Chapter 7 Cellular Structure and Function
Section 1: Cell Discovery and Theory
Section 2: The Plasma Membrane
Section 3: Structures and Organelles
Section 4: Cellular Transport
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Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
The Cell Theory
 All organisms are composed of one or
more cells.
 The cell is the basic unit of structure and
organization of organisms.
 All cells come from preexisting cells.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Light Microscopes
 Utilizes a series of
glass lenses and
visible light to
magnify an image
 Magnifies images
up to 1,000 times
the actual size
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Electron Microscopes
 Utilizes magnets to aim a beam of electrons at
a cell to produce
an image
 Magnifies
images up to
500,000 times
the actual size
9560x
Microscopy Links http://biologygmh.com/
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Prokaryotic Cell
 Simple structure
 Contains a plasma
membrane
 Does not contain
membrane-bound
organelles
11,000x
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Cell Discovery and Theory
Eukaryotic Cell
 More complex
structure
 Contains a plasma
membrane
 Contains membranebound organelles
400x
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
 Thin, flexible boundary between the cell
and its environment
 Allows nutrients into the cell
 Allows waste to leave the cell
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Selective Permeability
 The plasma membrane controls the movement of
substances into
and out of the cell.
Plasma Membrane
 Controls the amount of a
substance entering the cell
 Controls the amount of a
substance leaving the cell
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
 The plasma membrane is composed of the
phospholipid bilayer.
 A phospholipid molecule is composed of a glycerol
backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate
group.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
 The phospholipid
bilayer allows other
molecules to “float”
in the membrane.
Other Components
 Proteins
 Cholesterol
 Carbohydrates
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Proteins
 Transmit signals inside the cell
 Act as a support structure
 Provide pathways for substances to enter and leave
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Cholesterol
 Prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 The Plasma Membrane
Carbohydrates
 Identify chemical signals
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Plant and Animal Cell Structures
Animal Cell
Visualizing Plant
and Animal Cell
Structures
Plant Cell
Cellular Pursuit
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Structures and Organelles
Cilia
 Short, numerous
projections that look
like hairs
400x
Flagella
 Longer and less
numerous than cilia
 Create movement
with a whiplike motion
26,367x
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Passive Transport
 Movement of particles across the cell
membrane without using energy
Three Modes of Passive Transport
 Diffusion
 Facilitated Diffusion
 Osmosis
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Diffusion
 Movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration
Initial Conditions
Diffusion
Low
High
High
Low
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
 Diffusion is controlled by
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Concentration
Dynamic Equilibrium
 Reached when diffusion of material into the
cell equals diffusion of material out of the cell
 Molecules continue to move, but the overall
concentration remains the same.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Diffusion in a Cell
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Facilitated Diffusion
 Movement of materials across the plasma
membrane using proteins
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Channel Proteins
Carrier Proteins
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Osmosis
 Diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
Three Types of Solutions
 Isotonic
 Hypotonic
 Hypertonic
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Isotonic Solution
 Water and dissolved substances diffuse into
and out of the cell at the same rate.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
11,397x
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Hypotonic Solution
 Solute concentration is higher inside the cell.
 Water diffuses into the cell.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
13,000x
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Hypertonic Solution
 Solute concentration is higher outside the cell.
 Water diffuses out of the cell.
Plant Cell
Blood Cell
13,000x
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Active Transport
 Movement of particles across the cell
membrane using energy
Active Transport Using Carrier Proteins
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Types of Active Transport Pumps
 Na+/K+ ATPase pump
 Moves three Na+ ions out of the cell and
two K+ ions into the cell
SodiumPotassium
Pump
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Cellular Transport
Endocytosis
 Process by which the
cell surrounds and takes
particles into the cell
Exocytosis
 Secretion of material out
of the plasma membrane
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
If you wanted to see a three-dimensional
image of DNA from a live specimen, which
type of microscope would you use?
A. scanning electron microscope
B. transmission electron microscope
C. scanning tunneling microscope
D. simple light microscope
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which is not a part of the cell theory?
A. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
organization of all living things.
B. All living things are composed of one or
more cells.
C. Cells arise only from previously existing
cells.
D. Cells are produced spontaneously as an
organism grows.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Diagnostic
Questions
Which cell organelles are directly involved with
the production of proteins?
A. ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus
B. cell membrane, lysosome, Golgi apparatus
C. nucleus, centriole, vacuole
D. endoplasmic reticulum, cilia, mitochondrion
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Formative
Questions
True or False
Robert Hooke and Anton van
Leeuwenhoek designed microscopes that
enabled them to see organelles within the
cells they observed.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Formative
Questions
Which type of electron microscope directs
electrons over the surface of a nonliving
specimen, producing a three-dimensional
image?
