Student 1
Jesse Pinkman
Mr. White
Advanced Freshmen English – 4
23 March 2011
Please look at the following
example to see proper formatting
for the outline, paper, and works
cited/bibliography.
Research Paper Outline: Potato Chips
Topic: Potato Chips
Introduction Statement: As a result of the 1853 invention of the potato chip, over a century later
this once indulgent delicacy has become a common household item that sparked a dramatic
increase in obesity rates among American children by encouraging unhealthy eating habits such
as excessive fat consumption and unsatisfying snacking of processed food.
I.
Introduction
A. Invention of Potato Chip
B. Introduction of Packaged Potato Chips
C. Rise of Companies
II.
Potato Chip Industry in America
A. Growth of potato chip industry
B. New Varieties
1. Cut/Style of Potato Chips
2. Flavor Varieties
III.
Nutrition
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A. Calorie vs. nutrition density of potato chips
B. Fat Content
1. Saturated Fat
2. Trans Fat
IV.
Unhealthy Snacking in US Children
A. Availability and convenience of potato chips
1. Out of Home Convenience
2. Low Prices
3. Advertisements
B. Snacking and weight gain
1. Increased frequency
2. Increased portion sizes
3. Increased calorie density
V.
Child Obesity
A. Comparable statistics of obesity in US children
B. Negative Affects
1. Health Risks
2. Emotional Pain
C. Solutions
1. Unhealthy Solutions
a. Eating disorders and diets
b. Medical “quick fixes”
2. Healthy Solutions
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a. Balanced diet
b. Exercise
Conclusion Statement:
D. Restate Thesis
E. Link and Summaries Main Headings
F. Balance between healthy diet, exercise and potato chips as treats.
Student 4
Jesse Pinkman
Mr. White
Advanced Freshman English – 4
23 March 2011
Potato Chips: A Covert Cause of Childhood Obesity
“People fancy they are enjoying themselves, but they are really tearing out their wings for the
sake of an illusion,” reveals Mevlana Rumi, a Persian theologian and poet (“A Quote” n. pag.).
This insight punctuates humanity’s natural tendency to indulge in pleasures while casting aside
their actions’ detrimental consequences. One result: the swelling prevalence of obesity among
American youth. Doctors use the term “obese” to describe children with a body mass index
higher than the 95th percentile of a set standard for children of similar height and age (Fauber n.
pag.). Many American children subconsciously learn instant gratification instead of moderation
in their diets—thoughtlessly gorging and misusing tasty snacks, such as potato chips. Since its
1853 invention, the potato chip evolved from an indulgent delicacy into a common household
item; its popularity promotes the dramatic increase in obesity rates among American children,
ages two to nineteen, by encouraging unhealthy eating habits such as excessive fat consumption
and unsatisfying snacking of processed foods.
Although potato chips rank as one of America’s favorite snack foods and markedly
contribute to the ever-increasing waistline of American children, the invention of this salty snack
proves rather unassuming. 1853, Saratoga Springs, New York: Cook George Speck merely
attempted to satisfy a demanding customer, who described Speck’s french fried potatoes as too
thick, when he shaved and fried paper-thin potato slices (“Potato Chip” n. pag.). Although
Speck’s “Saratoga Chip” became well sought after, George never conceived the profitable
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potential of his unintentional concoction. Forty-three years later, in 1895, William Tappendon
first ventured into marketing home-made potato chips in local grocery stores (“Potato Chip” n.
pag.). Preceding this crucial milestone, chefs primarily reserved potato chips for diners at
restaurants or resorts; yet now, consumers could experience this rich fare with greater
accessibility. Subsequently, grocers across the United States caught on to the trend—stocking
chips in barrels and glass display cases (“Potato Chip” n. pag.). Retailing potato chips in bulk
allowed customers to purchase chips in flexible and large quantities, though such merchandise
lacked on-the-go convenience. In 1926, Laura Scudder targeted this disadvantage by assembling
simple, wax paper bags to hold potato chips (“Potato Chip” n. pag.). Americans, children in
particular, in favor of the pre-portioned novelty facilitated the steady growth of potato chips as a
regular snack. 1932 marked the launch of Lay’s Inc., the first successfully marketed national
brand (“Potato Chip” n. pag.). The Lay’s company paved the way for numerous other potato chip
manufacturers and remains a common household name in all fifty states. The familiarity of this
trademark reflects the lacking standards American youth hold for nutritious snacks—a root cause
of obesity. From an inadvertent creation in Saratoga, New York, potato chips emerged into a
nation-wide phenomenon; their enjoyment and convenience stealthily incorporate into the diets
of American children and, thus, raise obesity prevalence.
