoraTaL,
Kara he
Kov(f)os
nves
\(apav' KOL avpai he
kol
evirvovs
CTTt
TU>V
'nepieKeyvTo
t')]v
rjhelai hiaiTveovcraL rjpepia rr}v
vXrjv hieadXevov' ocxTTe kol dirb tG>v KXdhoiv Ktvovpievoiv
ioo TepTTva Kol avve^rj [xeXr] cLTTecrvpL^eTO, eoLKora tols e-n
epr}fJLias avXr]pi.acn
orvpipLiKTOs
voiT
tmv
TiKO-ueTO
av ev
TrXayicov avXQ>v.
kol
pLi]v
crvpiTroo-Lco,
tG)v
p^ev
avXovvrcov, dXXoov he
105 TOVTOLS dirao-i KrjXovpLevot KarriySripev.
direlBaivopiev,
ftorj
dOpovs, ov 6opvl3(ahr]9, aAA' ota ye-
eiraLvovvTOiv evloiv he Kporovvroov irpos avXov
vavv
kol
rj
KiOdpav.
oppiaavTes he
T7]v
tov ^KivBapov ev avTrj kol hvo tQ)V
eTaipuiv diroXiTTovTes.
We are brought before
nation^
the
king Rhadamajithtis for exami-
and are permitted to
stay awhile.
Tlpo'iovTes he hca XeLpLS>vos evavOovvTos evTvy\dvop.ev
Tols (f)povpols KOL TiepLTToXoLS' ol he hr](TavTes
rjpxL's
po-
BOOK
hivoi<s
obbv
(ovTos yap
(TT€(f)dvoLs
r\KOV(Taixev, (09
ayopevopiivr]
\xkv vijcros etr] T(siv
?/
be
apxoi
Siv
MaKapcov
TerapTOL.
ijv
be
\xev irpci^Tr]
?/
Tiepi
biKrj
irpocr-
Kal
avayOevres ws avrov ev rd^ei rcov biKa^oixivoiV
no
Ka6'
hr\
^Vabdp.avdvs.
Kpi]s
6
avT0L9 he-
Trap*
[jLeyiorros
avT\yov w? rov apyovra' iiap
hariv)
(T/xos"
29
II.
brj
ea-rrniev
AtavTO^ rov
115
Tekaiidvos, etre xpi] avrov (Twelvai vols TJpoocnv etre Kal
Karriyope'iTo be avrov,
111]'
rekos
KrdvoL'
on
ttoKXojv
be,
p.ep.r]voi
koX eavrov
prjOevrciJv,
citto-
^c^abajxavOvs
6
diTe(paivero vvv fiev avrov TTiOfxevov rod e\Ke(36pov ira-
paboOrjvaL "l-uOKpdrei rw
rod
(ppovi]<Tavra fxerex^eiv
Kcow tarpw, vcrrepov be
cro)-
bevrepa be
crv}x~o(Tiov.
120
rjv
Kpiais epoirLKT], Qrjcreoos Kal ^\\eveXdov irepl rrj^ ^F,Kev7]s
biayoiviCoixevoiV,
avri]v
rrorepc^
y^pi]
Kal
o-vvoiKelv.
6
'^VabdixavOvs ebiKaae Mei^eAdw crvvelvai avrr]v, are Kal
roaavra -novriaavri koX Kivbvvevaavri rov
yap avr<^
Kal
'A/xafoVa
Kal
ebiKdaOrj
irepl
Kal 'AvviiBa
^avbpos,
rod
ras
Kal Opovos avrio
e7TL(3aLr]iiev'
Kal
i]\J.els
jjLeraa-rrjordp.evos
T0L9
Ovyarepas.
Wke^dvbpco re
reraproi
(Tvvebpois
ndvra
rjixos
eirl
eKOLvovro
5'
eveKev' 12^
rpCrr]
rep
^/xet?
en
e^rjs
6'
^lXlttttov
irpoeyjeiv 6
ereOt] irapa Y^vpov
TraOovres
be
ydjjLov
elvai yvva'iKa9, ri]v re
Mlvcoos
TrpoebpUts,
Kal 6 fiev ijpero, rt
hi]
dXkas
rw Kapxn^ov^^' ^at ebo^e
rov TTporepov.
(Tr]v,
kol
0?7o-et
Wke-
rov Ylep- 130
'iTpoa-r]ve-)(6r]ixev'
(cavres
lepov x^piov
bLriy7]adixeQa.
ovrcn
ttoXvv xpdi^*^^ ea-Keirrero,
irepl
avvijbpevov 135
i]pMV.
be ctAAot re ttoXXoI Kal 'AptoretSr;? 6 biKato^, 6 Wdrjvaios.
0)?
8'
irpayp.oo-vvrj'i
ebo^ev avria, d7:e^r]varo
Kal rrjs
dr7obr]p,ias,
rf]s
eneibav
plv iroXv-
0.7706 avoojiev,
bovvat ras evdvvas, ro be vvvl pijrbv xpovov fietvavras
ev
rrj
vricno
Kal crvvbLair-qQevra^ rots rjpoicnv diiekdeiv. 140
VERA HISTORIA.
30
^Ta^€ be
KOL T7]v irpoOeorixiav ttjs
nXeov
€77i8r]/jtta?, /x^
IMTjvojv €7rrd.
and its ravishing joys.
Description of the Isle of the Blest
Tovvrevdev
rcdv,
avTOjjidToiv tjimv rSiv (TT€<pav(ov Treptppviv-
(XeXvpieOa kol ets tijv ttoXlv r]y6\xe0a, els to rdv
145 yiaKOLpodv
avTrj
(TVfJiTToa-LOv.
ixev
ovv
to pievTOL
elaiv eiTTa, Tracrai p.ov6^vXoi KLvvapicopLLvoL.
eba<pos TTjs TTokecos kol
rj
evTos tov Teiyjovs
yrj eke(f)av-
vaol be TTCLVTcov OeoJv (3r]pvk\ov XiOov c^Kobopir]-
TLVT].
150 p.ivoi'
Koi
(TTLVOL,
ttoXlv
ev avTols pLeytcrTOi p.ov6ki6oi dpieOv-
(BoopLol
TTOLOVCTL
S>v
e(})
pel
iTOTapLos
eKaro/x^tt?.
TCLS
ptvpov
tov
to
T:7]ye(tiv
eKaTov (3a(nXiKu>v, jSdOos be &aTe velv
be
avTols,
ecTTLv
eyKatopievoL.
'55 KivvapL(6pi(D
p.eydXoi
oIkol
dvTl
Tois TTveXoLS bpocTOS Oeppi-q eaTiv.
dpaxviOLS
XeiTTols
OVK eyovcriv, aAA'
kol dcrapKoi
KOL Ibeav povov epLcfyaivovcn' kol
(TvveuTacn koX
d(f)La(n' Kol
XeXv
pLT)
TTjv
a-ddpiaTos opoioTiqTa
oyj/aLTo TLS, OVK CLv iXey^eie
vov'
elal
yap
vv^
ovbe
Xapurpd'
/x?)
Trap'
^s-
KOL
rjXiov,
wpav
ovTes opaas
avTols yiyveTai
pLiav
<p(os
tcraa-L
(f)a)vr}v
el
yovv
etvat aS>p.a to 6p(ap,e-
dv rjXLKias eXOi]
tolovto
pLev
pop(f)r}v be
'nepLKeip.evr].
dXXa Kaddirep to XvKavyes
dvaTeiXavTos
pievTOL
^f/vx^l
ev
avTS>v Trepiiro-
coairep crKial opdal, ov pieXaivai.
165 be ovbels, aAA' e^'
p.7]v
acopiaTa
elcrt,
d(T(i>p.aT0i
7)
rw
vbaTos
KivovvTai kol (ppovovcn kol
oXois eoLKe yvpvri tls
TOV
evp.apGis.
be \pGiVTai
ea-OrjTL
avTol be
iropcpvpois.
dva(f)e'LS
ttjv
TrAaro?
vdXivoi,
tov
p^evToi
be
irepl
KaXXCcrTov,
XovTpa
160 ovv
Tracra
TroAts
rj
TO be Telx^s TrepiKeiTai o-pLapdybivov' nvkat be
XpV(Trj,
yripdcFKei
irapapievet.
ov
ovbe r]p,ipa Trdvv
rjbr]
irpos eo), pLrjbeiTa}
67re)(et
tyjv
yrjv.
kol
tov eTOvs' alel yap Ttap
.
BOOK
eap
avToi'S
X^^pa
Icrrt
7Ta(TL
31
11.
kol els avefJios irvel 6 7.i(f)vpos.
avQecri
fjiev
al fxev
(TKiepois TeOrjkev'
rj
be ^7^
he (f)VTols i]\xipois re kol
ttclo-l
yap apLnekoL bcubeKdcpopoi eWi
KOL Kara pcrjva eKaarov KapTTO(f)opov(rL' ras be poias kol
ras
Mlvc^ov,
dpTovs
akkqv
kol rrjv
p.rj\eas
bis
ciKpov
eTr'
Trap"
be
irvpov
ol
avrols ^7o
ardxves
pLVK7]Tas.
codTiep
(pvovcTLv,
elvai
}xev
rov
fjLrjvos,
dvrl
KapiTO(j)opeLv.
eroip^ovs
eXeyov
oiTiopav
yap
evbs
TpLa-KaLbeKd(f)opov'
7n]yal be irepl rrjv ttoXlv vbaros p^ev irevre nal e^T^KOvra
rpiaKoo lai
Kal
piktros
dKKai Tocravrai p.vpov be
be
Kal TTorapLol ya- 180
TTevraKoa tat, puKporepaL pcevroL avrai'
XaKTos eura Kal otvov
The banqueting-hall J
6kt(o.
the feast
accompanied with song^ and
the fountains of Mirth atid Laughter.
To
be (TVixTTOcnov e^oj
ttjs
TTokecos 7re7rou]rat
KaXovpievio irebico' ketpicbv
^HXvcTLco
ev ro)
be eari koXXkttos,
Kal irepl avrou vXt] iravroia ttvkvt}, eTTia-Kid^ova-a rovs
KaraKecpevovs.
Kal
Grpodixvi]
dvep.0L,7TX7]v ye rod olvoyo^^v.
^dX)C
ea-TL
pev eK t5>v dvOecov
bevbpa
irepl
ol
Tovrovyap ovbev beovrai,
to avpiTroa-LOv vakiva p,ey6Xa
biavy ear arris vdXov' 6 Kapirbs
8'
ecrrt
rijs
rdv bev-
rovruov
ra
bpcov TTorrjpia Travrola Kal ras Karaa-Kevas Kal
p-eye- 190
eireibav ovv Trapirj rts es ro (Tvp.-6cnov, rpvyrja-as
dt).
ev
vtto- 185
biaKovovvrai be Kal bia(f)epovcrLv eKao-rr]
(3el3ki]TaL'
1]
otvov
rQv
Kal bvo
irXript]
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eKTiodpidroov TrapariOerai^
yiyverat' ovrco p.ev uivovcriv.
al
drfboves Kal
rdXXa ra
ra be avriKa
dvrl be rGiv
pLOVcriKa
opvea, eK
rGiv TTXrja-iov Xei\i(iivoiv rols (rrop^aaiv dv6oXoyodvra, Ka- ^95
ravUfjei
avrovs
pier
(obrjs
VTrepireropieva.
Kal
pJ)]V
kol
pLVpL^ovr at 0)8 1' vec^eXai irvKval dvacrTrda-aa-at p,vpov eK
VERA HISTORIA.
3a
rav
tov 'noraixov
kol
TTrjy&v
200 TTTOv,
bpoorov.
axTTTep
koX
to
vir^p
kiria-raa-ai
tS>v av^jJLCdv VTToOkijSovrcov, vovcrt Ac-
(tvijltt6(tlov, rjpejjLa
em
rw
he
beiirvco
KOL iobals (Tx^okdCova-Lv' aSerat 6e avrois
pov
€777]
rai
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re
pLOVcriKfj
tov
to,
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}xaXi(TTa'
^Obvcraia KaTaKetfJievos.
pkv
ol
ovv xopol €K iraLboiv etVl Kal Trapdivcuv' k^ap^ovcri be
avvdbovG-Lv Ewo/io? re 6 AoKpos, kol 'Aptcoi; 6 Ae-
205 KoX
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Tov
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ttjs
kneibav be ovtol TiaixTcavTai abovTes, bevTe-
Kayiiivr\s.
pos xopbs TiapepyjeTai €k kvkvoov Kal xeXibovoiv Kal
210 bovcov,
vkrj
iireLbav
t&v
e7rai;Xet,
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be
dvepiGiv
KaTapyjovTOdv.
irpos evcfipoo-vvqv eKelvo eyov(Ti'
br]
TO
avjjiTrocnov,
eKaTepa'i
rj
pkv yekcoTos
TidvTes ev
dpxfj
ttjs
bi]
drj-
iraa-a
\ieyiG-Tov
ir^jyai elcn
rj
be
bvo Trapa
be rjbovrjs' eK tovtcov
rj
evoi\ias irLvovcn, Kal to
215 koLTTOv Tjbopievoi Kal yekioi'Tes bid^yovcn.
Heroes andfamous men inhabiting the island.
Among the7n
are Socrates a7id other philosophers j some^ however, are
conspiaious by their absence.
^ovkojjiat be eluelv Kal to)v eTno-rnxaiv oixTTivas irap
avTols eOeacrdpb-qv'
irdvTas p^ev
tovs rjpaOeovs Kal tovs
eirl
"Ikiov (TTpaTevcravTas, irki^v ye
Tos'
eKelvov be \x6vov e(f)aa-KOv ev
(Bap^dpoiv be
220 Kokd^ea-Qai.
TOV ^KvOrjv
"
6?)
rw
tov AoKpov AXavtS)v dcrejiSiV
Avd^apcriv Kal tov QpaKa ZdpLok^iv Kal
NovpLCLv TOV '\TakL(i)Tr]v, Kal
pi7]v
Kal AvKOvpyov TOV
KebaipiovLov Kal ^ooKioova Kal Tekkov, tov'^
•cat
TOVS
X^P^
Kvpovs re djicpoTepovs Kal
(TO<l>ovSi
dvev Ylepidvbpov.
'
Aa-
AO-qvaiovs,
elbov be Kal Sco-
BOOK
II.
^^
NeaTopos
KpaTr]v TOP '2(jL>(ppovL(rKOV aboXe(TXOvvTa fxera
KOL
AaKebaiixovLos
Kal akXoL
TO.
kol
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6
KaXoL.
avrov
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rjcrav
Kal "Tka^
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khoK^i
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2^5
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ipav rov ^TaKLvOov'
ikiyero he xakeirat-
TTokXa yovv kKeivov hiriX^yx^v.
v€Lv avT<2 6 '^Vabdfjiavdvs, Kal rjTreLkrjKivai TroAAa/ct? 6k- 230
[Sakelv avTov
e/c
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(Twiypaxj/e.
Kal
Kal
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vt:
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^
ApiG-mnTov re Kal
'Etti- 235
avrois €(f)ipovro, ^Set? re ovres
Trap'
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he
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TOVTCD he ocTa Kal yekct)T07T0i(^
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d/x^'
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ol
Trpwra
TCL
rfi
fxi]
Ylkarodv 8e fiovos ov napriv,
akk' kkiyero Kal avros ev
Kovpov
(pkvapy Kal
r?/? vr](Tov, rjv
elpcoveiav €voi\ei(TOaL.
T'i]v
Kal
XP^^-
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rai.
rod rpoTTOv,
Aaiha
y^/xat
a)crTe
ti]p
eraipav, dp\eladai 240
re V170 ixe6r]s irokkaKLS avi(TTa\ievov Kal irapoLvelv.
rov
TTJs
debits
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aperrjs
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TO
roiv
en yap ekeyovro ava^aiveLv
he ^too'lkcov ovhels TTaprjv'
r]Kovoixev
he
ov irporepov avT(^ eirL^rfvai
Kal
rrjs
rerapTov eavrbv eAAe/3 opt 0-77.
irepl
vrjcrov
tovs he 245
WKahriiia'LKOvs ekeyov eOekeiv [xev ekdelv, eireyeiv
Kal hiaa-KeTTTea-Bai'
\x7]he
jBdvetv, el Kal vrjcros
eirl
ns
rov '^FahafxavOvos
yap avro tovto
opfjLrjdevras
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aKokovdelv
viodeias he d-nokei-nea-Qai
arpec^eLv
eK
pLeo-rjs
rijs
en
6'
Karakafi-
TOLavrrj ecrriv' akkcos re Kal Tr]v
ot/xat
ro KpLrripLov avrol avrjprjKores.
