Human Anatomy & Physiology Lab 3: Tissue Classification, Body Membranes and Skin
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Human Anatomy & Physiology Human A&P Laboratory Manual Volume 1: Second Custom Edition for APSU Lab 3: Tissue Classification, Body Membranes and Skin Lab 3 Activities 1. Learn the characteristics of the four main tissue types including their developmental origins 2. Review histology slides illustrating the variations of the four main tissue types 3. Review the major body membranes 4. Review histology slides illustrating the structure of skin 5. Review skin model to reinforce understanding of the structure of skin Embryonic Germ Layers and the Primary Tissue Types They Produce (Cell division and differentiation) Fertilized egg General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues • High Cellularity: densely packed into layer(s) with little extracellular matrix • Polarity – two distinct sides • apical surface facing a space (or potential space) • basal surface supported by connective tissue • Specialized Contacts – intercellular junctions attach cells together • Innervated but avascular (no direct blood supply) • Regeneration – cells replaced at a high rate • Derived from any of three embryonic germ layers Classification of Epithelial Tissues by the Shape of Cells Classification of Epithelial Tissues by the Number of Layers • Simple epithelia • simple squamous • simple cuboidal • simple columnar • Stratified types named according to cell shape of the apical layer • Stratified squamous Classification of Epithelial Tissues by the Number of Layers • Note: some types do not fit well into this scheme: • Pseudostratified = “falsely” stratified • Transitional > changes shape Squamous epithelial (cheek) cells (scraped from stratified squamous epithelium) Slide #3 © Lisa A. Caviness Slide #3 © Lisa A. Caviness Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Squamous Epithelium Slide # 6 (surface view, 100X) © Lisa A. Caviness Slide #6 (surface view, 400X) Alternative examples of simple squamous tissues Slide # ? Slide # 7, kidney section, 100X Parietal capsule of glomeruli © Lisa A. Caviness (sectional view, inside lining of blood vessels) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Slide # 7, kidney section, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness Alternate Example of Simple Cuboidal Slide # 37, thyroid section, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness Ducts of some glands Simple Columnar Epithelium Slide # 4, uterine tube, 400X (ciliated) © Lisa A. Caviness Alternate Simple Columnar Epithelium Slides © Lisa A. Caviness Slide #8 © Lisa A. Caviness Slide #8 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Slide #25 plantar skin © Lisa A. Caviness Stratified Squamous Epithelium keratinized Slide #25 plantar skin © Lisa A. Caviness versus non-keratinized Slide #56 esophagus © Lisa A. Caviness Stratified Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium Slide #10 transitional epithelium © Lisa A. Caviness Transitional Epithelium - Bladder relaxed Slide #10 versus stretched Slide #10 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Slide #11 Slide #11 Characteristics of Connective Tissues • Low Cellularity – widely scattered cells surrounded by extracellular matrix consisting of: • ground substance (gelatinous glycoproteins, and …) • structural fibers (collagen, elastin, reticulin protiens) • Innervated and Vascular (usually, but varies) • All derived from embryonic mesoderm • Usually quite regenerative Major Classes of Connective Tissue Embryonic Connective Tissue -Mesenchyme Figure 4.7A Areolar Connective Tissue: A Prototype Connective Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Areolar Connective Tissue Slide #12 Slide #12 Adipose Connective Tissue Slide 13, adipose, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness Adipose Tissue Slide #13 © Lisa A. Caviness Slide #13 Reticular Connective Tissues Slide #14 Dense Regular (Fibrous) Connective Tissues Slide #15 © Lisa A. Caviness Regular Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue Slide #15 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Slide #17, 100X © Lisa A. Caviness Hyaline Cartilage Slide #17, 100X Slide #17, 400X Elastic Cartilage (slide 16) © Lisa A. Caviness Elastic Cartilage Slide #16 Fibrocartilage (slide 18) Fibrocartilage Slide #18 Bone (Osseous Tissue) (slide 19) Bone Tissue (dried) Slide #19 Types of Bone Compact: appears very dense most of the bone mass in the body Spongy: appears poorly organized tiny bone struts = trabeculae Blood (Vascular Tissue) (slide 20) © Lisa A. Caviness Blood Cells Slide #20 Muscle Tissues • Characteristics of muscle tissues • High degree of cellularity • Cells contain contractile proteins • Well vascularized • From mesoderm (mostly) Muscle Tissues: Skeletal (SLIDE 21) © Lisa A. Caviness Skeletal Muscle Cross-sectioned Long-sectioned © Lisa A. Caviness Muscle Tissues: Cardiac Muscle Types • Skeletal muscle • attached to bones Slide #21 • multinucleate • voluntary • fibers are parallel and cylindrical • Cardiac muscle • most of the heart wall • single nucleus • involuntary • branched cylinders connected by intercalated discs Slide #22 Muscle Tissues: Smooth (SLIDE 23) Smooth Muscle • non-striated • walls of hollow organs: blood vessels, digestive tract, airways, bladder • involuntary • single nucleus • spindle shaped Nervous Tissue • Two basic cell types: Slide #24 • neurons • transmit electrochemical signals • cell body (soma) and extensions • dendrites (highly branched) – carry incoming signal • axon (long, usually single strand) – carry outgoing signal • Neuroglia • Support neurons © Lisa A. Caviness Nervous Tissue (slide 24) © Lisa A. Caviness Epithelial Membranes: Serous Membranes Epithelial Membranes (= Body Membranes) Muc0us Membranes Epithelial (= Body Membranes): The Cutaneous Membrane The Skin Hairy Skin • Root • Follicle • Sebaceous glands • Arrector pili muscles © Lisa A. Caviness Plantar Skin • Epidermis • • • • • Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale • Dermis • Duct of sweat gland © Lisa A. Caviness Plantar Skin • Epidermis • • • • • Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale • Dermis © Lisa A. Caviness Take Advantage of Available Histology Resources http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/Histo/frames/h_fram13.html http://www.med.uiuc.edu/histo/small/atlas/slides.htm http://www.pathguy.com/histo/000.htm End Lab 3 Presentation
