This file reviews materials in Exercises 1719 & prepares you for the lab practical#4.
In this file, required structures
are highlighted, checked, or specified,
sometimes in different colors.
by Dr. Shaw, Zoology 251 Lab Coordinator, x7176; donalds@utm.edu
1
Ex. 17
Spinal cord
2
The spinal cord, posterior aspect
C1
Cervical enlargement
Cervical spinal nerves (8)
C7
Dural sheath
See next slide (a browup image)
Thoracic spinal nerves (12)
Lumbar enlargement
T12
Conus medullaris (where
the spinal cord ends)
Cauda equina (spinal
nerves past conus
medullaris)
Filum terminale (pia mater
that connects to the
coccyx)
Lumbar spinal nerves (5)
L5
Sacral spinal nerves (5)
S5
Col
Coccygeal nerve (1)
3
The spinal cord, posterior aspect
C1
Cervical enlargement
Cervical spinal nerves (8)
C7
Dural sheath
See next slide (a browup image)
Thoracic spinal nerves (12)
Lumbar enlargement
T12
Lumbar spinal nerves (5)
L5
Sacral spinal nerves (5)
S5
Col
Practice
Coccygeal nerve (1)
4
The spinal cord and meninges
White matter:
Gray matter:
Dorsal horn (containing
interneurons)
Gray commissure
Central canal
Posterior
median sulcus
Dorsal column/funiculus
Lateral column/funiculus
Ventral column/funiculus
Lateral horn
Dorsal root of spinal
nerve
Ventral horn
Dorsal root ganglion
Anterior median
fissure
Pia mater
Spinal nerve
Ventral root
of spinal nerve
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
5
The spinal cord; ID the indicated structures
White matter:
Dorsal column/funiculus
Lateral column/funiculus
Ventral column/funiculus
Dorsal root of spinal
nerve
Spinal nerve
Ventral root
of spinal nerve
Practice
6
The spinal cord and vertebra (cervical)
Posterior
Meninges:
Dura mater
Spinous process of vertebra
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
Fat in epidural space
Subarachnoid space
Spinal cord
Denticulate ligament
Dorsal root ganglion
Spinal nerve
Vertebral body
Anterior
7
The spinal cord and vertebra; ID the indicated structures
Posterior
Spinous process of vertebra
Fat in epidural space
Subarachnoid space
Spinal cord
Spinal nerve
Vertebral body
Anterior
Practice
8
Ex. 18
The eye
9
The lacrimal apparatus; the arrows indicate the
flow of tears (containing lysozyme)
Lacrimal gland
Ducts
Lacrimal sac
Lacrimal punctum
Lacrimal canaliculi
Nasolacrimal duct
Inferior meatus
of nasal cavity
Nostril
10
The lacrimal apparatus; the arrows indicate the
flow of tears (containing lysozyme)
Ducts
Inferior meatus
of nasal cavity
Nostril
Practice
11
Superciliary
ridge
Eyebrow
Eyelashes
Pupil
Superior
palpebral
sulcus
Upper
eyelid
Iris
Palpebral
fissure
Sclera
Medial
commissure
Lateral
commissure
Lower eyelid
(Palpebrae)
Tarsal plate
Inferior
palpebral
sulcus
12
Superciliary
ridge
Eyebrow
Eyelashes
Palpebral
fissure
Superior
palpebral
sulcus
Upper
eyelid
Medial
commissure
Lateral
commissure
Tarsal plate
Practice
Inferior
palpebral
sulcus
13
Extrinsic muscles of the eye, lateral view, and
their controlling cranial nerves
Trochlea
Optic nerve
Controlling cranial nerves:
Superior oblique
IV, trochlear
Superior rectus
III, oculomotor
Medial rectus
III, oculomotor
Lateral rectus
VI, abducens
Inferior oblique
III, oculomotor
Inferior rectus
III, oculomotor
14
ID extrinsic muscles of the eye and their
respective controlling cranial nerves
Trochlea
Optic nerve
Practice
Controlling cranial nerves:
15
Extrinsic muscles of the eye, frontal view, and
their controlling cranial nerves
Trochlear
nerve (IV)
Abducens
nerve (VI)
Superior
oblique
Lateral
rectus
Levator palpebrae
superioris muscle
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Oculomotor
nerve (III)
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
16
Extrinsic muscles of the eye, frontal view, and
their controlling cranial nerves
Trochlear
nerve (IV)
Abducens
nerve (VI)
Practice
Levator palpebrae
superioris muscle
Oculomotor
nerve (III)
17
Suspensory ligament
Extrinsic eye
muscle
Retina
Ciliary body
Choroid
Conjunctiva
Iris
Sclera
Fovea centralis
Pupil
Lens
Cornea
Optic nerve
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
Optic disc (blind spot)
Blood vessels
18
Suspensory ligament
Extrinsic eye
muscle
Conjunctiva
Pupil
Lens
Practice
Blood vessels
19
Production and reabsorption
of aqueous humor
Ciliary body:
Ciliary muscle
Ciliary process
Anterior
cavity containing
aqueous humor
Posterior
chamber
Anterior
chamber
Suspensory
ligament
Lens
Iris
Posterior cavity
containing
vitreous humor
Canal of Schlemm
20
Production and reabsorption
of aqueous humor
Anterior
cavity containing
aqueous humor
Practice
Ciliary body:
Posterior
chamber
Anterior
chamber
21
Anatomical features of the rear of the eye
Arteriole
Venule
Fovea centralis
Macula lutea
Optic disc (blind spot;
exit of optic nerve)
22
Anatomical features of the rear of the eye
Arteriole
Venule
Practice
23
Dissected sheep eye
Required structures are in bold. 1—Cornea; 2– Sclera; 3– Optic
nerve; 4– Iris; 5—Pupil; 6– Ora serrata; 7– Ciliary body; 8– Choroid;
9—Tapetum lucidum; 10—Retina; 11– Lens; 12—Vitreous humor
24
Dissected sheep eye
Required structures are in bold. 1— ________ ; 2– _________; 3– __________;
4– ________; 5— _________; 6– Ora serrata; 7– ______________; 8– ___________;
9— _____________; 10—__________; 11– _________; 12—____________________
Practice
25
Back of eye
Histology of the retina
Sclera
Choroid
Pigment epithelium
Rods and cones (outer
segments)
Rods and cones (nuclei)
Bipolar cells
Ganglion cells
Nerve fibers to optic nerve
Vitreous humor
Front of eye
25 µm
26
Back of eye
Histology of the retina
Nerve fibers to optic nerve
Front of eye
Practice
25 µm
27
Back of eye
Schematic of the retina
Pigment epithelium
Photoreceptors:
Rod
Cone
Transmission
of rod signals in blue
Transmission
of cone signals in red
Horizontal cell
Bipolar cell
Amacrine cell
Ganglion cell
Nerve fibers (to
optic nerve)
Direction of light
28
Back of eye
Schematic of the retina
Photoreceptors:
Transmission
of rod signals in blue
Transmission
of cone signals in red
Horizontal cell
Amacrine cell
Nerve fibers (to
optic nerve)
Practice
Direction of light
29
Ex. 19
The ear
30
Internal anatomy of the ear
Semicircular ducts
(canals)
Ossicles:
Stapes
Oval window
Incus
Malleus
Helix
Vestibular nerve
Cochlear nerve
Vestibule
Auricle
Tympanic
Membrane
(ear drum)
Cochlea
Round window
Ear Canal
(external
acoustic
meatus)
Tympanic cavity
Tensor tympani
muscle
Auditory tube
Lobule
Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
31
The ear; ID the indicated structures
Semicircular ducts
(canals)
Outer ear
Practice
Middle ear
Inner ear
32