(TKOv
ttcoj
jxr]
irokkovs he avratv ecpa- 250
rols
ohov.
d^LokoycoraroL rutv irapovrcov.
ovroL fxev
vtto
ovv
rjcrav
01
niJLuxn he ixakio-ra rov
'A)(tAAea Kal ^lera rovrov Qr]a-ea.
D
cKpLKvovfJievoLSy
KarakaixjSdvovras, Kal dva-
255
VERA HISTORIA.
34
Homer is
iJiduced to give a true account of himself and his
Arrival of Pythagoras and Einpedocles.
works.
OviTco §€ hvo
Tj
rpels rjix^pat hi^Xi^K'vOria-av koI Trpocr-
€X6o)v eyw "Ofiripio
rw
(txoXtJs
TrotrjTfj,
ra T€
aXka
knvvBavofxiqv koX oOev
Xiara
irap
rjijuv
da-en vvv
260 fxev ayvoeiv ecfyacTKev,
TToWol be
KOL
w?
cXr],
ol \xkv Xtoi'
avTov
aixcjyolv,
Xiymv rovro
01
he 'EfJLvpvaiov
elvai
vofxi^ovcnv.
eXeye Bal3vXu>vios, kol irapd ye rot? TToXiTais
[xevTOL
dXXa Tiypdvrjs
''OjotT^poj
irepl
t5>v
dOeroviJievciiv
^
KareyiyvodCTKOv ovv t6)v
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en
2)0
n
br]
elirev
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duo
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jjLev
yap ovbe
275 yovQ-Lv, avTLKa
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7)7na'TdiJLriv'
vea-Qai ebeojx-qv'
et TTore
-^vxpoXoyiav.
lKavS>9 d-neKpivaro, irdXiv avrbv ripiaroiv,
el
rjv,
kol bs
kol
eTnrrjbeva-avn.
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on
be
vtt
el
rov Zrjvoborov kol
djJLcfyl
iroXXrjv
ypafJLpianK&v
be ravd^
eirel
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crriyjxiv
kol 09 ecfyacTKe Trdvras avrov
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eTvai.
o^)(
KaXelcrdai' varepov be ofxripeva-as
Tiapa Tois "EXXr](nv aXXd^at rrjv 'npoariyoptav.
265 Kol
fid-
6 be ovb' avTos
CqTelcrOaL.
Ko\o(f)a>vLov
ovo-qs
6 be rjpveiTO.
kol avrb Trepl avrov Xe-
e(opa yap, uxrTe ovbe irvvOd-
TToXXdKLS be Kal dXXore tovto eiroiovv,
avrbv ax^oX-qv dyovra
eoipaiv.
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n
eTTVvOavoixrjv avrov, Kal os irpoOvfJiCiis Trdvra dr^eKpivero,
Kal ixdXicrra [xerd rrjv biKr\v, eireibr] eKpdn-](Tev'
280
ns
rov,
ypa(pr}
e(/)'
"Ojnqpos
)(j)6vovs
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oh
avrov
avrbv ev
rjv
ydp
eirev-qveyixevij vjSpeoos vtto Qepo-irfj
TToujcreL
^Obv(T(Te(jdS (TVvr]yopovvros.
ea-Kcoxj/e,
Kal evLKrjcrev
Kara be rovs avrovs
rovrovs dcpiKero Kal Ylvdayopas b Sa/xtos, enraKLS
BOOK
aXkay^ls koI kv toctovtols
cra?
TTJs
h€^i6v
II.
35
(cools
/3iorewa? kol €KT^Xi-
ras rrepiobovs'
yj/vxrjs
Kol iKpidrj [i€v (TvixTTokiTevea-Oai av-
rifXLTOjjiov.
Tols, eveboLa^ero 8e Irt TTorepov
Xpi]
avTov ovopidCeLv.
IlvOayopav
t]
F,vcpop(3ov
6 p^ivroi 'Ep.7T€boKkr]s -^kOe p.€v
Kot OVTOS, 7T€pU(f)609 KOL TO
p.r\v
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6\0V
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OJTTTrjpiivOS'
OV
TiapehiyOr] ye KaiToi ttoXKcl Ik€T€Vcov.
290
Gymnastic and poetic contests. Aft attempted i?ivasiofi of the
island.
The invaders are repulsed, and the heroes celebrate their victory.
YlpoiovTos
Tov
§€
yjiovov
avTols QavaTovcna.
Tov KOL Qrjo-evs to e^bopiov.
av
eir\
Xeyeiv'
6
ay(3iv^
Ta irap
to, p.\v
ovv aXXa ptaKpov
be Ke(f)dXo.La tG>v irpayOevTOiv
to,
TrdXrjv
cropLai.
kvidTi]
r}y(ovod€T€L be W)(^LXXevs to irepLTT-
p.ev
evLKr](Te
Kapos
6
dcp'
bLrjyrj-
^HpaKXeovs, 295
^Obv(T(Tea irepl tov (TTe(f)d.vov KaTayoL>vi(Tdp.evos.
be
Xa-T]
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eyevLTO 'Apeiov re tov AlyvTTTLOv, 69 ev Koptvdco
TeOaiiTai,
KpaTLOv
kol
be
dXXr]Xois
'ETretoiS,
ov
bpopLov ovKeTL
aOXa
TideTat
piep.vTjpLaL
Trap'
avTols.
6(TTis evLK-qo-e.
pLev dXr]6eia irapaTToXv eKpdTet "OpLrjpos'
^rlcTLobos.
aOXa
6'
TCI
r\v
iray-
crvveXBovTu^v.
tov p^evTOi
iroL-qTStv
be
Trj
aTracn aTecfyavos TrXaKels eK
TTTeptiiv TaoiVi(i)V.
dpTL be tov dyStvos (TVVTeTeXeo-pievov
rjyyeXXovTO
rw
ol
aTToppri^avTes
eXavveiv
TOV
'
ev
AiopLi'jb'qv
eirl ti]v
tov
Kdp.'nTiqv.
Tovs rjpoias
xoop'n^
dael^S^v KoXa(6p.evoL,
vrjaov' rjyelcrdaL be avTcov
kol
QpaKa
W9 be TavT
eirl
T(av
kcu ttjs (ppovpds einKpaTijo-avTes, 3C5
to. bea-p-d
AKpayavTlvov
r^j
300
evLK-qcre be opicos
BovcnpLv
tov
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AlyviTTLOv
kol
Kal tovs irepl ^Keipoova kol YIltvoijKOVcrev 6 'VabdpLavOv^, eKTaacreL
riyelTo
riiovos'
D
2
be Qr\<jevs
re
koI 310
VERA HISTORIA.
2JS
^
AyjXkeus koX Alas 6
(TUfjiiJiL^avTCS
TeA.a/xcoi'to?, 7/8?]
TrAetara KaropOcaa-avros.
TO,
Tw
€TTL
craxfypovcav,
koI
ky^ayovTo, KOI ivLKYjaav ol ijpcoes, 'A^^tXAecos
86^t(t)
ripicrreva-e be
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liii
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TO TTpoacdTTOv arpeiTTOs
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315 eixa\eTo.
apiarelovy Kakos re kol fxiyas Trapabetcros iv roJ
avT(a
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320 ovv Tovs
kol
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ainovTi
pLOt
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be
eypa\j/€
Koka(T6r]<Top,ivovs.
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ovkka^ovTes
NeKpaKabrifXLav rov tottov irpoa-ayopeva-as.
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ravT-qif
ebayKe ra /3ij3Ata
dAA' varepov koL
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rj
apxr] rod
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NCi/ Se poi
8'
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eTTeibav Trokepiov KaropOuxrioa-iv, elaTt^vTo ra €TTL-
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iroppui
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eKaOe^ero
ov
p.v-
(raTTopievos tj]v KvapLocfyayCav.
Abduction of Helen by one of our party. The fugitives are
pursued and brought back.
"'HS?]
e^bopLOV
6
Tov
335 TTokvv
i;?)?
rjv
be
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7]br}
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e^ btekrikvOorcov,
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Tiats,
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p.eyas
Ti]S 'Ekevr]S,
re
coy
rov
Kivvpas yap
irpdyp.aTa,
Kal
Kakbs, ijpa
Kal avrrj be ovk d(()a'
dyanGxra rov veavicKOV.
yovv Kal bUvevov akXrjkoL^ ev rw
avp.noaiii^
irokkaKLS
Kal ttoov-
BOOK
TTLVOV,
Kol
vX-qv.
KOL
6
koX
epcuros
vt:
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€7rKavS)VTo
rw
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ravra'
rjiTLcrraro
ihoKei
avrols,
yap
krikovv
fxivTOL
avrov
vr:
cvvm-
Kal
einjSovkrjv.
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rr}v '^Ekevqv,
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ol
avabrja-dpievoL
ri]v
ovv '^Ekevrj
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re
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be
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elirov,
355
rrpoOvpiias
epLJSaivovras, iikiqaiov
rjkOov
Kal
biabpavai'
Kareirkeov.
f\(ryi)vero
Kal
kol
7/
3^°
eveKa-
rov Kivvpav dvaKpivas irporepov
6 '^Fabdp-avOvs, et rives Kal dkkoL avrols o-vvioraaiv,
ovbeva
rrjv
Karakap.^dvov(TLV avrovs,
rocrovrov
ebdKpve
35°
kol rov dhekc^ov
rov '^FabapLavOvos.
vavv akvcrei pobivr\
dpL(f)l
o-d/x-
kireX epiaOe rr]v
vavv pLovo^vkov
ol
btcoKeiv'
pLecrrjpLf3pLav
Trapa
345
ep.^i^d(ras o^Vahdixav-
brj
els
dpri es rov yakaKratbrf ooKeavov
Tvpoe(T(Trjs'
Xcrrr]
ra ^aa-ikeia
v'i:o(^aivova-r\s
6vs irevr-qKovra rSiV
rw
8'
vv^
eTiel
vtto (nrovbrjs dvrwOriaav.
ro [xecrovvKriov dveypoixevos 6 Mez/eAaoj,
7rapakal3(i)V
ws
kadovres rov9 akkovs, dvaka-
ol §6
Kot/xw/x6FOS*)
kixr\vvG-e
KCdkyOrjcrofjievos.
kyivero, eyw [ikv ov irapijv, (krvyyavov yap kv
fiev
34^
he irdkai 7Tpo(T€LXi](f)€(Tav rpels rS)v kraipo^v rG>v
fjioras
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kcl-
tlvcl tS>v eTTtKet/xeVioz;
ej Tr\v Tvpoecrcrav.
r)
ttjv
ehoKeL 5e
Tr]v ^Kk4vr)V (f>vy€iv.
€S ti]v <J>eAAa>
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37
k^aviaTaixevoL
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11.
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es
w?
rov rG>v da-e^5>v \G>poVy
pLakdxj] TTporepov pLaa-nycoOevras.
3^5
VERA HISTORIA,
58
Our allotted time having expired^ we are forced reluctantly to
depart. Parting advice and instructions of Rhadamanthus.
^Ey^r](f)L(TavTO be kol r//xaj iixTTpoOeaixovs
ri]9
v^crov,
kvravOa
ayaOa
hi]
T'i]v
kniovcTav rjixepav jioviiv
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TOVTnbv TTapebeiKvvcrav,
rw
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Oevra
ttoAAwi;
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tov
6e
ra
6 he ecbaa-Kev
aXXr] eKTT) iroppaiOev) TavTas
TTVp Kaioixevov
aXXa
bi]
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be
etvai ec^aaKe tcls to^v
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aXX^
ttoXls' fxeT
ovbeiro)
TavTas TrapairXevcnj^,
CKpL^ij e? TTjv fxeyaXriv TJireipov ti^v
385 KaTOLK0V[jJvr]'
bi]
rrjs
kol beiKirus ras
Siv brj'' e(pri, "
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ovKeri
tov apL6\xov koI
eKTT] be eKetvr] tu>v oveipaiv
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be
be
(e(f)aLvovTO
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380 acrelSojv tcls 7rXr](Tiov, " acp
(f)aiveTai.
iKlrevov
tov ttXovv.
eTTavobov Trpoo-delvat rjOeXijorev,
be
eyo>
elirelv
tG)v aplcTToov.
irokXa
jjlol
fjiivTOL
acpL^eo-dai
\xev es ti]v iraTpiba, ttoXXcl irporepov irXavrj-
kol
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avTi]v
avrol
€T(ov
Opovov re koX Kkicriav es
?/5r]
iT\r](TLOv
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IJiiXXovra kol vTTobet^aL
2)75 a(f)L^e(r0aL
ov
Xiyovre's,
Ik
re kol IhaKpvov, ola e\xeWov
KaroKiTTijiv avdis 7iKavr]6i](T€(Tdai.
370 TrapejivOovvro
TtdXiv
eKTrefjiireiv
kiriiieivavTas.
evavTiav
ttoXXcl
iradcov
TOTe
(tol
bi]
ttj vcpi' v[xo)v
kol
TroLKiXa
edvrj bieXOoiv kol av6po)7TOi9 oljuktols eiTLbi]pLi]cras \p6vi!^
TTOTie ^'^etj els
ti]v
avacnracras airb
KeXevcras
390
Traprji^ecre
lxr\Te TTVp
ev
eTepav ?/7reipoF."
ttjs yfjs /xaAa)(7;9
toIs
/xeytcrrots
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pu^av wpe£e'
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iiot,
kol
TavTr)
7:poG-ev\ea-daL.
be kol, et iroTe a(f)LKOLixr]v es Tr\vbe Tip yrjv,
ixayaipa crKoXeveiv
[xriTe
Oepfxovs eo-Oteiv [xriTe
Koprj vTTep TO, OKTcoKaibeKa eTrj 'KXr}cna^eiv.
av
etTre*
fJLejJLvrjfjiivov
eXTTLCas e^eiv ttjs
eh
tovtcov yap
ti]v vt](jov a<f)C^eci}s.
BOOK
ovv ra
roT^
fiev
CTTet
Katpos
irepl
hiornyov
39
tov irkovv
(TVV€i<TTL(a\iriv
i)v,
€k6(i)v TTpos ''OjjLijpov
fJiOL
II.
TOV
rf]
kol e7rei6r)
8'
€Tnovorr] 395
avrov
TTOiijcraL
eTTOirjcre,
aTi]kr]v
'noii-\Ti]v iberjOrfv
kTiiypajXjxa.
^rjpvkXov XiOov avacTTria-as eiriypayj/a irpos rw
6'
TO
kol
7Tap€(rKeva(6fjir}v'
avToh.
At/xeyi.
eTTtypa/x/xa riv Toiovbe'
AovKiavos rdde navra, (plXos [xaKapea-ai deolacv,
eide re kol ttoXlv rjXOeu erjv es
Ulysses gives
me a
4*^*^
narpida yalav.
We visit the abode
letter for Calypso.
of
the damned^ full of foul odours and surrounded by mist
and gloom. Pu7iishtnents of the wicked described.
MetVas
T(av
8'
Ik^ivt^v ti]v rjjjLepav Trjs iinova-qs avrfyop.-qv,
rjp(a(ov
TTpoo-€k6o)v
€vda
TTapairepiTTovTcjiv.
kdOpa
\xoi
koX ^Ohvcraevs
TrJ9 YlrjveXoTTris bibaxTtv €TncrToXi]V ks
^^lyvyiav ti]v vrjcrov KaXvxj/ol KOjut^etr.
pLOL
6 ''VabdpLavdvs
ay6eir]p.ev ks tcls vriaovs pLi^hels rjpia^
dkkr]v
ipLTTOpLav
irkiovTas.
CTret
Katopievoov'
olov
d(T(f)dkTov
Oeiov
hi 405
KaT-
tov
€V(obr]
ocrp.!]
kol
depa
re becvrj
ap.d 410
TTLcrcrris
kol Kvicra-a 8e 7:ovr]pa Kal d(\)6priTos, axrirep
dvOpCOTTOiV OTTTOOpLeVOW'
dlT
X^kdobrjS,
kol
el
avWdlSoL, aTe KaT
he
TTpdiovTes TrapekrjkvOeipiev, avTiKa r]pias
8te8e)(ero,
crvviirepLylre
tov iropOp^ia NavTrXcov, tv
KOL 6 d7]p ^0(j)€pOS Kal
6p.L-
KOL KaT€(TTa^€V €^ aVTOV bpOCrOS TTLTTLVrj.
KOL
fxevTOL KOL piaa-TLyodv \l/6(f)0s rjKOveTO kol olpiUiyi] dvOpiaTTOiV
8'
TTokk&v.