A. transmission electron microscope
B. scanning electron microscope
C. scanning tunneling electron microscope
D. atomic force microscope
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Formative
Questions
True or False
All cells, whether eukaryotic or prokaryotic,
have a plasma membrane.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.1 Formative
Questions
What feature of eukaryotic cells has enabled
them to develop more specific functions than
prokaryotic cells?
A. nucleus
B. organelles
C. genetic material (DNA)
D. larger cell size
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 Formative
Questions
Which term describes the function of proteins
found on the outer surface of the plasma
membrane?
A. identifiers
B. receptors
C. supporters
D. transporters
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 Formative
Questions
Which component of the plasma membrane
contributes to the fluidity of the plasma
membrane?
A. phospholipids
B. proteins
C. carbohydrates
D. cholesterol molecules
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.2 Formative
Questions
What is the function of carbohydrates that
stick out from the outer surface of the plasma
membrane?
A. They give the cell shape and enable it
to move.
B. They give the plasma membrane fluidity.
C. They help the cell identify chemical signals.
D. They hold the cell in place.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Formative
Questions
In prokaryotic cells, where does the conversion
of fuel particles into usable energy occur?
A. cytoplasm
B. DNA
C. mitochondria
D. ribosomes
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Formative
Questions
Which organelle is similar to the section of a
factory that organizes, boxes, and ships the
final product?
A. chloroplast
B. endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. mitochondrion
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.3 Formative
Questions
In which structure is light energy captured and
converted to chemical energy?
A. chloroplast
B. lysosome
C. nucleus
D. vacuole
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Formative
Questions
Which type of cellular transport does not
require an input of energy?
A. active transport
B. endocytosis
C. exocytosis
D. facilitated diffusion
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Formative
Questions
How does osmosis occur between the
two solutions separated by the selectively
permeable membrane?
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Formative
Questions
A. Sugar moves to the left.
B. Sugar moves to the right.
C. Water moves to the left.
D. Water moves to the right.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
7.4 Formative
Questions
Which diagram shows a cell in a hypotonic
solution?
A.
B.
C.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
Answer: Plant cells have both cell walls and
chloroplasts. Animal cells do not have
these structures. Only animal cells contain
lysosomes. Both plant and animal cells
have plasma membranes, a nucleus,
mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, a
nucleolus, ribosomes, and a cytoskeleton.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Assessment
Questions
Identify the structure represented by this image.
Answer: plasma membrane and phospholipid
bilayer
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Chapter Assessment
Questions
_______ is the net movement of particles from
an area where there are many particles of the
substance to an area where there are fewer
particles of the substance.
A. Diffusion
B. Endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
D. Equilibrium
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
What is the magnification of a compound light
microscope that uses a 10X lens in series with
a 25X lens?
A. 2.5X
B. 25X
C. 35X
D. 250X
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
What part of the plasma membrane makes it
difficult for water-soluble substances to move
freely into and out of the cell?
A. membrane proteins
B. transport proteins
C. the nonpolar tails in the middle of the
plasma membrane
D. the polar heads facing the inside and
outside of the cell
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
Muscle cells require a great amount of energy.
Which would you expect to find in large
numbers in muscle cells?
A. centrioles
B. endoplasmic reticulum
C. mitochondria
D. ribosomes
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
In what type of cell would you most likely
expect to find numerous lysosomes?
A. a plant cell that stores food, enzymes,
or other materials
B. a plant cell that uses light energy for
photosynthesis
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
In what type of cell would you most likely
expect to find numerous lysosomes?
C. a single-celled organism that moves
around its environment
D. a white blood cell that digests bacteria
and viruses
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
Why are the carrier proteins that move
substances across a plasma membrane
from a region of higher concentration to
a region of lower concentration called
pumps?
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Standardized Test
Practice
A. They require energy to move substances
against a concentration gradient.
B. They open and close to allow substances
to diffuse across the plasma membrane.
C. They help with the osmosis of water
through the plasma membrane.
D. They pump water into the cell, causing
the pressure within the cell to increase.
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Image Bank
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Image Bank
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Vocabulary
Section 1
cell
cell theory
plasma membrane
prokaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell
organelle
nucleus
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Vocabulary
Section 2
selective permeability
phospholipid bilayer
transport protein
fluid mosaic model
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Vocabulary
Section 3
cytoplasm
lysosome
cytoskeleton
centriole
ribosome
mitochondrion
nucleolus
chloroplast
endoplasmic
cell wall
reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
vacuole
cilium
flagellum
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Vocabulary
Section 4
diffusion
active transport
dynamic equilibrium
endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
exocytosis
osmosis
isotonic solution
hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
Chapter 7
Cellular Structure and Function
Animation
 Plasma Membrane
 Visualizing Plant and Animal Cell
Structures
 Diffusion, Channel Proteins, and Carrier
Proteins
 Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic
Solutions
 Sodium-Potassium Pump