Required structures are checked.




33

Required structures are checked.




Practice
34
Required structures
are checked.








of cochlear


35
of cochlear
Practice
36
Bony & Membranous labyrinths










Required structures are checked.
37
Bony & Membranous labyrinths

Practice
Required structures are checked.
38
Bony & Membranous labyrinths—
perilymph (green) & endolymph (blue)
Endolymphatic
sac
Temporal bone
Dura mater
Semicircular ducts:
Anterior
Posterior
Cochlea:
Scala vestibuli
Scala media
(Cochlear duct)
Lateral
Scala tympani
Ampulla
Vestibule:
Saccule
Utricle
Tympanic
membrane
Stapes
in oval window
Secondary tympanic
membrane
in round window
39
Bony & Membranous labyrinths—
perilymph (green) & endolymph (blue)
Endolymphatic
sac
Semicircular ducts:
Dura mater
Anterior
Posterior
Cochlea:
Lateral
Ampulla
Vestibule:
Practice
40
How sound is transmitted-01













Required structures are checked.
41
How sound is transmitted-01
Practice
42
How sound is transmitted-02
All structures are required
except one that is crossed out.

43
How sound is transmitted-02
All structures are required
except one that is crossed out.

Practice
44
Anatomy of the cochlear, vertical section
Oval window
Vestibular
membrane
Cochlear duct
(Scala media)
Cochlear nerve
Next slide
45
Anatomy of the cochlear, vertical section
Next slide
Practice
46
Section through one turn of cochlear
Spiral ganglion
Vestibular
membrane
Scala vestibuli
(with perilymph)
Cochlear duct
(with endolymph)
Next slide
Tectorial membrane
Scala tympani
(with perilymph)
Spiral organ of Corti
Basilar membrane
47
The cochlear; ID the indicated structures
Spiral ganglion
Practice
48
Enlargement of spiral organ of Corti
Tectorial
membrane
Stereovilli of hair
cells
Outer
hair cells
Supporting
cells
Basilar
membrane
Inner hair
cell
Fibers of
cochlear nerve
49
Enlargement of spiral organ of Corti
Outer
hair cells
Supporting
cells
Inner hair
cell
Practice
50
Histology of the cochlear
51