TOLS pi€v OVV dkkais ov TTpodiayop.ev'
kni^rip^ev TOidhe
rjv'
KVKkio
p.'kv
r\s
415
Trdcra Kpripvc^hrjs Kal
aTTo^vpos, Trerpat? Kal Tpdy^cocn KaTecrKki-jKvla, bevhpov be
ovbev ovbe vboop
kvrjv'
dvepirvaavTe'S b\ ojxcos Kara tovs
Kp-qpLvovs TTporjeLixev bid tlvo'S aKavOdobovs Kal O-KOkoTTCOV
pi€(TTrjs
aTpaTTOv, 7Tokk7}v dpLop(f)Lav TTJs xc^pas i)(OV(n]S' 4:0
VERA HIS TORIA.
40
em
€\66vT€9 he
ixkv Ti]v (^yvaiv
Tr]V €lpKTr]V kol
to ixkv yap ehacpos
tov tottov kOavixaCojiev,
avTo \xayaipaLS kol aKoXoyf/L
k^r]vdr]Kei, KVKkca he
ttclvty]
^op^opov
-nepieppeov, 6 \xkv
TTOTaixol
to KoXaanqpiov iipSiTa
6 hevTepos he aX-
navv \xeyas ovtos kol airepaTos'
425 fxaT09 6 he evhov irvpos,
KOL eppei axTTTep vhcop, kol eKVfJiaTOVTO uxnrep OaXaTTa'
Kol ixOvs he elx^ ttoXXovs, tovs fxev hakols TTpoaeotKOTas
Tovs he fXLKpovs avOpa^i TieTTVpcoixevois'
eX(Tohos he
Tovs XvxvLo-KOVs.
430 TTvXoipos
he
Tt/^^^
e(f)eL(rTi]KeL
o/xo)?,
TOV NavTrXtou
^ofxevovs, TToXXovs
fJ^ev
o
eKoXovv he av-
aTevr] hca iravTOiV
KaOrjyovixevov,
eojp&jJiev
elho\xev he kol tov
tov ^lov kol ol
fxi]
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TOVTOvs ovv 6pG>v
TCLS
ovhev
eXTTihas'
)(p?;crra9
eyci)
yap
yp^eva-dfjievoL
avyyeypacpoTes' ev
*Hpo6oro? kol clXXol
oly KOL KTrjcrias 6 Kvihio^ rjv kol
440 TTibv
Kivvpav
at? KoXafyvTai'
e(\)
KOL fxeyLdTas airacrcov Tiixoipias virepievov ol
TToXXoL.
KoXa-
Trpoo-eTiOea-av he ol TTepirjyrjTal kol
435 Tovs eKOLo-Toiv (3lov9 KOL TCLS aiTias,
TL irapa
Kal
irapeXdovTe^
^AOrjvalos.
(3a(nXeas ttoXXovs he kol tSicoraj,
o)V evLOVs Kol eyvcopL(ofJLev.
KaiTVi^ v7roTV(f)6iJLevov.
jJLia
e/zaiirw
el^ov els tov-^p-evhos
elirovTi
avvr\i:i(TTdiir]v.
The
Isle of D7'eams^
and our
Taxeois ovv dvao-Tpexj/as
\xr]v
(pepeiv ttjv
TrXevcra.
kol
pteT
avTT] rots oveipois
r]pXv
receptio7i there.
vavv {ov yap ehvvd-
T7]v
o\j/lv) do-Trao-dfjievos
oXiyov
445 ovetpoov vrjaos, dpivhpd Kal
Lovatv
eirl
Kal
ecfyaiveTO
tl TrapairXria-LOv'
Kal
TrX-qcriov
rj
tu>v
Ihelv eiracrxe he Kal
d(ra(j)r}S
vireipevye
tov ISiavirXtov dire-
virexcsipeL
TToppcoTepco
yap TTpoavirefBaLve.
KaTaXafBovTes he iroTe avTi]v Kal ecrTrXevcravTes es tov
"Tttvov XifJieva irpoa-ayopevoixevov
ttXtjo-lov
T(av
itvXiav
BOOK
tS>v ikecjyavTivoiV,
II.
41
irapekOovr^s
TTOWOVS 6v€ipOV9 KOL TTOLKikoVS
^ovkojiai
7T€pl Tr]9 TToAetos
yiypairrai
Trept
Upov
ro rov ^AXeKrpvovos
fj
beiXrjv oxj/iav a7re/3atro/xez;*
ej ti]v irokLv
kcOpO^fXeV.
UpOdTOV 8e
direiv, k-nel
§€
09
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kol
[xovos
fxavbpayopai,
TOVTO
vvKT€pib(i)v'
opveov.
/cat
jxovov
ycLp
€v
tlvI
eTrepLvria-dri
6'
eo-rt
avTcav irokv
ctt'
450
KVKkca pkv Trept 455
avT7)v vkr] avi(TTr]K€^ ra hivhpa
v\lrr]kal kol
aAAw
/X778'
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5'
ttj
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n
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yiyv^Tai
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be Trapappiet Trk-qa-iov, vii avrS>v Ka-
TTOTafjibs
kovfJi€vos NtiKrtTTopos", Kal 7T7]yal bvo irapa rats TTT^Aais* 460
ovojjiaTa KOL ravTais
6
be
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Tr]v
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Trpbs
TO
(Tibiqpa
TTJ9
?/
BkaKeias
7)
akka
irebiov
re
kol
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[xevrot eTTeto-iv,
Terrapes' bvo
CLTTO^keTrovcraL,
TTeTTOLrjiievr],
ov
fjiev
[xev 465
rj
Ka0* as ekeyovro
avrcov ot re (fyojSepol kol (povLKol kol dirrivels'
bvo be TTpos Tov kifxeva koI
Tivrf
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etprjKev,
be eK KepdfJLOv
dTTobr]iJLelv
vyj/rjko^
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bvo,
be Ylavwx^o.'
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rfj
ttjs
KaO^
be,
rjv
tjjv
rjiiels
6dkaTTav,
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i]
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ptev
eke(f)avrLvrj.
ela-LovTL 5' is ttjv irokiv ev be^ia fiev eart to 'Svkt(2ov' 47°
cre^ova-i
yap
6e(s)V
TavTiqv p^dkiaTa kol tov ^AkeKpvova'
eKeLV(^ be Trkiqa-iov tov ktfjievos to lepov TreTrotr^rat.
dpicTTepa
be
tcl
ovtos yap
tov "Tttvov (BacrtkeLa.
avTols craTpd'nas bvo Kal virdpyovs
ev
bi]
oipyjei
Trap
p^evos,
Tapa^Lcovd re tov MaTaioyevovs Kal YlkovTOKkea 475
TOV ^PavTaaiOivoS'
rjv
ev p-ear} be
Kakovcri KapecoTtv'
ttJ
dyopa
Kal irkiqa-iov
Trrjyi]
vaol
TTeiroir]-
tls eaTiv,
bvo, 'ATrarryy
Kat ^AkrjOetas' evOa Kal to dbvTov ea-Tiv avTols Kal to
p.avTelov, ov iTpoeLaTi]KeL TTpocprjTevcjv ^AvTKpoJv
6
tG>v
oveipoiv VT:oKpiTi]S, TavTrjs irapa tov "Titvov ka^^iav tijs 480
VERA HISTORIA.
42
avTcav [xivroL rcav oveipoiv ovt€
rt/xT/j.
7]
KaXol Koi
KoX ol
ei'etSeiS', ol
X.pV(T€OL,
fJi€V
485 eLTeAets.
8'
rjo-av
be crKXripol kol fxiKpol kol ap.op^oLf
eboKOVV, ol §€ Ta7T€LV0l T€ KOL
0)S
iv
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tjiuv
av
a>j
aXka
deovs ol c es
ecopaKOTes' ol he Kal Trpoo-peaav
Kal
(rvv)]OeLS
v7:dp\ovTes'
kol KaraKOip.iaavTe'S
rjixas
koi
StecrKefacr/ie-
ttoXXovs he avTQ>v kol eyviopi-
KeKocrpn^jjievoL.
TrdXat
crajiev
490 Kal
tlv€S
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'JT0fjL7Ti]V
voi, ol fjL€v €s l3a(Ti\ias ol he Kal es
roiavra
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akX* ol \xkv \xaKpoi re rjaav koX jiakaKol Kal
avrrj'
Kal
ttclvv XapLTrpats
Kal he^Lcas e^enCov, rrjv re dXXT]v virohoxyiv pLeyaXoirpeTTrj
TTapacTKevdaavTes Kal vincrxyovp.evoi ^acnXeas re
creiv
evLoi he Kal
Kal (rarpdiras.
495 Trarpihas
Kal
d-nriyov 7]p.as
ttoitJ-
h
ras
tovs oiKetovs eireheiKWOv, Kal avOrjixepbv
eiravrjyov.
The Island of Ogygia. Calypso receives the
which affects her deeply.
pkv
*H/jtepa9
ovv
rpiaKovra
Kal
of Ulysses^
letter
vvktos
Xaas
avTols ep.eivap,ev, KaOevhovres Kal ev(i)yov\xeyoi.
he
^povrrjs p.eydXr]s Karappayetaris, dveypofievoc
a(f)vo)
500 Kol dvaOopovres, dvrwd7]}xev eTTKTiriadixevoi.
eKeWev
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irap
eneira
''GLyvyia
rfj
8'
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yeypaixixeva.
yaipeiv.
vi](T(£>
ti]v
^v he rotdhe'
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jute,
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e7n(TToXr}v aveyiyvcjcxTKOV ra
"0AT22ET2 KAAT^'OI
ra irputTa e^eirXeva-a napa
a-ov
505 TTjv (T\ehiav KaTacTKevacrdjxevos, vavayta yj>ri(rdp.evov Kal
/utoAis
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yj^pav, v0' Siv
TToXXovs
rrjs
els ti]v tS>v
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es T-qv oiKeiav airoiTefKpOels KareXajSov
yvvaiKOS
fJLvrjcrTijpas
ev
toIs
rjixerepoLS
BOOK
kv
TTJ
MaKapcor
kiiTeiv TTjv irapa
yevoiiivov amjpiOrjv.
juot
irdw
vriaco,
(toI
adavacTiav.
vojjJvTjv
43
aiTOKT€Lvas 5e airavTas var^pov vtto Tr]k€-
Tpvcf)(ovTas.
yopov rod €k KipK?]?
€t/xt
II.
iirl
t<^
Kara-
hiairav, koX T-qv virb aov Trporet-
ovv Kaipov ka^aoixai, airohpas
i)v
ravra
acpL^oiiat Trpos o-e."
fX€TavoS>v
koa vvv 5^°
p-ev ebu^kov
^TTio-roki], kol
i]
cyw 5e TrpoekOoyv okiyov 5^5
irepl rjpLcav, 0770)9 ^€VLcr6€irjpi€V.
BakaTTTj^ evpov to cnn]kaLOv tolovtov olov "Opirjpos
ttTTo
KOL avTi]v Taka(TLovpyov(Tav.
€i7T€,
ekajSe
eireke^aro,
kol
7rp<Sra
eTTctra be irapeKakei ijjxas
eirl
0)9
pi€v
be Ti]v kin<TTokr]v
iiTiTTokv
^eviav
kol
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oiroia re
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irepl
kol
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el
(TO)(f)povoLi],
eKop^ira^e'
Kal
Totavra d'neKpivop.eOa, ef &v elKd(opLev ev(ppavel-
crOai avTrjv.
Other strange monsters j the Pumpkin-pirates, the Nutshellmarifiers, and riders on dolphins.
Tore
p.ev
TTJs rjiovos
ovv dnekOovres
eKOLpi7]6r]p.ev.
repov KanovTos rod
ti]v
vavv
TTkrjo-Lov
em
525
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kol
bi]
^eip^acrOevres
bvo ry Tpirij TTepLTTLirropiev rot? KokoKwOoTretpa-
7)p,epas
TOis.
em
eojdev be dvr]y6p.e6a, ^(pobpo-
dvdpoiTTOL be
el(nv ovroi dypioL, eK tG>v irk-qcrLOv
krjcrrevovTes
tovs TrapairkeovTas.
vrjcrdiv
ra Trkola
§'
53°
e\ov(TL pieydka KokoK-vvdiva, to pltjko^ irrj^^ecov e^ijKOVTa.
eTTetbav
Tr]v
yap
^r]pavBS>cn, KOikdvavTes avTi^v kol e^ekovTes
evTepiQivy]v epL7Tkeov(TLV, to-rotj piev xpcap^evoi
plvois dvTi
be
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rjp^v
dirb bvo iikiqpoip.dTdiv ep^dyovTO c35
TTokXovs KaTeTpavpidTL^ov, jSdkkovTes dvTL kidoov rw
VERA HISTORIA.
44
ay)(a)/xaAa)9 8' k'ninoXv vav-
koXokvv6S)v.
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t^v KoAo-
fxa)(^ovvT€S Trepl ii€G"rjiJLl3piav €tbo}i€v KaroTTtv
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54°
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Kal o^daXixols KapKivcxiv.
Kal aKOVTi^ovroiv ovKeri vTrepieLvav,
ol iroXkol
avrGiv irpos ri]v vr\(TOv Kare-
560 (pvyov.
A
bird^s ?test seven miles
m circuinferejice.
Strange
portents.
Wepl h\ TO
yaXrjvrjs
over?]?,
eXdOofxev
TTpoa-OKeiXavTes ^AXkvovos KaXta irafipieyeOeL.
aTahioav
iieo-ovvKTiov,
7T0V e^TjKOVTa rjv avrrj to Tre pijJLerpov'
Kvcbv ra
0)0,
OdXnova-a, ov ttoXv
eTreirXei he
ixei(x>v
rrjs
rj
'AA-
KaXias' kol
BOOK
II.
45
avaiiraixivT] fxiKpov ixkv Karibvo-e T7]v
hi]
T(ov
TirepSiv.
<j>X^''"o
€7TL(3dvT€S
vrjv TTpoi€iiivr].
(f)aLvova"r)9, e^eco/xe^a T7]v
be rj^els, rjiiepas
az;eju,a>
irpocreirrjv
crviJL7i€(f)opriixivriv.
be Kol o)a TTevraKOcna, eKacrrov avrcav XtoD ttlOov ireptTTkYjOearepov.
vovTO
KOL
ixivroi koI ol
Tjbr]
eKpoi^ov.
veoTTol evboOev
yovv
TT€keK€(TL
aTTTepOV €^€KO\d\lfaiX€V,
abporepov.
be
eTrel
[xacFTa
eirecrriixaLvev'
d(f)V(j)
eiTTepv^aro
repara
TJbrj
cov,
Kal Kkdbovi dve(f)V(Te Kal
eirl
ttjs
7°
€V
yVTlSiV
Kakias
\xey6.ka kol 6av- 575
upvyLvri
kol
6
-yjivicrKOS
Kvftepvr]Tr\s
dveKOjn^ae' koX to Trdvrodv
tt/j
veoos e^ej^kdarricre
rw aKpco
eKapTTOcfyoprjo-ev, 580
crvKa Kal crrac^vkal ixeydkai, ov-co ire-
rjv
Tavr
ireipoi.
rfi
dvelBorjcre'
TTapabo^orarov, 6 yap tcrro?
6 8e KapTTo^
i]\ja,v
6 re yap ev
kol
^KivOapos, (pakaKpos
ijbrj
dnea^oixev
irkeovres
6(T0v crrabiovs btaKoa-Lovs,
e'lKOOri
5
€(f)aL-
btaKoyj/avTes
TCOV d}U>V VeOTTOV
'::(^h
(f)Oi-
vtto-
7/8r]
KaXiav, crx^ebia \xeyaXr\
bivbpcov iieydXoav
€K
eoLKvlav,
vavv rw
yovv ^evyovaa, yo^pav riva
Ibovre^,
w? to ehos,
r]v^6p.e6a toIs 6eols dTroTpeyj/aL to
Kal
eTapd^Oi^jjiev,
dkkoKOTov tov
cfjav-
ra(r/jtaros.
Aft ocean forest bars our way.
upon a mighty chasm^ which
Oi^Tro)
b\ TrevTaKOCTLOVs
Passing through it we come
we cross by a bridge of water.
a-Tabiovs
btekOovTes etbofxev 5^5
vkrjv [xeyiCFTiqv Kal kdaiov, ttltvcov Kal KVTiapiTTCiov.
7//xetj
iiev
d(3va-a-ov,
be
TO.
Trekayos
dppifyis bevbpOLS KaTaTie(j)VTev\xevov'
eicTTriKeL
bevbpa
Tikiqcrida-avTes
op^cos
5'
d-nopi^ elx6\xe0a^ tl
-nkelv
Kal
-qv
eiKdcraixev i^jTretpov
bvvaTov
rjv
elvai'
to
6'
dKLvrjTa, 6p6a, KaOdirep enLirkiovTa.
ovv
Kal
to
ttclv
KaTavoi]o-avTes
ev 59°
ovTe yap bta tcov bevbpcuv
xpV bpav.
