World War I
1914-1918
1
 Which of the following took place
from 1914 to 1918?
– A The Great Depression
– B World War I
– C The Populist movement
– D The Spanish-American War
2
 The roots of WWI go back to the 1860s,
when Prussia began a series of wars to
unite all the German states.
– By 1871 Germany was united
• The new German nation changed European
politics & the balance of power in Europe
3
CAUSES:
NATIONALISM
IMPERIALISM
ALLIANCES
MILITARISM
4
 According to the
map, which
nations were
allies during
World War I?
– A France and
Spain
– B Germany and
Bulgaria
– C Greece and
Sweden
– D Norway and
Portugal
5
 Conflict: Serbia—Austria-Hungary
– Fighting over land/borders
 Russia had
interests in
this land also
– Access to the
Mediterranean
 Germany was
also interested
in this land
– Wanted to rail link
w/the Ottoman Empire
6
1- Assassination of Franz
Ferdinand, (heir to the A-H
throne) 1914 by Serbian
terrorist
Gavrilo Princip, in
Sarajevo, capital
of modern day
Bosnia
Motive:
NATIONALISM
7
8
9
2 – War Declared:
July 28, 1914, A-H declares war
on Serbia
Russia immediately prepares for
battle (Remember, they are
Serbia’s ally)
10
3 – Countries at war:
All the nations in Europe had
been expecting war
– They made treaties & formed
alliances
11
Central Powers (Triple Alliance)
Germany, A-H, Italy
Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
(modern day Turkey)
Allied Powers (Triple Entente)
Russia, GB, France, US
12
13
The system of alliances trapped
countries into a chain reaction
– All the major powers had war
plans for quick victories…
• But NO plans for a long war!
–The Germans thought they
would be home by Christmas
14
Schlieffen Plan
 German plan to knock France out of
the war & then concentrate on Russia
– 1st, Germany
defeats France
• In the west
– Then they
attack Russia
• In the east
15
Germany advances through France
w/little resistance
– Until Russia attacks in the east
– This forces Germany to send some of its
troops to the
eastern front
– German
troops are
split in half
16
This weakened the Germans
– Allows Allies to regroup
***Germany comes w/in 30
miles of Paris
– Battle becomes a stalemate
• Trench Warfare
17
What does America do?
 US wants to remain neutral
– It’s a foreign war
• European War
 It was hard to remain neutral
– Large # of German & Irish immigrants in
the US
 Most Americans favored the Allies
– Close links to Britain
– Links to France
• Remember the Revolutionary War?
18
19
G.B. tries to win support from
US
G.B. uses Propaganda:
– Info designed to influence
opinion
• What is a modern day example of
propaganda?
20
21
22
TRENCH
WARFARE
Causes of WWI Worksheet
MUST BE COMPLETE
I will not accept worksheets
that are partially finished
23
WHAT MAKES THIS WAR
DIFFERENT FROM
PREVIOUS ONES?
24
Trench Warfare – most of
WWI was fought in narrow
trenches designed to shield
soldiers from enemy artillery
First 4 mo. of war 1½+ million
soldiers were killed or
wounded.
25
26
27
28
29
30
Soldiers dug a vast network
of trenches across France
– Sand bags protected the tops;
floors were covered with planks
(boards)
– Soldiers on both sides dug about
6,250 miles of trench in France
31
32
Trenches: 6-8 ft. deep
– 25 yards - mile apart
– Despite all the work,
soldiers spent much of
the year soaked and
covered with mud
33
Between opposing lines . . .
“no man’s land”
• Barbed wire
• Corpses
• Guns
• Machine gun shells
• Mud
• Torn earth
• Shattered trees
34
35
4 –Technological Advances:
a) Submarines:
• GB employs a naval blockade on
Germany
• GB would not let any ship in or out
• Became an important strategy in the war
• Germany had trouble importing food
• 750,000 Germans starve to death
• To get around the blockade
Germany used u-boats
• Underwater boat
36
Later u-boats were equipped to
lay underwater mine fields
***Germany used unrestricted
submarine warfare
– Attack any ship
• Military or civilian
37
 Which of the following actions by
Germany led to the end of U.S. neutrality
during World War I?