One aspect of potato chips that heightens booming obesity statistics for American youth
is the sheer immensity of the potato chip industry. After their appearance on grocery store
shelves in the early 1900’s, potato chips became increasingly ingrained into the American life. In
1998 potato chip sales rose by 15.1% over the previous year, and the volume sold increased by
6.5% (“Potato Chips, Corn Chips” n. pag.). Optimistic statistics gave entrepreneurs confidence to
establish additional potato chip companies, and enthusiastic purchasers provided steady revenue
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for expansion. Sales for potato chips continued to rapidly mount and by 2005 American
companies sold $2.6 billion worth of chips annually (Ashman 1). Unfortunately, with this
industrial success comes a heavy tax. Parents in the 21st Century spend far more of their food
budget on greasy potato chips than those in the early and mid 1900’s, and in consequence, their
children’s health and weight suffer. During the 1960’s through 1990’s potato chip manufacturers
pioneered a variety of new chip styles, such as kettle cooked, ridged and fabricated, along with
numerous novel flavors (“Potato Chips, Corn Chips” n. pag.). Innovative seasonings such as
“Zesty Ranch,” “Cajun Dill,” and “Red Onion” draw in young consumers who are attracted to
exiting options and exterior product appeal. With such an assortment, even finicky children do
not grow tired of this inviting snack. Parents thoughtlessly buy chips at their children’s request
and the growing daily norm of purchasing potato chips hinders the chance of a healthy childhood
by boosting obesity among juveniles of the United States.
Potato chip manufacturers take wholesome, vitamin and fiber rich potatoes and fry them
submerged in oil—yielding low nutrient, high energy potato chips that promote excessive weight
gain in American youth. An average ounce of plain potato chips contains 153 calories (Odom n.
pag.). Children habitually eat far more than this meager twelve to fifteen chip serving, as potato
chips lack the filling and satisfying ingredients of fiber, protein and water. Without their skins
potatoes also lose much of the vitamins and minerals that level out their nutrition-versus-calorie
density. An average ounce of this junk food stores 10.5g of fat, 3.1g of which is saturated fat
(Odom n.pag.). Humans find fat highly appetizing because it contains significantly more energy
per gram than proteins and carbohydrates do. Therefore, it is easy for children to frequently overeat potato chips and turn the surplus energy into body fat. The National Institute of Health warns
that saturated fats not only cause weight gain, but are also the largest contributor to elevated
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cholesterol levels—a risk factor that generally accompanies obesity (Duvauchelle n. pag.).
Cholesterol is generally found with saturated fat and deposits itself along the walls of blood
vessels. Obese children are no exception to arterial and heart disease that may result. Potato chip
manufactures often include trans fats, an artificial fat produced when hydrogen gas reacts with
oil, to prolong shelf life, yet health experts warn that trans fats cause obesity, clog arteries and
deplete good cholesterol (“Trans Fats 101” n. pag.). Nutritionists rank trans fats as the most
hazardous type of fat and encourage consumers to check nutrition labels for “partially
hydrogenated vegetable oil.” Children, however, rarely check or understand nutrition labels.
Instead, young people simply feed on potato chips without considering the enormity of fat and
empty calories they digest. Potato chips encourage high youth obesity rates in America by
accustoming children to fat-rich snacks that contain little nutritional value.
Subsequently, due to the immensity of the potato chip industry and the potato chip’s
appealing form of concentrated energy, evidence supports a dramatic increase in snacking among
children of the United States—results which are a direct link to rising youth obesity. Following
the twentieth century development of hectic extra-curricular activities, unpredictable dinner
times and early school lunches, energy that American children receive outside of their homes
increased from twenty to thirty percent between 1977 and 1996 (“Childhood Obesity” n. pag.).
The demand for convenience foods promotes packaged fare sold from vending machines and
corner stores. Available options, such as potato chips, are far less nutritionally balanced than the
sustenance of home cooked meals. One recent study shows that purchases made in corner stores
by urban school children consisted mainly of low nutrition, energy dense snacks such as potato
chips (Borradaile n. pag.). Children who frequently purchase food in similar situations do not
have adult guidance to influence healthier choices. Also, as minors typically carry limited
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spending cash, potato chip manufacturers benefit from their low cost merchandise. With inflation
adjustment, the average price for 16 ounces of potato chips dropped from $2.50 in 1980, to about
$1.80 in 2006 (Kuchler 11). Though seventy cents may not seem a fortune, this difference
enables children to purchase a correspondingly greater number of packages per year. In contrast,
according to the Federal Trade Commission, the food industry spends $1.6 billion each year
marketing to youth (“How Scooby-Doo” n. pag.). The huge investment in television
advertisements and child-friendly products pays well: American children snack on packaged
foods now more than ever. Just under 75% of kids, ages two to eighteen, consumed at least one
snack between meals in 1977, compared to 98% in 2006 (Healy n. pag). Increased snacking
frequency—often on foods like potato chips—adds unnecessary pounds to American children’s
waists. With incessant grazing also comes an increase in portion size; between 1977 and 1996
the average portion size for salty snacks like potato chips increased from 1 oz. to 1.6 oz.