(irvKva yap Kal
-npoa-eyji
vnripxev)
VERA HISTORIA.
46
eyw
ovT ava(rTpi(j)€iv pabiov iboKei.
\x^yiaTov bivbpov
595 KoX kcopoiv
olit^g-koitovv
8'
(rrabiov^ p.ev 7T€VTi]K0VTa
eirl
avekOcbv
kiriKeiva
to,
t)
iirl
ottco?
to
^X^*-'
oAr/o) irXetovi
ovaav' eVeira 8e avBis €T€pov 'ilK€avbv €Kb€-
TTjv v\r]v
Kol
TOiV bivbpCDV {tiVKVI] JCLp Tjv) V7T€pl3L(3d(TaL, 61
bwaip^eOa, is
iboKei
avaQejxevovs ti\v vavv
yj6]x^vov.
T'1]V KOJJi-qV
brj
ttjv
rjixlv
krepav OaXarrav' koX
ovtoh's iiroiovpiev.
600 eKbrjaavTes yap avTrjv /caAo) fX€yd\(^ kol aveXOovres
TO,
bivbpa
K\db(ov
dvLfirjcrdiieOa.
fjLokis
T€
7T€Td(TavT€s
Oevres
iirl
tu>v
eirl
kv OaXdrrrj
KaBdiTep
l(TTLa
TCL
eTTtcrvpoiJievoL'
€v6a
Kal TO ^ AvTLfJidxOV TOV TTOirjTOV €7T09 iTtetcTijkOe'
(])r]crl
tov dvepLov irpocoOovvros
eirXeofJiev,
fJi€
kol
eTri
605 yap TTOv KaKe'ivos'
8'
TolaLV
vXr]evTa 8ia ttXoov ip-)(0^evoia-i.
(StacrdpLevoL
8'
KOL
opiOLoos
Trdkiv
KaOapov
6io /xar6
KaTaOevTes
Trj
yfj
yap TO vb(op
6p6dpi€v
rj
bi]
iireo-TrjpLev
bieo-TcaTos
xda-
yeyevrjpiivcd,
pkv ovv vavs, KaOekovTiov
eo-TT],
VTT^pKvyj/avTes
x.t^t^^^i'j
vavv eirkiopiev bia
TTokXdKts 6pS>p.ev vtto (reKr/xwr ytyvo-
ov pabiios
XSrjvaL.
615 cTTabioov
vbaTos
tov
€k
pL€va biaya:ipi(Tp.aTa.
TCL lo-TLa,
ti]v
biavyovs vbaTos, d\pi
K.al
pi€ydX(o,
Ka6diT€p €V
dtpLKopieOa irpbs to vbayp,
o/xcoj Tr]v vXrjv
be
i]pS>v
okiyov kkOovaa Karere-
irap
ripLels
(SdOos ocrov
€(jop(opi€v
pidka (pojSepov Kal irapdbo^ov' 6t(rrr/Ket
wo-Trep
pLepLepia-pievov'
7T€pLJ3k€7rovT€S
be
Kara be^iav ov irdw TroppioOev yecpvpav
iire-
KaTa
Trjv
Cevypievqv
vbaTOS
eTTLcfidveLav,
620 biappeovTos.
KaK
avvdnTOVTOS
ttjs
€T€pas
TTpoo-ekdaavTes
tcl
nekdyr]
OakdTTTjs
ovv
h
rat?
ti]v
kTepav
KQinais
KaT
kKeivo TTapebpdpLopiev, Kal pL€Ta TTokkrjs dyoovias kuepda-apL€v ovTTOTe TTpoaboK'^aavTes.
BOOK
Combat with
Ox-headed
the
TovvT€v6€v
II.
47
islanders.
More
strange sights.
irikayos re irpoa-yjves kol
Tjixas virebix^'^o
ov jueyaA?^, evTrpoo-LToos (TvvoiKov\xevy]' kvi\iovTO he
vrj(T09
avTi]v av6po)7TOL ayptoi BovKeipaXoi, Kipara eyovTes, olov 625
rov Mivcaravpov avairkaTTOvo-Lv.
Trap' r]pA.v
§e
6€v
en yap
ovk
hvvr}6eir]ix€v'
avTov
irk-qo-Lov evpopLev,
ov
7ToXv9
pLVKrjOpios
cnroliavre'S
vhpeva-oixevoi koX cnria Xr]y\r6ixevoi, etiro-
77po(T7/et/xei;
TToppooOev
Kal
e^xopiev'
d\ko be ovhev
bo^avres
rjKOvero'
ayekrjv elvai (3og)v Kar okiyov Tipoyuipovvre'S
Tols avdpcaiTOis.
pkv
tS)v
yap eboKet
[ov
epLTTLTTropiev
(f)Lkov9)
rjplv
rotj
Kal
KTeivojxev
ye
avT(av bvo kapi(3dvopiev,
be koiirol 7rpo9 rrjv
ol
elra pievroi
dvrjprjpLevoov biaipovp^evoir
p,ev,
ovv 630
eTTe(TT7]p,ep
be Ibovres rjpia^ ebicoKOv, kol Tpels
ol
eraipcov kapLlBdvovcnv'
Odkarro.v Karecpevyopiev.
pievoL
vhcop piev
eve(f)aLvero, ttXtjv
'ndvres
drLpLOL>pi]Tovs
^ovKe(f)dkoLs
OTTkia-d-
Trepubelv tovs 635
ra
Kpea
tQ)v
fSo-qcravTes be irdpres ebid^KO-
ocrov
TrevrriKOvra
Kal avOis
ottlctm
Kal
(aJvra?
dvecrTpe(f)opLev
Tovs al^piakioTovs e^ovTe^' ctltlov pLevroL ovbev evpopcev. 640
ol p.ev
eycs)
d\pi
ovv dkkoL TTaprjvovv
be ovk eboKtpLa^ov,
b-ij
Tovvre^
avTcav
bi^cra^
rovs elk-qp.p.evovi'
ei^vkarrov avrovs,
dcfyiKovTo irapa T(ov BovKecfydkcov TrpeV/Sets diraieirl
kvrpoLS
biavevovroov
iKeTevovTOiv.
irjpol
d'7T0cr(j)dTTeLV
dkka
roi/?
Kal
ra kvrpa
Kal Kpopifwa
Kal
crvveikrjpipievovs'
yoepov
8'
riv
tl
crvviepiev
piVKcopievodv,
yap
uio-'nep
645
rvpol TTokkol Kal l^Ovs
eka^oi rerrapes, Tpels
eKao-rr]
TTobas exovcra, bvo piev rovs oirLcrOev ol be iTpocra) e9 eva
crvpL7re(f)VKe(Tav.
pievovs
eirl
tovtols dirobovres tous crvveikrjpi-
Kal pitav rjpLepav e-nip-etvavres dvrjxOrjpiev.
i]br]
be IxOves re rjpXv eipatvovTO Kal opvea TrapeTTerero Kal
^50
VERA HIS TORIA.
48
akka,
OTToa-a yrjs TrXriaiov ovcrr]s
655 8e jxeTa tovtovs,
cf)€kku>v
cttI
ijkavvov
re
Tov
ovtol
he i:pol6vT€s
01
ovre rjhiKovv ovre
r]p,as
akk^ ijkavvov aheaJs re kol
akkot
(ev^avres hvo
KaO-qfievoi,
Kal i]vi6yjvov'
eireaijpovTO rovs (pekkovs.
€(})€vyov,
vavrikia^
Tpoiro)
avTol yap kol vavrai kol vrJ€S ^crav.
\pod\xivovs'
h€k(f)'Lvas,
7rpov<paiV€To.
o-qfiela,
oKiyov he koX avbpas elhofxev naivi^
fxer
to ethos
elpr]viKG)S,
6avpia(ovT€s kol irdvToOev irepiaKO-
7]iJi€Tepov irkoLov
660 TTovvres.
Our adventures with
the donkey-legged
women.
Conclusion
of our voyage.
*Eo-7repa?
8e
i:po(TrwQy]\kev
7/5?]
KaTiDK-qTO he avrr] virb yvvaiK(av,
(f)(avr}v
TTpoieixevciiv'
rjo-ird^ovTO,
Kakal
TTpoo-fiecrav
iraa-ai
665 x^trcoya? eTna-vpopLevai.
kovcra'
7]
rj
Kal
[xev
ws
jJLeydkrj'
evofxt^oiJiev,
'^Ekkdha
yap Kal ehe^LOVvTO Kal
vr\(jos
tovs
nohripeis
veavihes,
ovv
he irokis ^Thapiaphia.
ov
vrja-(^
eKoXelro Ka/3a-
kajSovcraL
5'
ovv
rjixas al
yvvaiKes eKdarr] irpbs eavTr]v diTrjye Kal ^evov enoielTO.
eyo)
6e [XiKpov virocrTas [ov yap XP'H^'^^ epLavTevopirjv)
re
OLKpi^ecTTepov
irepi^keiroov
TTokkoov
6pG>
670 ocTTa Kal Kpavia Ketpieva' Kal to p.ev
Tovs eTaipovs crvyKakelv Kal es
Kip,a(ov'
TTpoxeipio-dp.evos
X6pj]v avTrj htacfyvyelv eK
okiyov
he,
ttjs
he
tol
ti]v
t(£>v
dvOpcairoiv
Kal
(3oi]V IcrTdvai
oirka
^x^copelv
ovk eho-
piakd^qv irokka
TtapovTOdv
KaKutv.
7]V-
/xer
ievrjs hLaKOvovp,evr\s, elhov to, crKekr]
675 yvvaiKos dkk^ ovov OTrkds' Kal
hi]
(maadp.evos to
ov
iC(f)0S
(TvkkapijSdvoii re avTi^v Kal hrjaas irepl tS)v okoDV dveKpi-
vov
T]
he CLKovcra ptev elire he opcos,
Oakaacriov's
Tpo(f)r}v
yvvaiKas,
^OvocrKekeas
avTas
piev
etvat
irpocrayopevopievas
he TTOteto-^at tovs eirihrjpiovvTas ^evovs.
" 'ETret-
BOOK
hav
yap^'' e^ry,
''
II.
ixeOvacojjiev avrovs, Kotficofiivots eTTiyj^ipov- 680
aKOvcras 8e ravra iK^ivrjV }xkv KariXtTTOv
/Ltey.
avrbs be aveXOcbv
deb^fjievrjv,
T0V9 kraipovi (TVveKaXovv.
ijjitjvvov avTols,
"Kpos
TTjv
a(f)avr]s
Kol
avrtKa
to
to be alpia eyeveTO.
aire'nXevcrap.ev'
Tr]v tjTreipov aTTolSXeiropievoL
olKOvpLevi]
TjpLcav
v(P^
ovv KOL TTpocrev^dpLevoi
piev,
Tols piev eboKei
K.al
aveXOovTas be eh
ev
ocrco
e-nmecrciiv kol
el TL
dXXo
TavTa
ev
KOL
ev rep
TTJ
kol 685
to vbojp KaOrJKa
rjp.epa
eirel
etKaCopev elvai
eiii
vavv
virrjvya^e,
avTiire-
ttjv
Trpoo-KwrjcravTe^ 690
KeLpLevrjv.
Trepl t(ov pteXXovToov ea-KOTTOv-
eiri^aai
piovov
avOts
ottlo-co
Tr]v
pLecoyaiav 7TeLpadf]vaL tcov evoiK-
be raCra eXoyt^opeOa, y^eipcbv acpobpbs 695
poXts e(evr](dpe6a,
olos re
piev
pLOL
elcroi
eyevero
Ta^ecas ovv
kol
rw atytaAw bteXv-
irpoa-apd^as to a-Kd(f)09
rjpieh be
crev.
iravra
to,
rots 8e to p.ev irkolov avTov KaTaXiTrelv,
avaa-Tpecpeiv'
ovvTOiv.
vboop
eh
fi^oj
KaTeXOovTes
TTJ
he (tvvtjXOov,
kira.
be
7)
be
opicos
riv.
avrov
to ariyos ejSooov re Kal
re oo-Ta kheiKvvov koX riyov
to.
bebefjiivqv'
iirl
ireipcopLevos'
pav
49
ovv
rjv
to,
oirXa eKaaTos kol
apiracrdpevoi.
tcl p^ey^pi ttjs
erepa? yrjs (TVvevey6evTa
OaXaTTi] kol Trapa tov ttXovv ev Tois
dept kol p-eTa TavTa
e^rjXOopiev Trapd re
Toh
ev
rw
K7/ret,
vi](TOis 700
koI eirel
ijpaxjL kol rotj oveipoLS, kol
tcl
TeXevToia Trapa rot? BovKe(f)dXoLS Kal Tals ^OvoaKeXeais
TO. 5' eTTt TTJs yrjs
ev Tals e^ijs jSijSXois bir]yi](ropai.
NOTES.
BOOK
Line
4.
I.
p,epos yovv, etc., a parenthesis,
{ye ovv) explains the former statement
'
at least
athletes provide for relaxation because they think
1
7.
they suppose.'
by giving a reason
o-irovSaiOTcpccv, Lat. seria, as in Virg. Eel.
it
for
it
;
i.
Tovv
e.
the
important.
vii.
17
:
—
'Posthabui tamen illorum mea seria ludo.'
1. II. v|;iXt|v, etc.,
a bare enticement to the mind,' etc., i.e. not only
amuses by a narrative of marvellous adventures, but engages the literary
'
or critical faculty by imitating the accounts of professed poets and
historians.
'not without a spice of comedy' or 'satire.'
1.
18.
ovK
1.
22.
Fragments of
Ctesias'
History of India are preserved in the
Bibliotheca of Photius.
Many
of the w^onders he relates are distortions
of fact,
e.
dKcop,aj8T|TC«>s,
g. the
long teeth and
'
talking-birds,'
nails,
who have
and the black dog-headed men, with
a voice like a bark and
make
gestures
and grimaces.
I. 25. Nothing is left of the works of lambulus.
Vossius gives the title
<if a treatise De tnirificis hominiim formis, but does not mention the one
alluded to in the text. Diodorus Siculus is supposed to have copied
from lambulus in his description of India.
II. 26, 27. Observe the position of the articles to and ttjv,
'though
—
the falsity of his fictions
is
is
manifest,
the design of the composition
still
not unpleasing.'
1.
Herodotus, to whom Lucian evidently alludes
sometimes by name, as in ii. 87, 438.
28. aX\oi, especially
in several places,
ws
29.
30. iffTopo-OvTes,
'history.'
Cp. the
word meant
28),
which
is
in
title
its
later
i.
own
adventures,' etc,
'narrating,'
whence our
Originally the
thus Herodotus calls his book
was avyypacfyr] (cp. 11. 13, 19,
work of Thucydides, Qov/(v8i5t]s 'AOtjvcuos
title for
'history'
I.
1.
32. PcofioXoxtas, 'buffoonery.'
1.
33,
tales
of
of this work, 'AXriefjs 'laropia.
applied to the
^wiypaipe, Thuc.
The
sense
'enquiry,' or 'research;'
The proper
'lOTopiai.
'professing to relate their
8t|, ironical,
1.
1.
See ^cupLoKoxos
in
Lexicon.
of Odysseus at the court of Alcinous,
E
2
about the
—
;
NOTES.
52
Cyclops, the bag in which the winds were confined, the enchantments of
Circe, etc., are related in Books ix— xii. of the Odyssey.
This secondary sense of iSiwrrjs
1.37, iSiwras, 'simple-minded,'
(whence came that of 'idiot') appears in Xen. Memorabilia, iii. 12, and
must have been common before Lucian's time. For a similar estimate
of the Phaeacians, cp. Juvenal, Sat. xv. 23
'
Tum
vacui capitis
in
40. <})t\ocro4)eiv,
1.
:
populum Phaeaca
putavit.'
allusion to Plato's myths, especially the one
that concludes the Republic.
*
with a more honest intention.'
but af is rare with the fut. ind. When it does
' I
occur, it makes an assertion qualified by an understood condition,
will e'en (^if you will allow me) state this one true fact,' or something of
the kind.
Cp. Plato, Rep. ch. 13, ovx tJk^i, ovb' av fj^ei, 'nor is he likely
1.
46, 6UYva)jjLov€crT€pov,
1.
47, Kov
= Kal
av,
—
This naive avowal made at the outset rather spoils the effect
it might perhaps have come better at the end.
etc.