– A The invasion of Russia
– B The use of unrestricted submarine warfare
– C Attacks on U.S. colonies
– D The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
38
39
French sub
40
Allied vessels had no reliable
way of detecting u-boats
– By 1918, u-boats had sunk 11+
million tons of shipping.
Had Germany been able to
employ more subs, G.B. could
have easily lost the war
41
b.) Chemical & Biological warfare:
Germany used several poisonous gases in
the war:
– Mustard gas & Chlorine
42
 The intentional wartime use of
chemicals, bacteria, viruses, &
toxins/poisons to incapacitate, seriously
injure, or kill soldiers or civilians is
called chemical & biological warfare
43
44
• Like nuclear weapons,
biological/chemical weapons
produce civilian casualties &
other secondary effects when
the toxic agents drift away
from the battlefield
• Their control & regulation
have prompted international
concern
45
c) Machine guns
• Armies employed a variety of improved
machine guns
*** Rapid-fire machine guns led to
trench warfare
• Machine guns could fire up to 600 rounds
per minute
• 10 rounds a second
46
47
d) Tanks:
• GB developed (in secret) an armored vehicle
• Very slow & unreliable
48
e) Airplane:
• Were 1st used to observe enemy activities
• War in the air
49
• Sinking of the Lusitania
• British passenger
liner carrying
civilians
• May 1, 1915
50
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Intercepted by the British
• January 1917
• German proposal to Mexico:
• Become allies
• Regain lost
from
territory
US
• Texas
• New Mexico
• Arizona
51
 Which of the following most influenced
President Woodrow Wilson’s decision to
ask for a declaration of war against
Germany?
– A The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
– B Germany’s treatment of prisoners of war
– C The German use of aerial bombing raids
– D The Zimmermann telegram
52
 Which war is described by the information
above?
– A Spanish-American War
– B World War I
– C World War II
– D Korean conflict
53
Get out a sheet of paper
 1. List the 4 causes of WW I
 2. What brings the US into WW I?
 3. German submarines are called _______.
 4. How did GB try to gain US support?
 5. What is “no man’s land”?
54
WWI & the
Home Front
55
5 – US declares war
– April 6, 1917
Congress passes the Selective
Service Act:
– Requires men to register w/ the
gov’t for random military service
– www.sss.gov
56
The Home Front
US is desperate for soldiers
Draft:
– Forced military service
– Conscription
African-Americans:
Encouraged to join the Army
– Encountered discrimination &
prejudice in the service
– Fought under French command
57
369th Infantry
Croix de Guerre
58
59
Women:
– Served as nurses & clerks
60
Fuel:
– To conserve energy, the Fuel
Administration introduced daylight
savings time
• March 1918
Food:
– Americans were encouraged to plant
Victory Gardens
• Grow their own food
61
62
Americans were encouraged to
give up certain goods & have:
– Gasless Sundays
– Wheatless Mondays
– Meatless Tuesdays
– Porkless Thursdays
63
64
65
 The point of view
expressed in this poster is
that if Americans failed to
support the war effort by
purchasing government
bonds, then —
– F freedom would be
threatened
– G the government would
increase rationing
– H more soldiers would have
to be drafted
– J the United States would be
expelled from the Allied
powers
66
“Great Migration”
 European immigration has stopped &
many white workers are drafted
– This leads to a shortage in workers
 This enables 1,000’s of AfricanAmericans to move north
– High wages/plentiful jobs
67
Between 1917-1920 over
100,000 Mexicans head north
• Migrate to SW US
–Texas, NM, Arizona & California
68
American troops aid the Allies
– Boosted morale because they
were fresh
– US have not been fighting
for 2+ years
69
6 – Russia withdraws from the
war in Spring 1918
***Russian Revolution
– Communists control country
***Russia loses substantial
territory
– More than any other country
70
71
7 – Collapse of Germany:
• Homefront is destroyed
• Shortages of food, medicine,
weapons
• Morale
72
Late Sept. Germans urged their
gov’t to end the war
Germany’s position worsened:
– A-H & Ottoman Empire
surrender
– Germany has no other choice…
73
