Lab 4
Bone and Axial Skeleton
J.R. Schiller, PhD., G.R. Pitts, PhD., & Amy L. Thompson, Ph.D.
Lab 4 Activities
1. Describe functions of skeleton
2. Learn histology of bone and cartilage using
microslides, figures, and osteon models
3. Learn general anatomy of a long bone
4. Classify bones by shape/origin
5. Define each of the various bone markings
6. identify all bones and their bone markings of
the axial skeleton individually or in
articulated skeletons (see list, pp. 4-9 to 4-13)
Functions of Bones
• Support - framework for body
• Protection of:
– many internal organs including the brain, spinal cord,
thoracic (heart and lungs) organs, and pelvic
(reproductive) organs
• Movement - muscle attachments to bones
• Mineral homeostasis – storage resevoir of Ca++,
PO-4
• Hemopoiesis: Site of blood cell production in red
bone marrow
Bone Tissue
• Compact
– appears very dense
• Spongy
– small struts of bone =
trabeculae are generally
oriented with the
directions of stress
Spongy Bone
Histology of Compact Bone
• Structural unit = osteon
The Osteon
osteon
Slide 19
Central canal
Ground Bone
Slide 19
lamellae
( = central canals)
Hyaline Cartilage
Slide 17
Slide 17
Lacunae w/chondrocytes
Elastic Cartilage
Slide 16
Fibrocartilage
Slide 18
Classification of Bones
• Long, short, flat, and
irregular (shape)
• Wormian (Sutural): extra
flat bones of cranium
• Sesamoid: bones that
form in tendon
– Normal: patellae
– Pathological: bone spurs
Structure of a
Long Bone
• Diaphysis (shaft)
– medullary (marrow) cavity
• red (hematopoietic) marrow in infancy
• yellow (fat) marrow later
– Compact bone (mostly)
– nutrient foramina
• Epiphyseal Plate (line)
• Connects diaphysis to epiphyses
• epiphyseal plate - growth plate in
childhood
• Epiphyseal line when growth ends
• Epiphysis (“end”)
– nutrient foramina
– articular cartilage - hyaline cartilage
– Spongy bone w/red marrow
The Axial Skeleton (blue)
Lateral Aspect of the Skull
Medial Aspects of the Skull
Inferior Aspect of the Skull
Inferior Aspect of Cranium
The Vertebral Column
Note the
Double
Curvature
of the
Spine.
It is an
Adaptation
for Upright
Posture.
Examine the Vertebrae from All Angles
Posterolateral View of Articulated Vertebrae
Much of the
Rotation of the
Head Occurs at
the Joint
Between the
Atlas (C1) and
Dens of the Axis
(C2).
Key Differences Among Vertebral Types:
Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae
For
Blood
Vessels
Size
Of
Body
Facets
for Rib
to
Attach.
No
Facets
for Rib
to
Attach
The Bony Thorax
End Lab 4 Presentation
.