We should rather expect ovrf, as expressing a
I. 50. jJi.T|Te,
But the free use of fjirj for ov, especially with participles
simple fact.
Cp. 1. 503, n.
(as in next line) is a characteristic of Lucian's style.
Clyde, Greek Syntax, 648, Obs. 2, attributes the prevalence
ii. I. 453.
of ixri to the progress of refinement in later times, ixi] being a less downright and therefore politer form of negation,
II. 54, 55. The Pillars of Hercules were Mount Abyla in Mauritania,
and Calpe in Spain, one on either side of the Fretum Gaditanum, now
According to the legend they were once a
the Straits of Gibraltar.
Outside these
continuous mountain, which Hercules rent asunder.
Straits lay the W^estern Ocean, a tract almost unknown, except possibly
The term Ocea?ius was originto some bolder Phoenician adventurers.
ally applied to the fabled river (the ojKeavoio pUOpa of Flomer) which
was believed to encircle the world but as geographical knowledge advanced it was used to designate the great outside expanse of waters,
especially the Atlantic, as distinguished from the Mediterranean or
Bequet, a French translator of the Vera Historia, obserA-es
inner sea.
that if Lucian had really made the voyage he describes, he might
have discovered America {ol irepav KaroiKovpr^s, 1. 6).
See note on
to come.'
of the story
;
;
384.
ii-
Lucian's exactitude, giving
65. aKaros, a light craft or 'pinnace.'
such an air of reality to this lie with a circumstance,' is very amusing.
I.
'
I.
'began to
69. cireSiSov,
signifying addition.
I.
72. avTOiJS
flexive
hii
pronoun
fifxa^
(
= lauToi>j)
:
'
to put
for rf^ias avrovs.
for the ist or
av^piadai kavTovs
ourselves.^
'Em5t8oi'at
freshen.'
Cp. our expression
1
2nd
is
John
not
i.
8,
it
=
on
'
'
to increase,*
in
^itl
rowing.
This use of the 3rd reCp. Plato, Phcedo,
uncommon.
kavrovs nkava/iiev,
'
we
deceive
BOOK
I.
53
ou rpaxei, etc., 'surrounded by the noise of no roughening
around which the waves beat nq longer furiously,' quam non
The passive TT€ptT]X(i<jOai may be
turbato circumsonat aequore jlncius.
compared with such expressions as avXovfM€vos, having the flute played
Cp. Ovid,
to one,' i.e. 'hearing the flute' (Xen. Anab. vi. i. 11), etc.
Trist. iii. 13, 47, 'Scythio cimimsonor ore' = 'I hear the Scythian speech
all aroimd me.'
The position of the article between the adjective and
1.
75.
wave,'
i.e.
•
'
noun makes rpax^i predicative.
1. 76. ws av, i.e.
as you might
"
expect.'
stands thus alone,
'"Av often
the context, can be easily supplied, especially in the phrase w^ av,
uairep av, watr^p av d { = quasi), as in Plato, Gorgias, (po(3ovfj.evos UGir^p
when
av
d
1.
would be
nais, i.e. 'as a child
my
87. IfioL 8oK€iv, 'in
Cp.
afraid.'
opinion.'
The
1.
490.
without us
common
is
almost,* ttoAAou deiv,
in short colloquial phrases, as dXiyov 5eTv
from
ii.
infin,
'
far
etc.
it,'
The double
91.
€X^to'TOs
superlative
Plato, Timaeus,
:
Cp. Soph. Phil. 651, irkeiaTov
Here it adds force
the wOrld exactly like our Chian
is rare.
fxaKiara dvoTjTOTaToi.
ol
to the burlesque description,
'
for all
wine.'
1.
93.
l-rrijei,
'
it
occurred to us'
(lit.
'entered our minds
')
or
'
we were
induced.'
1.
103. a^teXet,
d/xeAecu,
=
'
=
'
to be sure,' 'of course,'— properly the imperative of
never mind,'
—
i.
e.
'
which he
replies, dfiiXei, Ka\u)s,
In the Clouds of
don't trouble yourself.'
Aristophanes Socrates asks Strepsiades,
'
ttoi?
ovv
/xavOdveiv
Svvrjaet.
very well, of course.'
It is
very
;
to
common
Theophrastus.
etc. 'we tempered' or 'took off the excessive
Wine was mixed with water in the Kparrip
strength of the liquor.'
before drinking, OLvoc^ja-yias instead of olvoTtocrias, because the wine was
in the Characters of
105. €K€pdvvvp,6v,
1.
taken
a
iii
a solid form.
107.
1.
boar,'
Aristoph.
oaov TO xpT]p.a
III.
1.
1.
i.
2,
36, avos fiiya XP^!^^> ' ^ huge monster of
XPW'^ "^^^ vvktojv oaov, Acharn. 150,
irapvoTTOOv.
For the
see Ovid, Met.
-toy
Cp. Hdt.
Nubes,
xP'i'.K-o^-
i.
story of Daphne's transformation into a laurel-tree,
452-567.
Derivative adjectives in
116. AvSiov, usually \vUav in feminine.
commonly have only two terminations, but they vary considerably.
1.
119.
Cp.
Hec.
Eur.
1050,
TvtpXov
Tv<p\cv
areixovTa Trapa<|)6po)
nodi.
1.
120.
An
evident allusion to Virgil's story of Polydorus and the
groaning cornel-tree
1.
142. TT|v Ka9'
or 'with respect to
in
Aeneid
v,}Jias
us.'
iii.
22-46.
= ' our world,'
oiKOvp.€VT)v,
Hence Kara with
accus.
to a possessive pronoun, as frequently in the
lit.
'according
to.'
became almost equivalent
N.
T.,
e.
g. x\cts xvii. 28,
NOTES.
54
rwv KaO' v/xas noirjTwv, 'your own poets/
'your law,' etc.
1.
it
152. eupeOeiTi.
vo/xov rod Ka9^ vfidi,
The opt.
denotes frequency, 'whenever one was founi
But irpocTTCTaKTai, the perf. ind., implies th r
quando reperiretur.
was a standing order.
Lat.
xviii. 15,
si
1. 158.
The story of Endymion, beloved and visited by the Moon on
Latmos, is the subject of the nth Dialogue of the Gods, between
Aphrodite and Selene.
dependent clause after a
But a Greek writer, to throw life into his
narrative, often uses the same tense and mood in a reported speech
which the original speaker would have used, altering only the person
(as buaOe into 8eo/z60a). Cp. Hdt. vi. 132, (pas lmx<^piv tlvol d^eiv, oO^v
Xpvabv oio-ovrai, = whence they would get,' where the speaker would
have said o'icreaOe.
1.
163. SeofjieSa, the
ind. for the opt. in a
verb in the past tense.
'
Horse-ants/ or 'Ant-cavalry.'
is an instance of Lucian's art in making
impossibilities seem natural.
The new-comers undertake the manage1.
176.
1.
180. ^ijiras,
ment of
'
'IirirofjLvpfjLifiKajv,
etc.
This
an ordinary affair.
This and
some other
renderings of these strange names are taken from Tooke's translation
1.
their vulture-steeds at a day's notice, as quite
XaxavoTTTepcov,
190.
'
cabbage-fowl.'
But the student may exercise his own ingenuity.
probably because Cappadocia was
famous for its breed of horses. Lucian would know it well, as it
bordered on his native district of Commagene.
I,
212. <j)o\i8aiTOi, 'plated with scales,' like crocodiles.
In Xen.
Cyropaedia, vi. 4, 2, we have x*'''"^'' (poXihojTos, a variant reading for
of 1820.
1.
204. uirtp TTjv KairiraSoKiav,
aToXihojTos.
1.
219.
What
the
u)s
battle
Cyropaedia,
i.
means 'each in his order,' = 6v ra^ei.
good parody on actual descriptions, such as that of
of Cunaxa in Xen. Anah. i. 8, 10, or the one in the
€Kao-TOi probably
follows
is
a
vii. i.
226. NvKTcpicov, etc.,
dWd
Kal
'
Nigh third, the son of Fairweather.'
etc., perhaps in allusion to the story in
Herodotus, v. iii, of the horse of Artybius, which was trained to
stand on its hind legs and fight with a man.
1.
1,
228.
auTol,
234. 'AepoKcovojires,
'
Gnat-riders.'
But as all crows are such, it may
be better to read 'A^poKapdaKcs, i. e. Air-mercenaries.'
1.
247. -irXiiiv, 'except that,' or 'nevertheless,' =7rA^j/ on or d\Xd.
Cp. ii. 629 Xen. Anab. iii. i, 26, irX-qi/ 'AvoWojpiSrjs tis ^v.
1.
236. 'AepoKopaKcs, 'Air-crows.'
'
;
1.
242. Kav\ojxv)KT)T6S, 'Stalky-mushrooms.'
1.
245. KvvopdXavoi, 'Dog-acorns,' or 'Acorn-dogs.'
1.
252.
jJiTjTroT€
w<}>6\ov,
= w^eA-OJ/
)UT77roT6 d(^£/fscr^at,
which accounts for
—
BOOK
the
since axpeXov literally
ixT],
So the Latin
they,' etc.
'
Cp. Horn.
II. ix.
I.
55
means 'they ought,'
debere, as in Ovid, Her. xii.
i.e.
4
'would that
:
Debuerant fuses evoluisse sues.'
698,
/tiTyS'
Soph. Philoct. 969,
6<p€\€s XifrceaOai,
fjLTjvoT
w<peXov XineTv.
270. nT| dpa, etc.,
1.
M^
Homer might
not have supposed,' etc.
with the indicative implies that
with the subjunctive or optative greater doubt
whether
'
in indirect questions or suppositions
the case probably
or suspicion
1.
272.
is
is so,
suggested.
IIcuBa (piXov
1.
Patroclus
459, etc. aifxaroeacras de iptddas Karex^vev
epafe,
Tifxojv.
The Colossus
280.
'E£ ri/uaeias
1.
whom
For the death of Sarpedon, king of Lycia,
slew, see Iliad, xvi.
means the half
303. irepiopav,
'
of
Rhodes was more than 100
man above
figure of the
'to allow
to overlook,' i.e.
Herodotus uses the phrase frequently, e.g.
iv.
'
feet
high.
the horse's back.
anything to happen.
118,
fiij
irepddjjTe rjtiias
8ia<p9apivTas.
I.
307.
76vop,€VT]S
8is «KKXT]o-ias,
etc
,
possibly in allusion to the
by the Athenians of their cruel decree against the Mitylenaeans
Aristophanes, Acharnians,
after the revolt of that town (Thuc. iii. 36).
630, 632, bestows upon his countrymen the epithets raxv^ovKoi and ixerd-
reversal
fiovKoi.
The names of the Sun's representatives may be rendered
II, 324, 325.
Summerheat,' and Flamington ;' those of the Moon
Fireman,'
Nightlove,' 'Moony,' and Flashlight (or All-a-blaze').
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
Herodotus, iv. 75, says that the Scythians were wont to
regale themselves by a peculiar mode of intoxication, caused by
inhaling the fumes of hemp-seed.
1.
340.
1.
343. {lypov dvi€is,
1.
349.
producing a
liquid.'
'Typbv
is
feet,
a substantive here.
as well as to the
-
hands.
I.
'
(lovoSdKTvXoi probably refers to the
350. dirofiVTTOVTai, 'discharge from their nostrils
;'
emungunt.
Truth is sometimes at least as strange as
for the kangaroo, opossum, and other animals of the order
fiction
Marsupalia have just such a pouch or false stomach as is here described, in which their young grow and are nourished up to a certain
These animals are found only in America and Australia, and
age.
1.
359.
wcr-irep iTTipa, etc.
;
therefore could not have been kno^vn to Lucian.
1.370. ir€pvaip€TOTJS, 'removable' at pleasure.
Thucydides,
ii.
13,
describes the gold with which the statue of Athene in the Parthenon was
In Household Words, June 1850, there is
overlaid as d-rrav Trfpiaip^Tov.
a story entitled 'My Wonderful Adventures in Skitzland,' where the
inhabitants could take themselves to pieces, and a certain Baron sends
his eyes by coach to pay a visit.
—
NOTES.
^6
1.
(middle),
xp^o'ctP'^voi
373.
man
Anthologia, of a blind
Xprjcdfxivos,
1.
—
'
Cp. the
line
the
in
lending feet and borrowing eyes.'
8ia\v6|xevos,
377.
'borrowing.'
carrying a lame one, irudas xp'jo'as, o/xfrnTa
possibly
etc.,
in
allusion
to
the
of
theory
Empedocles, which represented birth as a ' mingling of elements, and
death as a separation of the mingled' (i^T^ii re SiaAXa^is re /xiyevTOJv).
€v Tcp KTjT6t.
Lucian here anticipates another adventure, the
1. 391.
account of which begins at 1. 445.
1. 406. AvxvoTToXiv, perhaps suggested by the account in Herodotus,
From Lucian
ii.
62, of the Feast of Lanterns at Sais in Egypt.
Rabelais may have borrowed his description of Lantern-land, with its
'
'
port of the Lychnobii and the lantern-guides.
1.
430. N€<})€\oKOKKVYiav
town
cloud-built
in his
the
is
name Aristophanes
gives to the airy
Lucian
affects to believe
comedy of
the Birds.
that the poet intended
1.
1.
it for a reality (1. 434).
432. KoTTVi^i^v, formed from Korrvcpos {Kocrcrvcpos), a blackbird.
439. €v8i86vTOs, 'subsiding' (as we say, 'to give in'). Cp.
opposite eTnbidovai,
1.
467,
its
69 and note.
1.
€^6pYao-p,€Vots,
'tilled
Cp.
land.'
Hdt.
v,
29,
dypoi
fv
(^(pyafffievoi.
Gulls and kingfishers do not build in trees.
469. SevSpcov.
inT€crTT]pt^a|jL6v instead of kfJLOv dvacrTrjaavros, etc.,
471. dvacTTTicras
because the €y(b in apposition with dvaarrjaas is included in the subject
1.
1.
of the plural verb
our
1.
.
.
;
—
'
.
after
/ had roused
my comrades,
we underpropped
ship,'
493. evaXicov 8ai|x6va)v.
Cp. Eur. Iph. in Tauris, 267, where the
herdsmen espying Pylades and Orestes on the rock exclaim
TLVcs edaaovatv oWe, and 372
€it'
1.
Cp.
1.
The
503.
1.
\i-f\
ovv en
Saifiove^
dKrais Qdaaerov AioffKopaj, etc.
would regularly be
ov,
as
stating
a
fact
after
on.
50, n.
508. €TT6iroiT]TO. etc
,
middle pluperfects, 'had made
(for himself),' etc.
so-called perfect passive also serves for the perfect middle, especially
deponent verbs and verbs whose active and middle voices diflPer in
meaning.
This in pure Attic style should rather be
1.
511. €7r6Tr6v0€ipL€v.
The Greeks commonly used the aorist in relative or
eiraOofxev.
dependent clauses, when we use the pluperfect, as T/Vmro avrbv on ovk
because he had not come.' Lucian's frequent use of pluperfects
i]\6ev,
in
'
is
a
1.
mark
of his later style.
512. vqcrcp, the wine island,
1.
74, etc.
In Soph. Track. 1095, the Centaurs
are called dfuKTOv Imro^dfiova arparov.
1. 545. Tapixav€s, ' Bloatermen,' from rdpixos, salt or dried fish.
1.
542.
dfjiiKTOL,
'unsociable.'
;
BOOK
pcrhaps
TpiTtovo|ji€v8T]T6S,
548.
\.
11.
'
^'J
Mermen-stoats,'
from the de-
scription in the next line.
I.
II.
550. KapKivoxei-pes,
Crab-fists.'
'
552, 553. IlaYovpiSat, 'Shell-tails,' from -na^fovpos.
^7]tt6-itc56s, Flounder-footed.'
'
568.
1.
Tr]v
1]
ouK diroBocris,
instances ou states the fact, but
'
^^
77
rrj
95,
iii.
;
Cp. Thuc
non-payment.'
'the
ov ZiaXvaiv
ru}v yecpvpav
i.
137,
In these
ov tr(^piT^i\i(nv.
Aristoph. Eccles. 115,=
kpLireipia,
z/one has no experience.'
sc. Tjfxepas, 'appointed day.'
Cp. ii. 141. At Athens
was a legal term for the period within which actions for debt
or damage must be brought.
irpoOgorjjLias,
npoOiopLia
probably a
nT)Xa}i.os,
590.
1.
variation
from
a kind
irrjAapLvs,
of
tunny-fish.
in
-cu,
adjectives),
and
Kopij9ci»v
which Pallas caused
//. v.
4
(i. e.
those not
comparative and superlative
But some have the additional forms
their
-Tara, as eyyvrepov eyyvTara.
ov8€
632.