 Oct. 3, German rulers request an
armistice:
– cease fire
– end fighting
• Nov 11 – Germans sign armistice
 Jan, 1919, Pres. Wilson gives a speech:
– 14 points speech
– Based on “the principle of justice to all
peoples & nationalities”
– Abolish secret agreements between nations
– Guarantee freedom of the seas
– Approve the League of Nations
74
 1) No more secret treaties
 2) Countries must reduce their
weapons & their armed forces
 3) National self-determination
should allow people of the
same nationality to govern
themselves & one nationality
should not have the power to
govern another
 4) All countries should
belong to the League of
Nations
75
 The three points listed above support President
Wilson’s belief that the Fourteen Points were —
– F arranged by private negotiations
– G important to the United States’ supremacy
– H necessary to prevent future wars
– J reasons for punishing Germany
76
77
8 – Terms of the Armistice:
German fleet goes to Allies,
including all military supplies
• 5,000 cannon
• 25,000 machine guns
• 5,000 locomotives
–150,000 railroad cars
78
79
June 1919: Treaty of Versailles:
1 – forced Germany to accept full
responsibility for the war
2 – stripped Germany of its
colonies, coal fields, &
provinces
80
3 – reduced Germanys army &
navy
4 – forced Germany to pay $33
billion in reparations
*compensation
*reimbursement
81
 The debt was to be paid over 37 years
with a 6% interest rate
– Annual payments = 2 billion gold marks
plus 26% of all German exports
 The British calculated that this was
3 times what Germany could actually
afford to pay
82
 Germany borrowed heavily during WWI
 They figured:
– A: They could repay the loans at their
leisure as victors
• OR
– B: The countries they defeated would cover
their debts
 Germany begins to default on its
payments
– France decides to use this as an opportunity
to continue to weaken Germany
83
French Occupation of the Ruhr
84
85
German colonies
86
What was the name of the
peace settlement that made
Germany accept sole
responsibility for World War
I?
– A Treaty of Portsmouth
– B Geneva Accords
– C Marshall Plan
– D Treaty of Versailles
87
 New European
nations formed:
–
–
–
–
–
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
 This built
resentment &
poisoned the
international
climate
– It will spark an
even deadlier
war
88
9 – Effects/Cost of War:
• Millions of lives lost
• 22 million
• 1/2 were civilian
• 20 million wounded
• 10 million became refugees
• Cost $338 billion
• Land, towns, villages destroyed
• Wide spread disillusionment;
lost generation
89
90
91
92
War, by Otto Dix
93
Flanders, by Otto Dix
94
A Star Shell, by
Christopher
Richard Wynne
Nevinson
95
L'Enfer(Hell), by Georges Leroux
96
10 – Peace & its results
League of Nations is formed
– Group of nations, est. to prevent
another war
Does not last
• Nationalism remains…
97
 Many Americans opposed U.S.
membership in the League of Nations
out of concern that it would —
– A place a financial burden on U.S.
taxpayers
– B lead to U.S. involvement in
international conflicts without
congressional approval
– C expand the power of the president on
domestic issues
– D prohibit the United States from
annexing additional territory
98
99
100
 Balfour Declaration of
1917 (November 2 1917)
– was a formal statement of
policy by the British
government stating that
 "His Majesty's government
view with favour the
establishment in Palestine
of a national home for the
Jewish people, and will use
their best endeavors to
facilitate the achievement
of this object, it being
clearly understood that
nothing shall be done
which may prejudice the
civil and religious rights
of existing non-Jewish
communities in Palestine,
or the rights and political
status enjoyed by Jews in
any other country."
101
Instructions
 1. Write summary
 2. Finish TAKS WWI
 3. Complete timeline of WWI
– 10 events
– Chronological
– Illustrated
– Color
– Inc. dates
 Extra Credit
– Create a WWI Propaganda poster
102
103
Get out a piece of paper
 1. What was the treaty that ended WW I?
 2. What was the “Great Migration”?
 3. Americans were encouraged to plant
_____.
 4. Why did Russia withdraw from WW I?
 5. What brings the US into WW I?
104
105
106
107
108