EOC Review
World/U.S. II
13th Amendment – Slavery abolished
14th Amendment – All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens of the U.S.
- No state can deny citizenship without “due process of law” or “equal protection of the laws”
15th Amendment – The rights of citizens of the U.S. to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
U.S. or any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Reconstruction: Defeated Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union under
control of Congress’ Radical Republicans. Presence of federal troops and Northern “carpetbaggers”
who took over state & local govt’s humiliated and angered supporters of the old Confederacy.
Radical Republicans: A faction of anti-slavery Congressional Republicans who opposed Lincoln’s
plan to re-unite North and South as too lenient on the rebellious South. Following Lincoln's
assassination, these Northern Republicans clashed openly with President Andrew Johnson’s
Reconstruction policies, ultimately voting to impeach the president. Radical Republicans’ goals
included support of African-American rights and punishing rebellious Southerners.
Freedmen’s Bureau: A federal agency formed in 1865 to aid and protect newly freed blacks in the
South. It opened free schools/colleges, educating many African-Americans. Although successful in
some goals, it failed to provide land for the freedmen. The Bureau encouraged former slaves to
work on plantations, many ended up as sharecroppers and tenant farmers, barely better than before.
Compromise of 1877: To resolve the ‘76 Presidential election, white southern Democrats agreed to
throw the presidency to Rep. Rutherford B. Hayes in return for the removal of federal troops from
the old Confederacy. This compromise cost popular-vote winner Dem. Samuel Tilden the election.
Ku Klux Klan: White group that formed in response to the North’s presence in the defeated South,
and intimidated former slaves and others sympathetic to the goals of Reconstruction. Members
used violence to drive blacks off their land and to suppress black voting.
Jim Crow was a systematic separation - segregation - of the races and the return of white control
in the South after Reconstruction, and included laws, social customs, and political and economic
systems intended to reinstitute and maintain white supremacy.
Disenfranchisement was the denial of voting rights to African Americans through the poll tax,
literacy test, and grandfather clause.
Sharecropping and the crop lien system were used to create a peonage system, in which African
Americans worked on land owned by whites and were paid from the crop produced, but typically
they were cheated out of their full wages and had little opportunity for economic advancement.
Plessy v. Ferguson was the 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that announced the principle of
"separate but equal" in holding that segregation in public transportation did not violate the 14th
Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the law, thereby validating Jim Crow.
Lynching involved the beating, torture, mutilation, hanging and/or burning of blacks by white mobs
for alleged criminal acts or violations of Jim Crow social customs, and was a public spectacle
associated with terrorism and the KKK.
EOC Review
World/U.S. II
Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B. Du Bois were two prominent African American leaders with
different views on how blacks should respond to Jim Crow.
- Washington advocated that blacks should focus on learning a trade, skill, or occupation that
would make them valuable to the southern economy, and that through hard work and
economic power blacks would eventually realize their civil rights.
- Du Bois criticized Washington for failing to stand up for the civil rights of blacks, as he
believed that only through education and political activity could blacks achieve equal status
as whites, and escape the oppression of Jim Crow.
Manifest Destiny: The belief that Americans were destined by God to expand from coast to coast.
This concept was used as a justification for westward expansion.
Homestead Act of 1862: This law sold cheap federal land to settlers in exchange for promises to
stay on the land and improve it. Laws like this were crucial in the settlement of the West.
Transcontinental Railroad: The first railroad that connected the Midwest with the far west, ran
from Omaha, NE to Sacramento, CA. The railroad was critical in the settlement of the West.
Dawes Severalty Act of 1877: This act was designed to assimilate the Indians into "civilized"
American life. The act dissolved Indian tribes as legal entities and dispersed tribal lands to
individual Indian settlers who were encouraged to farm and improve the land. The act represents a
major blow to Indian sovereignty and culture and would remain official policy until 1934.
Turner Thesis: An argument from historian Frederick Jackson Turner that the settlement of the
West spread democracy and fundamentally shaped the development of America.
Gilded Age - The time period after the Civil War/Reconstruction when the U.S. economy rapidly
expanded. Known for the development of national transportation and communication networks, as
well as the growth of big corporations and a gap between wealthy business titans and working poor.
Vertical integration - An economic model in the Gilded Age in which one company owns all
stages of production for a certain product.
- Andrew Carnegie's U.S. Steel Company. His vertical integration brought together the mines
that supplied the coal, the mines where iron ore was extracted, the ships that transported the
ore and the factories that produced the steel.
Horizontal integration - An economic model in the Gilded Age in which one company owns a
majority of one aspect of production or controls the sale of a product in numerous markets.
- John Rockefeller's Standard Oil. His horizontal integration brought together a large number of
oil refineries across the country, thus establishing a dominant control over the market.
Labor movement - the movement to organize workers against the business owners. The labor
movement increased the number of unions, increased worker's pay, improved working conditions.
Progressive Era - the result of the problems of the Gilded Age. The Progressive movement was a
wide variety of people without a clear organizational structure or goal. They wanted to increase the
role of government in business and fought for labor unions, better lives for immigrants, less
corruption in government and / or voting rights for women.