Primitive adverbs
evdov.
form
as dvcurepoj avoJTaraj, etc.
in -repov
1.
from
ev8oT€p<a,
607.
1.
derived from
to
may be an
This
tSeovTO.
allusion to the fire
blaze from the helmet of Diomedes, Horn.
:—
5ai€ Ol
These people,
it
KOpvOoS T€ Kot
l/C
seems, had
it
dcTTTtSoS CLKafXaTOV TTVp.
naturally.
1. 637, etc.
Here Lucian gives us a very fair burlesque of descriptions
of naval engagements, such as that in Thucydides, ii. 83-92, or the
sea-fight in the
1.
harbour of .Syracuse,
of the polypus, and
ib. \ii.
70. 71.
Aelian, Varia Historia, ch.
644. iToXvTToSas.
its
mode
i.
describes the habits
of laying in wait for and catching
its
prey
Victor Hugo's Toilers of the Sea)
Pliny, Nat. Hist. ix. 29, mentions an enormous one with feelers thirty
feet long, which is doubtless an exaggeration of fact, as appears from
(like the pieiwre or
the actual size of
1.
660.
thfe
'
devil-fish
'
in
octopus.
T<iv OYSoTjKovra,
'eighty in
computing the whole sura.
1
664. e^di|/avT€S avToO rd diroYeia,
BOOK
1.
I.
fjiTjKtTi.
Here the
fiij
all,'
'
lit.
'
the eighty'
made up by
fastening their hawsers to
it.'
n.
may have its usual subjective form,
But we cannot be sure that it is
'feeling that I could not bear, etc'
not another instance of Lucian's free use of this particle.
Cp.
i.
50, n.
—
'
NOTES.
58
Tov
II.
1,
causal genitive, =' the heat
Kat»(jiaTOs,
made
the creature
insensible.'
I.
14. dir€V€v«KpcoTO, 'it
1.
19.
22. dpaia)|xaTCJV,
1.
'
thin
;
'
had become quite
evecm), = u)s
€vt irXeio-TOv (eVt for
fa>s
hence
'
'
dead.'
kSvvdfjieOa ttXhctov.
the gaps,' through the verb apaiooj from dpaibs,
porous,' or
'
full
of holes.'
account in Heroabout the Palus Moeotis (Azov), so
that waggons are driven over the ice.
Cp. Ovid, Trist. iii. 10, 29.
Lucian knew nothing of the real frozen sea, and thought lighting a fire
on the ice (1. 39) an impossibility.
on the surface.'
eleiTwiroXTjS, i. e. l£ (vnToXrjs,
I. 51.
Momus, the critic of the gods and their doings,
6 Muifjios, etc.
is mentioned by Hesiod, Theog. 214, as the son of Night.
He is the
Hence
personification of censorious ridicule {ixoficprj, from ixijjLcpoixai).
his name passed into a sort of proverb, ovb' dv 6 Mcb/xo^ to tolovtov
This piece of criticism about the bull's
fjiifXJpaiTo, Plato, Rep. vi. ch. 2.
horns is referred to by Lucian in his Nigrimis, (KfTvos kixeyL(p€TO rov
ravpov rbv drj^LOvpyov 6(bv, oh irpoOiVTa twv dcpOaA/xwv rd Kepara. In
the Jupiter Tragoedus and Co?icilin7ti Deorimi Momus is introduced as the
utterer of some home truths about the gods at the celestial conclave.
II. 58, 61. Note the pun in Galatea from -ydXa, and Tyro from Tvp6s.
For the real Galatea, beloved by Polyphemus, see Theocritus, Idyll xi.
Tyro was said to have been visited by her lover Poseidon in the form of
perhaps
33. irdv eiraYTj, etc.,
1.
dotus,
in allusion to the
28, of the sea freezing
iv.
'
the river-god Enipeus,
1.
Hom.
Od.
xi.
235, etc.
62. jiexd TT^v evT6v0€v dTraWaYiiv, either 'after her departure
from
It may also
her country' (Thessaly), or 'after Poseidon had left her.'
mean simply after her death.'
There was a real Phellos in Lycia. Cp. Liege in
I. 75. 4»€\\ta).
Flanders, by which word M. De Beauchamp renders ^eXXw here.
'
1.
w$
Cp. Hdt.
87.
iii.
113, dir6^€i de ttjs
X^Pl^
'''V^
'Apa/Blas deaniffiov
Tjdv.
1.
89, dixireXdvGTis
=
olpdv6r]s, the
flower of the wild
\-ine,
from which
a perfume was made.
1.
was
jjLovo-iKd,
95.
pLovaiKT^
meant
'
musical,'
the later sense of the word.
and the
literature
fine arts generally, in
Cp. /xovaiKa aKovapLara
the note on 1. 170.
included.
Axiochus, in
in the
which
Properly
'
music
passage quoted from the
Another reading is in qpffxias,
custom of hanging
up their pipes as an offering to Pan in a solitary place, where the wind
would blow through them, as through an Aeolian harp. Cp. Virg.
1.
loi.
€Tr' IpTjixCas, in
leniter.
The
Eel.
24
vii.
expression
loco deserto.
may
refer to the shepherds'
:
'Hie arguta sacra pendebit
fistula pinu.'
—
BOOK
The
TiXayios avXds, or irKayiavKos,
II.
is
59
the
'
cross-Rnte,' JIanto iraverso,
formerly called the
German flute, which is held horizontally and
played by means of holes at the side, being in fact what we now call
simply the ' flute.' The other kind was known as the Jlilfe a bee, played
'
by a mouth- piece
'
which our
at the end, of
'
flageolet
'
is
the only existing
specimen.
1.
112.
The
Isles of the Blest are described
Olympian Ode,
11.
by Pindar
in his
Second
70, etc.
€v6a fiampajv vaaos (ace.
pi.)
djueaviSes
avpai TTepmveoiaiv, dvOefxa de xP^^ov (pXeyei,
rd
jj.€v
opfMOtcri
(xtt' ayXauv Scvdpiaiv,
vScup r aXKa (pep^a,
Twv X^P^^ dvavKeKovTi kol KecpaXds
x^paoOiv
fiovXais kv bpOais 'PaSafidvOvos.
The madness of Ajax, inspired by Athene, whereby his fury
was diverted from Odysseus and the other chieftains upon the flocks and
1.
115.
herds, forms the subject of the Aias of Sophocles.
1. 119.
Hellebore was supposed to be an antidote for madness.
Cp. Aristoph. Vespae, 1489, where the slave Xanthias bids his master
vlO' kXXe^opov.
Hence the proverb, originally in Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 166,
naviget Anticyram,' where the hellebore grew.
'
1.
120. Hippocrates, the physician of Cos, flourished about
1.
122. Theseus
of Athens.
had
430 B. C.
Helen when a girl, aided by Pirithous
by Castor and Pollux she returned to
carried off
After her release
Sparta, and married Menelaus.
1.
127.
TTjv
'A|xa^6va,
Antiope.
The daughters
of
Minos were
Phaedra and Ariadne.
1.
128. In the I2th Dialogue of the
dispute for the precedence.
At
Dead Alexander and Hannibal
the suggestion of Scipio,
Minos adjudges
the prize to Alexander.
1.
I41, Trpo0€crp.Lav.
I.
143. aviTOjxcLTcov, etc.
Cp.
i.
-^6^, n.
A
close imitation, perhaps intended as a
parody, of Xenophon's dream, Anah.
bound him seemed
pvTJvat).
Cp. Acts
iv. 3. 8,
'to slide off of their
own
where the
fetters
accord' (auTo/iarot
which
irippi-
xii. 17.
Some have seen in this description a reference to the
It may be a mere coincidence.
Jerusalem of Rev. xxi. xxii.
The Greek poets would supply most of the materials, and we do not
know that Lucian was acquainted with the New Testament or any part of
the Scriptures. Still the dp-inXoi 5ajoeKa.(popoi in 1. 1 72 have, it must be conII.
145, etc.
New
xxii. 2. See Introduction, pp. xviii, xix.
Hcrodotus, i. 178, sa} s 'the royal cubit
exceeded the common cubit by three fingers' breadth,' making about
in his note
I ft. 10 in. acccording to Professor Rawlinson's calculation
fessed,
1.
an exact parallel
in
Rev.
153. TTTixttov Puo-lXikuv.
on the passage.
;
NOTES.
6o
Lucian has been supposed to be ridiculing Plato's
11. 159, etc.
theories concerning the nature of the soul, as set forth in the Phaedo
But Plato distinguishes between good and bad souls
and elsewhere.
only the latter retain the form of the body and are contaminated by it,
while the former become pure and immaterial, ovStv tov aujfw.Tos
^vvecpfkKovaa {Phaedo, ch.
29).
The
rather at the
satire is directed
popular notion of the spirits of the dead as shadowy human forms,
according to the descriptions in Homer and Virgil.
erect,' i.e. not recumbent like dead men.
1. 164. 6p0ai,
1. 170.
Cp. the following description in the Axiochus (a dialogue
attributed to Plato) of the 'Land of the Leal' (€vae(3uiv x^P^^)
'
—
iravTOLOL \eifiu)ves avOeai voiKiXois eapi^ufievoi, Kot kvkXioi x^pot
KoX /xovaiKoi cLKovcixara
dk\' (VKparos d^p
.
.
.
(1.
204),
ovre yap x^'A*" acpodpov ovre OaKiros kyyiyverai,
x^'^^'^'-
Mivcpo-u, formed after the analogy of Asiatic names of months
1. 176.
(with which Lucian must have been familiar), e.g. Hennaeus, Metrous, etc.
in Bithynia, Aphrodisws, Caesariiis, etc. in Cyprus. The Athenian months
were not, except Poseideon, named after gods or heroes, but marked
the seasons for various occupations, as Gamelion, Elaphebolion, etc.
The whole description (from 1. 170 onwards) reads like an exaggerated imitation of Homer's account of the gardens of Alcinous,
Od.
vii.
114,
succession,
etc.,
where
fruits
of
all
kinds
grew
ripened by a perpetual west-wind at
all
in
never-failing
seasons of the
year.
Cp. 1. 95, n.
194. fiovcriKa cpvea.
201. It appears from this and other passages that Lucian
real respect for Homer, notwithstanding what he had said about
1.
1.
his preface,
1.
205.
i.
had a
him in
32.
Eunomus, was
a harp-player of Locri in the south of Italy.
him is told by Clement of Alexandria, how once in a musical
contest in summer time Eunomus broke a string of his lyre whereupon
a grasshopper that had been chirping near sprang upon the neck of the
The minstrel, adapting his
instrument and sang as upon a branch.
A
story of
;
made up for the want of the missing
According to Strabo, a statue of Eunomus with the grasshopper
and the lyre was erected at Locri.
Arion is said to have been the inventor of 'dithyrambic' poetry, a
He is
kind of high-flown lyric strain, originally in honour of Bacchus.
best known in connexion with the story of the dolphin, related by
Herodotus, i. 24, and by Ovid in the Fasti, ii. 83. etc.
Anacreon of Teos flourished about 530 B.C. The festive
1. 206.
strain to the grasshopper's song,
string.
odes now extant in his name are confessedly spurious.
Stesichorus, of Himera in Sicily, is said to have been blinded by
Castor and Pollux for writing scurrilous verses against Helen, and to
—
BOOK
1
;
6
II.
have recovered his sight on composing a Palinodia or retractation of
the satire.
211.
1.
{avXos).
'plays an accompaniment,' properly on the flute
on which the winds play ; hence
liravXei,
The
trees are the orchestra
they are said Karapx^i-v,
to
'
to lead
'
the music.
AoKpoO AiavTos. The Locrian or Lesser Ajax,
distinguish him from Ajax, son of Telamon, 1. 311,) was
1.
219.
Oileus, Virg, Aen.
i.
temple of Athene,
Homer, Od.
iv.
41.
He
who
slew
is
(so called
the son of
said to have violated Cassandra in the
him with the thunderbolt of Zeus.
him as having been wrecked on
499, etc., represents
the Gyraean rocks by Poseidon for his insolent language to the gods.
221. Anaeharsis, the enterprising Scythian traveller, \'isited
1.
Greece and is said to have been taught by Solon. His countrymen
(some say his brother) killed him on his return for introducing new
ceremonies and customs (Hdt. iv. 76).
The following lines are preserved by Diogenes Laertius
:
'Es lnvOirjV 'Ava.\apGLS or' i]Xv6e iroXXa TrXavrjOels
irauras eVet^e Piovv i]6€aiv 'EWadiKois,
rov
5'
€Ti jj.v9ov dfcpavTov evl
orojxaTeaaiv ^xovra
una 86va^.
Zamolxis, or Zalmoxis (Hdt. iv. 95), is said to have been a Getan
Ha\'ing learnt from him the doctrine
slave of the Samian Pythagoras.
of the immortality of souls, he taught it to his Thracian countrymen, who
worshipped him as the Good Spirit to whom they expected to go after
TTTTjvbs
es dOavcLTovs TJpvaaev
death.
1.
223.
Phocion was
the leader of the peace party at Athens in the
struggle against Macedon, and the principal opponent of Demosthenes
on the question of war with Philip.
He was
distinguished for the
uprightness of his policy, and became in high favour with Alexander.
The Athenians accused him
Tellus
is
mentioned
of treason, and put
in the Charon, ch. 10, as
In the
Solon assigned him the second place,
Herodotus, i.
human happiness.
fighting bravely in a border war
cLTridavev inrep rrjs varpihos.
him
to death, B.C. 317.
one os €5 re k^iov Kai
celebrated discourse with Croesus,
according to Lucian,
30,
places
him
first.
in respect
He
of
died
with the Eleusinians, and was
honoured with a public funeral.
T01JS oro(j)oijs, the Seven Sages, whose names are commonly
I. 224.
given as Thales, Pittacus, Bias, Solon, Cleobulus, Periander. Chilon.
But Plato, Protagoras, ch. 28, substitutes one Myson for Periander
hence perhaps his exclusion here by Lucian. Diogenes Laertius, §§ 40,
108, also mentions this substitution.
II. 226, 227. The stories of Hyacinthus, accidentally slain by Apollo,
and of Narcissus, who pined away for love of his own image, are told at
That of Hylas is
length in Ovid, Met. x. 162, etc. and iii. 339, etc.
—
'
NOTES.
62
one of the Argonautic legends, see ApoUonius Rhodius, Argonautica,
It is the subject of the 13th Idyll of Theocritus, and
1207, etc.
alluded to by Virgil, Eel.
vi.
ii.
is
43
Hylan nautae quo fonte relictum
Clamassent, ut litus Hyla Hyla omne sonaret.'
229. TO, iroWd 5iTi\€YXev» 'he was perpetually cross-questioning
:
'
1.
him.'
The
4'A67xos
was
a
name
given to Socrates'
method of
cross-
examination, whereby he forced his opponent to contradict himself, and
The way he led men
to confess his ignorance of the matter in dispute.
to argue with
professing to
{dpooviia,
1.
him was by assuming ignorance on
come simply as a learner. This was
Lucian jocosely represents
232).
his
own
part
called his
'
and
irony
this 'cross-questioning' as
It was really so in the
the best proof of his affection for Hyacinthus.
case of Alcibiades, who admits, in Plato's Symposium, that his inter-
course with Socrates had done
of any statesman of the day.
1.
234.
The
allusion
in the Republic, in
is
which
The Cyrenaic
him more
real
good than the
discourses
to Plato's ideal State, or Utopia, as described
'
philosophers
'
alone were to be the rulers.
was founded about 370 B.C.
by Aristippus, a disciple of Socrates, but luxurious and debauched in his
With respect to him
habits, and in every way unworthy of his master.
1.
235.
school of philosophy
therefore Lucian's satire
is just,
but not so as regards Epicurus.
He
some sixty years later from the Cyrenaic dogma that Pleasure is
the Chief Good, but he meant a refined intellectual pleasure, defined
as (ppovqais, or practical wisdom, and drapa^la, or peace of mind. His
followers however afterwards degenerated into gross sensuality.
6 ^pt)|, to distinguish him from Aesop the Roman actor,
1. 238.
a friend of Cicero. The slave Aesop is the author of the fables in prose,
which are no longer extant, the so-called Aesopic prose fables being
spurious.
But many of them were versified in Greek by Babrius and in
started
'
'
Latin by Phaedrus.
1.
240. Lais, the celebrated Corinthian courtesan, really lived with
whom Lucian substitutes Diogenes, the founder of the
Cynic or opposite school.