(“Childhood Obesity” n. pag.). Over time, even small changes in consumption quantity can pack
on the pounds and teach children to routinely super-size food items. To make matters worse,
salty snacks rose an average of 93 calories per serving from 1977 to 1996 (“Potato Chips, Corn
Chips” n. pag.). Potato chip manufacturers strive to expand their sales by overlooking an
undisciplined abundance of fat and salt in their products in order to appeal to customers’ palates.
Since their invention, potato chips rely on convenience, low prices and advertisement to
accelerate the steadily rising portion size, frequency and calorie density of American children’s
snacks—leading to heightened school-age obesity statistics in the United States.
Deriving from the emergence of potato chips, child obesity in America escalated since
the mid 1900’s and currently, in the twenty-first-century, poses numerous health concerns that a
balanced lifestyle can easily mend. Studies show that between 1976-1980 and 2007-2008 obesity
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prevalence among American children aged two to five increased from 5% to 10.4%; children
aged six to eleven, from 6.5% to 19.6%; and youths aged twelve to nineteen, from 5% to 18.1%
(Ogden, Cynthia n. pag.). In a mere thirty years, sums of severely overweight children nearly
tripled in the United State—an epidemic which raises serious alarm for future generations. From
1997 to 1999, hospital costs for symptoms associated with child obesity, such as high
cholesterol, hypertension, respiratory ailments, orthopedic problems, depression and type 2
diabetes, surpassed 1979-1981 estimates by $92 million constant US dollars (“Childhood
Obesity” n. pag.). Aside from costing the US government millions of dollars, such disorders
hinder the personal lives of each obese child and jeopardize their life expectancy and quality.
For instance, type 2 diabetes is a progressive disorder, so inflicted youngsters may grow up
requiring multiple daily insulin injections, continuous insulin pump therapy and oral medication.
Emotional tolls also pay a burdensome price on obese minors. Surveys found that obese children
are 4.3 times more likely to have emotional impairment and 5.3 times more likely to encounter
school problems than normal weight children (Fauber n. pag.). Teasing and cutting remarks from
schoolmates often lead to depression, constant fear or worry, difficulty socializing with other
children, insomnia and aches and pains. To control their weight, over 65% of moderately or
seriously overweight adolescent girls report partaking in unhealthy behaviors like fasting,
skipping meals or smoking (Shaw n. pag.). Dieting during youth obstructs proper development
and may lead to eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia and binge eating. Some children also
resort to gastric bypass surgery and diet pills. 12% of severely overweight girls admit to
ingesting laxatives or diuretics to promote weight loss (Shaw n. pag.). Doctors question the
safety of oral medication for dieting and agree that these methods do not provide healthy lifestyle
changes for long term success. Instead, The American Heart association recommends children
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substitute wholesome alternatives, like pretzels, for unhealthy snacks such as potato chips (Odom
n. pag.). If parents themselves promote nutritious replacements and regular balanced meals, their
children will develop healthy habits to carry into adulthood. Furthermore, according to the
American College of Sports Medicine, children should partake in twenty to thirty minutes of
vigorous daily exercise (Davis n. pag.). Staying active and regulating a healthy metabolism curbs
obesity and provides lasting wellness. American youth struggle with numerous obesity-linked
diseases and emotional complications, yet solutions such as a balanced diet and consistent
physical activity establish a healthy lifestyle to help reverse this salty snack’s detrimental imprint
on society.
Since 1853, in an inadvertent creation in Saratoga, New York, the potato chip
revolutionized the face of America by fueling the surge of childhood obesity. Influential
companies produce abounding varieties of potato chip cuts and flavors to satisfy the ever
increasing market. Unconcerned over their products’ lack of nutritional value, corporations allow
an excessive use of fat and salt, which hook young consumers. In consequence, cravings for
potato chips drive easily-swayed children to replace wholesome snacks and meals with this
insubstantial convenience food. As the frequency, portion size and calorie density of snacks went
up in the United States, so did the obesity statistics. In the last thirty years the number of
seriously overweight young people tripled. With this epidemic comes an array of physical and
emotional ailments; the most effective solution to them is simply a proper diet and regular
exercise. If American children learn moderation and responsibility for their well-being they can
enjoy long, healthy lives—and treat themselves to the occasional bag of potato chips.
Student 11
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Student 14
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Student 16
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Student 17
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