The comparison of a virtuous life to
1. 243.
dperfis op9iov X6(|)ov.
the steep ascent of a hill, though adopted by the Stoics especially,
appears first in Hesiod's Works and Days, 11. 285, etc. It was developed
by Pythagoras, and is worked out at some length in an allegory known
as Cehetis Tabula, ascribed to Cebes the friend and companion of
(See the Introduction to
Socrates, but probably of much later date.
my edition of the Tabula, Clarendon Press Series, 1878.) Hermotimus,
in the Dialogue of that name, mentions Hesiod's allegory, saying that
he has long been travelling along the road to Virtue's hill, but has only
Aristippus, for
just reached the foot.
— ——
BOOK
Chrysippus was a
244.
who founded
Zeno,
11.
disciple of Cleanthes the successor of
may have had
him
In taking
the Stoic school.
of the Stoics, Lucian
63
in
mind
as the representative
the saying
€£ /XT] yap TjV Xp-umTTTTOS, OVK CLV TjV 'S.TOCL.
In the Vitarinn Aiictio he makes Chrysippus say that no man can be
a philosopher unless he takes a triple dose of hellebore.
Cp. 1. 119, n.
1. 246. 'AKa8T]jji,aiKOTJS. philosophers of the New Academy, represented
by Arcesilaus (B.C. 240), and Carneades (about 160). Deriving from
Plato the doctrine of the uncertainty of sense-impressions, but not
accepting his peculiar solution of the difficulty, they became absolute
sceptics,
and
Pyrrhus,
who bore
more
differed
name than in reality from the disciples of
They asserted the impossibility of a
in
that name.
standard of truth, since neither reason nor sense can supply
hence the allusion in 1. 249, with a play on the word Kplais,
if there be no Kpn-qpiov there can be no Kplais, and the office of
criterion or
one;
i.
e.
—
Rhadamanthus would be
252. vco06ias,
I.
p.T|
reach
has here
it.'
Cp.
'
its
i,
1.
a sinecure.
torpidity,'
'
laziness,'
from
vo.6t]s.
proper subjective force, 'feeling that they could not
n.
The
scepticism of the Academicians was in fact a negation of all
philosophy whatever, not an incentive to greater exertions, as in the case
of Socrates and Plato.
II.
259-273. Lucian touches superficially on three principal points of
what is now famous as the Homeric Question
first, Homer's origin
and birth-place secondly, the authorship of the poems and the genuine'
;
'
;
ness of certain passages
;
thirdly, their design
and the relation between
the Iliad and Odyssey.
The names
of the seven cities, each of which claimed
Homer, are given in the well-known lines
Smyrna Chios Colophon Salamis Rhodus Argos Athenae,
Orbis de patria certat, Homere, tua.'
260.
1.
to be
the birth-place of
'
By pushing
Alexander of Paphos,
1.
Babylon Lucian reduces
his birth-place so far eastward as
the question to an absurdity, and
is
possibly jesting at the theory of one
who made Homer an Egyptian.
way of settling the meaning
263. 6p,7]p6ticras, a playful
"Ofirjpos, as if
=
'
hostage.'
Its derivation is still a
of the
name
matter of dispute.
and ap-cu, i. e. the
supposed to be from the root op,- in 6/x-ov, etc,
or 'composer;' or more probably in a passive sense 'the fitted'
or united,' in reference either to the union of various lays in one poem,
or to the mingling of different grammatical forms and dialects.
The
It is
'
fitter'
'
traditional explanation
^
1.
265.
was
that 6/xTjpos
meant
'
blind
'
in the
Cymaean
Cp. Milton, Puradise Regained, iv. 259
Blind Melesigenes, thence Homer called.'
d0€TOvp,€va)v, 'regarded as spurious.'
Zenodotus, and after
dialect of Aeolia.
—
NOTES.
64
him Aristarchus, both of Alexandria, made recensions (diopOcuaeis) of
Homer's text, and rejected a great many passages. Lucian accuses them
of bad taste in so doing.
268.
I.
<j;vxpoXo"yiav,
'
coldness,'
i.
e,
'
dullness
of
'
Cicero in his treatise De Claris Oratoribus, speaks of a
in
'
appreciation.
genus acuminis
reprehendendis verbis, nonnunquam/r/^/cf?/??/.'
270.
1.
Tf,s jJLTjviSos,
This
opens.
'the wrath' of Achilles, with which the Iliad
may mean either— why
point of his Ejnc?
words,
in other
Homer make this the startingpoem an original Achilleid,'
Greece, chap, xxi.)? or why did he
did
is
the
'
afterwards enlarged (Grote, Hist, of
begin with the word jxijviv rather than any other
a hit at the
'
micrologists,' as they
271.
the
'
jxir]8€v
micrologists
called,
word?
who
This would be
some hidden
fancied
almost every word of the poem.
i.e. without any special object such as
imagined. Lucian does not mean to say that Homer
mystery to be couched
1.
were
in
e-n-tTTiSetro-avTi,
'
wrote without any care or idea of connexion
in the several parts of his
poem.
1.
272.
61
irpoTepav iypa\\f€, etc.
In favour of the
isation
commonly
This
is
also a
modem
question.
received order, the marks of higher civil-
Odyssey, its more coherent structure, and certain
language have been chiefly relied upon. Mr. Grote in
chapter inclines to the opinion that both poems belong to
in
the
peculiarities of
his 2 1st
about the same age, and hesitates as to the priority of the Iliad.
Lucian does not mention the Chorizontes or Separatists, who assigned
each poem to a distinct author. This theory, originated by one Xenon
and adopted by Hellanicus, found a strong opponent in Aristarchus
It does not seem to have excited much attention at the
(1. 265, n.).
time, which is probably the reason why Lucian ignores it.
oviSt TV(})\6s -riv
1. 274.
ancient date.
Cp. 1. 263, n.
The
Apollo, quoted by Thucydides,
be spurious
belief in
Homer's blindness
Homeric
iii.
104, as genuine, but
is
of very
Hymn
to
now known
to
It is asserted in the
:
TVcpXos avTip, OLKU 8e Xi(u kvl iranraKoiaari.
a remnant of the old demonstrative use of os. Originally
thus in Homer ra,
were used indiscriminately both ways
Tovs, etc. —quae, quos, etc, and os ^ is, as in fJ.T]5' bs (pvyoi, II. vi. 59.
Afterwards there remained only the phrases ical ts, ^ S' 6? = 'quoth he,*
OS 5e in Demosthenes, and the rare 6s Kal bs ^ this or that
OS /ueV
man/ Hdt. iv. 68. (Jelf, Gr. Gram. § 816.)
1. 280.
vPpeuJS, not the strict legal term for insulting language or
i.
o
278.
and
Ktti OS,
us
;
'
which was called XoiSopla or KaKoKoyla. "T^pis was wanton
formed the ground of the famous action
brought against Midias by Demosthenes, B.C. 355.
For Thersites, the ugliest man that came to Troy, halt of foot,
'libel,'
injury to the person, such as
'
—
—
BOOK
II.
6^
crook-backed and peak-headed,' and his treatment by Odysseus, see
Iliad,
212, etc.
ii.
'
According to the Transmigration
etc.
theory of Pythagoras, souls were believed to inhabit different bodies for
Pythagoras asserted that he had
certain successive periods of time.
himself undergone four or five such transmigrations, the second being
284. lirrdKis dWa-yeis
1.
'
'
who was slain by
by taking down at first
sight the shield of Eupho? jus from the temple where it was dedicated.
To this Horace refers, Oces, i. 28. 11, clipeo Trojana refixo tempora
that into the
body of the
He
Menelaus.
is
"
rojan
Euphorbus
(1.
286),
lave proved the fact
said to
'
testatus.'
285.
1.
thigh.
One
about Pythagoras was that he had a golden
or Sale of Philosophers, the purchaser of
By Heracles, his thigh is all gold Surely he is a
Here Lucian improves
I will certainly buy him.'
of the fable
In the Vitarum
Pythagoras exclaims
—
A
i
ictio
'
!
god and not a man
on the legend by making him
!
289
1.
Upon
half golden.
the alleged death of
Empedocles by throwing himself
into the crater of Aetna, Diogenes Laertius records the following satirical
lines
:
Kai cv
TTOT, 'E^TreSo/cXets, Siep??
<p\oyl (TZfia KaOripas
and KprjTqpa^v efCTTLCS aOavdra^v,
OVK €p€QJ S' OTl aaVTOV kKOJV ^a.K€S I? pOOV
akXa. Xadixv kOeXojv efineaei ovk eOeXojv.
TTvp
295.
1.
Kapos
think Lucian
It
a
Nothing
6 d4>' TIpaKXeovs.
invented the
is
name and pedigree
K'lTVrjS,
known
of him.
Some
to puzzle the critics.
may be remarked, as a curious coincidence, that the name of Cams
Roman poet occurs in Ovid, Epist. ex Ponto, iv. 16, in connexion with
poem he wrote bearing that title)
Et qui Junonem laesisset in Hercule Cams,
Junonis si non jam gener ille foret.'
Areus, a philosopher of Alexandria, who with his two sons,
1. 297.
Dionysius and Nicanor, instructed Augustus in philosophy (Suetonius,
According to Quintilian, iii. 1. 16, he was also a
Octavius, ch. 89).
writer on rhetoric.
1. 298.
Epeus, the son of Panopeus, won a boxing-match against
that of Hercules (a
:
•
Euiyalus at the funeral games
in
honour of Patroclus, Hom.
//. xxiii.
664.
1.
.qoi.
Plutarch
tells
a story of a contest between
Homer and Hesiod
was said unfairly.
There is a composition still extant, Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi, written
about 100 A.D., and suggested by the above-mentioned story. Hesiod
at
is
Chalcis,
in
which Hesiod won the
prize, it
commonly supposed to have lived about a century after Homer.
The story of Phalaris (B.C. 570) and his brazen bull is
1. 306.
known.
well
In the two pieces entitled Phalaris, Lucian defends the tyrant
F
—
66
NOTES.
common charge of cruelty. There was in fact a later
which represented him as a mild and just ruler, forced into
severe measures by occasional necessity, and especially as a patron of arts
and literature. The celebrated Epistles ofPhalaris, though proved to be
against the
tradition,
spurious, are an evidence of this belief.
1. 307. Busiris is said to have sacrificed strangers, but to have been slain
by Hercules, an intended victim. Herodotus, ii. 45, discredits the story,
omitting however the mention of Busiris by name.
1. 308.
Diomedes, king of the Thracian Bistones, fed his mares on
human flesh. To capture these mares and to slay their master was one
of the Twelve Labours of Hercules.
Euripides, Alceslis, 481, makes
Heracles call at the house of Admetus on his way to this adventure
QpriKos T€Tpo:pov dpfxa Aco/xrjdovs pLera.
Sciron, a robber
who
infested the Attic frontier of
Megara.
Sinis,
Pine-bender (see Lexicon), pursued the
same occupation on the Isthmus of Corinth. Both are said to have
been slain by Theseus.
called nLTvoKa.p.TrTr}s, or the
1,
1.
His
311.
Aias
'
6 TeXafjwovios.
'
Cp. L 115, n.
314. Socrates fought as a hoplite at the battle of Delium, B. C. 424.
orderly retreat amid the general confusion is described in Plato's
how he marched along calmly surveying his friends
and his foes, so that it was plain to all that if any one attacked him he
would resist stoutly.' Lucian makes his present superiority consist in
the fact of his not fleeing at all, as if he could have done anything else
at Delium under the circumstances.
See Thucydides, iv. 96, where
however Socrates is not mentioned, a fact which led Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae, § 216, to discredit the story of his having been present.
Syjnposium, ch. 36
I.
'
;
319. N€KpaKa8'q(ji,iav
is
of course a hit at Plato's
Academy
for living
disciples.
1.
the
1.
326.
A
parody of the
word veKvwv attached
first line
The
of the Odyssey.
satire lies in
to ^puicuv.
328. TO, €TnvLKia, sc. Ovp-ara, the accus. of cognate or equivalent
meaning with elaTiouvTo. Cp. SaivvaOai daira and similar expressions in
Homer, or (more precisely) daiaofiev vjj.evaiovs, the nuptial feast,'
Eur. Iph. in Aulide, 123.
'
Pythagoras forbade his
Kt)ap,o<j>a-Yiav.
one knew why, and no Pythagorean would
All sorts of absurd reasons were suggested
i-eveal the secret.
some
are enumerated by Diogenes Laertius in his Life of Pythagoras.
Pliny
gives the common-sense reason that bean diet is heavy and engenders
dullness, but he also mentions a superstitious belief that the spirits of the
dead reside in beans. Two verses ascribed to Pythagoras run thus
1.
331.
fxvcraTTOjJievos
disciples to eat beans.
ttjv
No
;
:
ActAot, -navZiiXoi, Kvapiojy airo xtXpas e;^€a^6'
laav TQi Kvdfiovs re cpayeTv KetpaXds re toktioiv.
BOOK
Hence arose
head as
II.
a saying that a Pythagorean
67
would
as soon eat his father's
In one of Lucian's Dialogues of the Dead, Pytha-
eat a bean.
goras asks Menippus what he has in his wallet.
Beans/ says Menippus.
'which are not for you to eat.' 'Ah!' replies Pythagoras, 'nous avo?is
change totit cela ; beans and parents' heads are not the same thing down
'
here, I find.'
1.
339. d[XT]xavias, 'distraction.' not knowing
himself.
Cp. Philopseudes, § 14, dfxrjxo-vaiv tcv epcort.
what
to
do
Avith
1- 359'"apd TOcrovTOv, etc., 'so near they were to escaping,' lit.
'to so small a distance they came of escaping,' napa. denoting motion to
get near an object.
Cp. Cataplus, § 4, irapa. rotyovTov rjXOi Siacpvyuv.
Also with the genitive, as -rrapd togovtov tj MirvXrivrj rjKOi Kivbvvov,
Thuc. iii. 49.
366.
1.
i.
€|jL'irpo9€crp,ovs,
within the time of the TTpo9^ap.ia
before the allotted time had expired.
e.
Cp. Hermotimus, §
paying the debt.'
The
opposite
80, (KTrpoOiafxav tou ocpX'qfxaTos,
I, 372.
TouTTtov, 'the future' (to
KaKov, the coming fate.'
Ittlov).
'
is
(1.
141%
kK-npoQiauos.
over the due time for
Cp. Eur. Ale. 173, Tov-mov
'
II.
375, etc., suggested
by
Circe's instructions to Odysseus, Odyssey,
xii.
37> etc.
tvavTtav, etc.
1. 384.
Cp. rriv avrnrepav, 1. 689. The ancients had
a vague notion of a large continent or island far away to westward, where America actually is.
This was sometimes described
as the island of Atlantis, very fruitful and populous, and larger than
Asia and Africa combined.
Aristotle De Mmido speaks of countries
at a vast distance off and opposite {avTiTTopOpiovs) to ours.
In Aelian's
Varia Historia, iii. 18, Silenus the Satyr is represented as holding
He tells him that Europe, Asia, and
a conversation with Midas.
Africa are islands bounded by the Ocean stream, and that the only
continent is
outside of the world
an
(efo; tov KuapLov)
existing
immense
'
'
;
with gigantic inhabitants, whose strange customs
he proceeds to describe. It is to this or a similar belief that Lucian
tract of land
here alludes.
1.
1.
Cp. i. 542, n.
386. dp-tKTOis.
388. jj,aXdxT]S pi^av, suggested by the herb fxwXv,
which Hermes gave
305) to keep him from harm. Cp. Milton's Conms, 636.
A satire on the cFv/x^oXa or mystic injunctions of
11- 39 1>
392'
Pythagoras, e. g. not to stir the fire with a sword, not to step over
a yoke or sit on a quart measure, and to abstain from certain food,
Odysseus (Od.
x.
'
especially beans'
(1.
331, n.).
The
first
was explained
to
mean 'not
to
provoke the wrath of potentates {Swaarouv opyqv //^ KiveTu) and similar
mystic interpretations were given of the rest. Mr. Collins, in his Lucian
(' Ancient Classics
Series) compares the old burlesque oath sworn by
'
'
y
2
—
.
NOTES.
68
travellers at
1.
1.
Highgate,
never to
'
woman above two and
any
stir
the Hre with a sword, nor to kiss
twenty.'
405. For the island of Ogygia, see Horn. Od. i. 85.
406. NauTrXiov, an actual name in mythology, given to the legendary
founder of Nauplia on the Saronic gulf.
1. 424. iroTafxol, etc.
Lucian probably had in mind the description
in the Phaedo, ch. 60, of the rivers in Hades, some of fire, others of
'
mud,
which move up and down by a
like the lava streams in Sicily,
sort
of oscillation inside the earth. One of these rivers falls into a vast space
burning with fire and forms a lake boiling with water and mud this
they call Pyriphlegethon.'
;
1.
rays
1.
429. XvxvLo-Kovs, perhaps
may be
rendered
'
lampreys,' or
'
lamp-
'
I
434.
guides,'
'
'ir€piT)YT]Tai,
from Trfpirjyioixai.
Herodotus has several times already
Cp. i. 22, n.
438. KTTjo-ias.
been the butt of Lucian's satire.
1.
I.
may
440. This
be in a sense
frank avowal in
true, after the
i.
46.
An enlargement (with improvements) upon Homer's
445, etc.
description of Dreamland, with its two gates of horn and ivory, whence
II.
issue true
Aen.
1.
1.
and false dreams respectively. See Odyssey,
453.
should be ou5e, as stating a
Cp. Timon, §
jiTjSe
jjUivSpa-yopai.
457.
The
.
Cp.
fact.
i.
KaOiirep
2,
'
Virg.
503, n.
fxavSpayupa
viro
'
nightshade.
.
;
mandrake is a narcotic plant allied to the deadly
Not poppy nor mandraCp, Shaksp. Othello, iii. 3,
shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep, which thou owedst
KaOevdeis.
gora
xix. 562, etc.
894, etc.
vi.
'
yesterday.'
1.
a
'
459. opveov.
Lucian probably did not
know
that the bat
is
Cp. vrjypiTos
fJ^vos,
noi
bird.'
1.
460. NtiKTLiropos,
1.
461. Ntjyp€tos,
Hom.
1.
Od.
xiii.
'
'
Nightfare.'
Wakeless,' or
'
Never\vake.'
80.
464. Cp. Od. xix. 562
:
yap re TTv\ai djxcvTjvojv elalv ovcipccv'
fxiv yap icepaeaai TiT^vxo-rai, at 5' €\4(pavTi.
doTai
at
1.
1.
(Francklin.)
465. B\aK€ias ttcBlov, 'the plain of Indolence.'
470. NvKTcoov, temple of Night,' formed like ArjTaiov/'Ep/xaiov, etc.
'
Fright, son of Vain-hope, (Francklin,) and
475. Tapalicova, etc.
This last may represent the notion
Purse-pride, son of Cut-a-dash.'
'
1.
of empty display suggested by ^avraaiajv.
KapswTiv, 'Sleep-drench,' (Tooke,)
1. 477.
from
fcdpos,
'torpid
slumber.'
1.487.
Is
PacriXeas, 'like kings.'
Eh,
condition, denotes conformity or likeness.
lit.
So
'into' another state or
ev,
as kv dvbpaaiv,
'
in
—
—
BOOK
69
IT.
Cp. the French
fashion of men,' Eur, Ale. 723.
en,
as
'
voyager
e^i
prince,' etc.
490. ws av,
I.
=
as though,' quasi.
'
Cp.
76, n,
i.
505, etc. For the building of the skiff
Odyssey, v. 234, etc.
Afterwards Odysseus is
II.
{ib.
His
1.
on Circe's island, see
wrecked by Poseidon
and saved by Leucothea or Ino, daughter of Cadmus {ib. 332).
Phaeacian land is related at the end of the same Book.
509. The massacre of the suitors forms the subject of the 22nd Book,
315),
arrival at the
entitled Mv-qar-qpofpovia.
1. 510.
Telegonus, being sent by Circe to seek his father, was
wrecked on the coast of Ithaca, and proceeded to ravage the country.
Odysseus, not knowing who he was, went out to oppose him, and was
slain by his son.
This story is told in the Telegonia, a continuation of
Epic Cycle,' written by Eugamthe Odyssey, and the last poem of the
mon about 560 B.C.
1. 512.
Cp. Od. V. 135, where Calypso says to Hermes concerning
Odysseus
'
:
Tov
fxev eyai cpiXeov t€ teal erpecpov, rjSe
Brjaeiv
dOavarov Kal
d'yrjpojv Tjfiara
517' raXao-iovpYOvcrav. Ih. 56:
•q
S' evSov doiSdova^
1.
IcTTOV iTTOixo jxlvq
xpvauTj
dm
ecpaaKov
navra.
koXtj
Kep/eid' v(paivev.
1. 522.
In 1. 216 of the same Book, Odysseus calls Penelope by the
simple epithet Trep'Kppouv, but does not otherwise extol her virtues to
Calypso.
1. 532.
iTjpavOcjcrt, sc. at KoKoKvvOai, from the adj. KoXoKvvOiva in the
preceding
i.e.
1.
1.
'
533. €VTepia)VT]v, the inside' of the pumpkin.
Cp. Dem. Philipp.
535. d-n-o, 'with,' of the instrument.
1.
in ai/TTjv,
'
vjxerepojv
'
Observe the change from plural to singular
line.
one of them.'
vju.lv 7rokeiJ.ei
Alio
avfifxdxojv.
is
i.
dno rwv
often undeclined.
542. €v to<tovt<jo, 'at this juncture,' stronger than ev tovtw.
on so great/
I. 553.
carrying
€iTt
i.
e.
'
so favourable
5eX<j)tva3v,
men on
'
Lit.
an opportunity.
in allusion to the
common
stories of dolphins
Hdt. i. 24, Gellius
quotes a tale of a dolphin that carried a boy on his back every day from
Baiae to Puteoli.
II. 562, etc.
The reader will remember the story of the Roc and its
egg in the Second Voyage of Sindbad the Sailor. Whether Lucian may
have borrowed from the Arabian Nights (or rather from the common
material out of which those tales were composed) is a fair question.
See Introduction, p. xvii.
1. 570.
The Chian wine-jar held some three or four quarts of our
measure.
their backs, e g. that of Arion,
—
NOTES.
70
^-
Greek ships had the extremity of the prow shaped
hence the name. See Diet, of Antiquities,
576. x'Hvio-Kos,
like a goose's or swan's neck,
under Navis,
584. Lucian's satire
I
saw
directed at the
is
prayer or sacrifice to avert
instance out of many.
common
omen
in every strange occurrence an
See Virg. Aen.
it.
superstition,
ii.
680-700
^-
591- XP^) the indie, for the opt. in 'graphic' narration. Cp.
1.
601.
Cp. Xen. Anah.
dvLjxTjo-dfJLcGa.
which
of divine anger, requiring
for one
i.
163, n.
2, 8, dvi/xaiv dAA.j7A.0us roii
iv.
Sopaai.
1. 606.
This is possibly a real line of Antimachus, perverted by
Lucian in its application. Antimachus of Colophon, about 400 B.C.,
wrote a Thebaid, several lines of which are cited by Athenaeus also
some elegiac poems. The emperor Hadrian is said to have preferred him
;
to
Homer.
1.
612.
615.
1.
8i-ax<«;pio-}JiaTa, 'clefts,'
€tcrTT|K€t,
Some
etc.
from
SiaxcupiCoo.
see in this a scoffing allusion to the
Red Sea by the Israelites. But see note on 1. 145.
For the Minotaur, the offspring of Pasiphae and the Cretan
bull and guardian of the labyrinth, see Virg. Aen. vi. 24-30 (' mixtum
passage of the
1.
626.
genus, prolesque biformis Minotaurus,' etc.).
Perhaps the BovK€(f)a\oi
are intended as a burlesque of the Cynocephali or dog-headed inhabitants
of India, mentioned by Ctesias.
1.
629.
I.
666.
TrXT]v,
=dAAd,
'
Ka|3aXovo-a, 'T8ap.apSia.
been given of these names. The
(
Cp.
= KaPISaXcuaa),
'T5pa(xap8ia,
and
qy.
may
'
22, n.
i.
Cp.
except that.'
first
No
i.
237, n.
satisfactory explanation has
looks like a participle oi KaTafiaWo)
Downijig island'?
The second perhaps should be
refer to the water transformation described below,
L 685.
A
parody of Homer, Od. x. 317, etc., where Odysseus
Circe's enchantments with the moly which
Hermes had given him, draws his sword upon her, and forces her to
disenchant his crew. The bones and sculls (1. 670) may have been
suggested by the description of the Sirens' coast, Od. xii. 45
II,
668-676.
defends himself
against
'
'
:
TToXvs
dfj.<p'
dareocpLV 6ls
dvhpojv wOofxivojv, vepl Si pivot pnvvOovcriv.
Cp. the fabled Empusa, a spectre sent by
Hecate to devour men, also called ovoaKeXls and ovokmXtj.
1. 685. ijScop eY€V€TO.
This was one of the transformations of Proteus.
Cp. Virg, Georg. iv. 410, aut in aquas tenues dilapsus abibit.'
1,
678.
'Ovoo-KeXeas.
'
1.
1.
Cp. 1. 384, n.
This promise appears never to have
704. €v Tais €^f,s pipXois, etc.
689. TTiv dvTtiTepav.
been fulfilled. One of Lucian's French translators, Perrot d'Ablancourt,
has added a very tame continuation of the story, written by his nephew.
INDEX.
The
eferences are to the Notes
Academic school of philosophy,
246;
and
ii.
pages of the Introduction,
Age of Lucian compared with
that
'
Cognate' accusative,
328.
280,
ii.
i.
607.
Ctesias, his History of India,
ii.
438, 626
;
103.
dv, rare use of with fut. indicative,
i.
47.
Anacharsis, the
i.
Scythian
Cyrenaics, allusion to,
instrumental use
of,
ii.
Arabian Nights, whether
to
Lucian, ii. ^(^2 p. xvii.
Areus, the philosopher, ii. 297.
Arion, mention of, ii. 205.
ii.
i.
26, 75.
Baron Munchausen compared with
ii. 487.
SoK eiv a.nd similar phrases,
Empedocles, physical theory
—
54; p. xxiii.
the Egyptian, ii. 307.
i.
87,
of,
i.
377story of his death,
fable of,
evdiSovai, special
Endymion, legend
p. xxiii.
Bequet's French version of the Vera
Historia,
535.
ii.
son, i. 72.
ds, peculiar force of,
Empusa,
the Vera Historia,
of,
445.
6/ioi
;
Article, predicative use of,
388.
553.
kavTov, denoting the 1st or 2nd per-
535,
known
ii.
ii.
Double superlative, i. 91.
Dreamland, Homer's description
5vo, undeclined,
Anacreon, the Teian, ii. 206.
Antimachus of Colophon, ii. 606.
22,
235.
ii.
Dolphins, stories about,
traveller,
221.
i.
p. xvii.
Diomedes, the Thracian,
xviii.
dfXfKii, sense of,
Aristoi
of
'
430.
Comparison of primitive adverbs, L
—
Epicurus,
ii. 289.
678.
ii.
meaning
of,
satirised
of,
439.
i.
158.
by Lucian,
i.
ii.
i.
emdidovai, special meaning
Eunomus,
)(prj(Tai
i.
Colossus of Rhodes,
of Socrates, pp. xii, xiii.
Ajax, his madness, ii. 115.
the Locrian, ii. 219.
Alexander, the false prophet, pp. x,
Busiris,
Town
Cloud-cuckoo
phanes,
more
diro,
'
p. XX.
Adjectives in -los of two or
terminations, i. 116.
Aesop, the fabulist, ii. 238.
ii.
to the
and XPV'^"''^^^^
Christianity,
how
far
i-
ii,
of,
i.
09.
205.
373-
satiii-ed
by
Lucian, pp. xviii, xix.
Chrysippus, the Stoic, ii. 244.
City of the Blest, Lucian's account
of, p. xviii.
story of,
Flutes, different kinds of,
Galatea,
ii.
10 1.
58.
Gardens of Alcinous,
176.
ii.
in
Homer,
ii.
;
INDEX.
1^
explanatory force
70C1/,
of,
i.
Lucian, style and manner of his
tion, pp. XX, xxi.
4.
fic-
Hellebore, an antidote for madness,
Mandragora, or 'mandrake,' ii. 457.
for ov, frequent use of by Lucian,
ii. 119, 244.
Herodotus, allusions to by Lucian,
i. 221, 340, ii. 33, 87, 438.
fif]
Hill of Virtue, allegory of in Hesiod,
fiTj
50, 503>
1^53
ii-
I.
Cehetis
Momus,
ib.
his alleged blindness,
ii. 274.
with Hesiod,
contest
P- xi,
;
in indirect questions,
Minotaurus, mention
— 243. Tabula,
Homer,
— supposed
of,
references to,
ii.
ii.
note.
270,
i.
626.
51.
Months, Greek names of, ii. 176.
meaning of, ii. 95.
fxovaiKTi, original
301.
ii.
*
^i-
Homeric Question
Lucian,
ii.
*
as discussed
by
259, etc.
of, ii. 226,
Naturalness of Lucian's fiction,
Narcissus, story
meaning and derivation
Homerus,
180;
New Jerusalem, supposed reference to
of, ii. 263.
Hyacinthus, story of, ii. 226.
Hylas, story of, ii. 227.
by Lucian,
6 and
lambulus, alluded to by Lucian,
25
secondary meaning
of,
ii.
i.
p. xvii.
;
iZiojTris,
i.
p. xxi.
i.
37-
OS,
ii.
145
;
pp. xviii, xix.
old demonstrative use of,
278.
Ocean-rtream of Homer, i. 54.
killed by Telegonus, ii.
510.
Ogygia, Calypso's island in Homer,
Odysseus,
and Odyssey, their order and
comparative age, ii. 272.
Indicative for optative in dependent
Optative, denoting frequent action,
clauses, i. 163,
Island of Atlantis,
Originals of the Vera Historia, real
Iliad
of
Isles
Pindar,
the
ii.
ii,
591.
384.
Blest,
i.
described
by
112.
ii.
ojs
ioTopia, original and derived senses
of,
i.
Kara
i.
405.
152.
or supposed, pp. xvi, xvii.
av, elliptic use of, i. 76.
dis Stj, ironical
accus., special
force of,
Lais of Corinth,
Land of the
Lucian, his
ii.
Leal,'
early
life
and
nepLopdv,
travels,
Greek
style, p. xi.
later years, p. xi.
Dialogues of the Gods and of
the Dead, pp. xii, xiii.
—
29.
satires
i.
252.
his
meaning of, ii. 3 = 9.
mock martyrdom,
p. xix.
240.
ii. 170.
pp. ix, X.
——
i.
Parasites and hired dependents, p. xv.
Tiapa ToaovTOV,
142.
Peregrinus,
'
force of,
u)(p€\ov, expressing a wish,
30.
w^ith
ii.
on the philosophers,
p, xiv.
social satires, p. xv.
relation to Christianity, pp.
xviii, xix.
meaning
of,
Phalaris, the tyrant,
ii.
303.
306.
i.
Philopseudes, a dialogue, p. xvi.
Phocion, his policy, ii. 223.
Pillars of Hercules, i. 54.
Plato, his Republic, ii. 234
p. xx.
;
dWa,
237, ii. 629.
Pluperfects, use of by Lucian,
TrXrjV -^
i.
i.
51
1
p. ix, x. note.
Polypus, or octopus, description
^-
^-^'^.
TrpoOean'ia, technical sense of,
i.
of,
^o
568.
n
INDEX.
Pythagoras, his mystic
ii.
injunctions,
391.
— Transmigration
—
285.
theory,
ii.
284
;
ii.
206.
ii.
Pythagoreans forbidden to eat beans,
ii.
Stesichorus of Himera,
Swift's Gulliver's Travels, p. xxii.
p. XX.
fable about,
of the dead, popular notions
about, ii. 159; p. xx.
Spirits
Quevedo's Visions,
mankind,
Tellus, the happiest of
ii.
223.
Thersites, mention of, ii. 280.
Translations of the Vera Historia,
331.
p. xxii.
p. xxiii.
compared with Lucian,
Rabelais,
406
Tyro, legend
v^pis, a legal term.
61.
of
Lucian,
Sciron. the robber,
its
ii.
real
object,
30S.
Seven Sages of Greece,
at
the
280.
battle
ii.
of Delium,
314.
his cross-examining method,
229 p. XX.
ii,
704.
— general account
— modern imitations
of, pp.
of,
xvi-xxi.
pp. xxii,
xxiii.
224.
Shepherds' pipes, dedicated to Pan,
ii. loi.
Sinis, the ' Pine-bender,' ii. 308.
Socrates
ii.
Vera Historia, modern continuation
p. xvii.
;
p. xiv.
—
ii.
ii.
of,
Satire
of,
p. xxii.
;
Rivers of Hades, ii. 424.
Roc, story of in Arabian Nights,
562
i.
Voltaire's Princess of Babylon
Micromegas,
and
p. xxii.
Western continent, ancient notion
of,
ii.
384.
ii.
;
ii.
Zamolxis, worship of in Thrace,
221.
ii.
2
9
fi
1
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