1
Chapter 23
Class Notes BSC 2086 Fall 2010
The digestive system has two groups of organs: 1) the ___________________________, or
_____________________________ or GI tract that ____________________ and _______________________
food, and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, _____________________,
___________________________________, and large intestine;
2) ____________________________ digestive organs, that include: teeth, tongue,
_________________________ and digestive ________________________: salivary glands,
______________________ and ______________________________.
What are the 6 essential activities of Digestion?
(Slides 8 – 10) GI Tract Regulatory Mechanisms include: 1) ________________________ and
___________________________ that: respond to ___________________, changes in
_______________________ and __________, the presence of ____________________ and
_____________________ products of digestion. The mechanisms ________________________ that
_______________________ or _________________________ digestive glands, stimulate
________________________ muscle to ______________ and move __________________ contents.
2) __________________________ and ________________________ controls, where
______________________________________ plexuses initiate short-timed reflexes in response to stimuli in
the GI tract, and long lasting reflexes in response to stimuli in the GI tract involve the _______________ and
_________________________ nerves; _________________________ from cells in the stomach and small
intestine stimulate target cells in the same or different organs.
The Peritoneum is a serous membrane of abdominal cavity, the ______________________________
peritoneum is on the _________________ surface of digestive organs, and the _____________________
peritoneum lines the body wall.
(Slide 14) The __________________________ is a double layer of peritoneum that provides: routes for
__________________________, ___________________________________ and ____________________; it
holds organs __________________ and stores ___________________.
The ____________________________________ circulation drains nutrient-rich _____________________
from ________________________ organs and delivers it to the _________________ for processing.
What are the 4 Tunics of the Alimentary Canal?
2
The _______________________________ lines the Lumen. What are its functions?
What are the 3 sub-layers of the Mucosa?
(Slide 20) Epithelium layer has _____________________________ epithelium and ________________ __________________________ cells. Mucus ________________________ digestive organs from enzymes,
and eases food passage. The mucus epithelium may secrete ______________________ and
___________________________.
The ___________________________ is ________________________________________ tissue that
has ______________________________ for nourishment and absorption, and
_______________________________________ (part of MALT). The ___________________________
mucosae is smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa.
(Slide 22) The submucosa has what 5 things?
The ___________________________________ is responsible for __________________________ and
____________________________________ ; it has inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
____________________________________ and ____________________________ in some regions.
(Slide 26) The _____________________________________________ is the intrinsic nerve supply of the
alimentary canal, with the ______________________________________ plexus that regulates
________________________ and ______________________________ in the mucosa, and the
_____________________________________ nerve plexus that controls ______________________________.
The _______________________________________ linked to the ___________________ via afferent visceral
fibers. Long ______________________________________ fibers synapse with enteric plexuses.
Sympathetic impulses __________________________ secretion and motility;
________________________________ impulses _________________________ secretion and motility.
(Slide 33) What are 3 functions of the Tongue?
(Slide 34) Which 3 types of papillae of the tongue house taste buds?
(Slide 38) What are 4 functions of Saliva?
3
(Slide 42) _________________________ is 97–99.5% _____________________, slightly acidic solution that
contains what 9 things?
(Slide 43) What is Xerostomia?
(Slide 44) _______________________ deciduous teeth erupt (6–24 months of age), their roots are
___________________________ and teeth fall out at ___________________ years of age as
______________________________ teeth develop. There are ____________________ permanent teeth. All
except ________________ molars (wisdom teeth) erupt by the end of adolescence.
(Slides 49-51) The _______________________ of the tooth is the exposed part above the
___________________ (gum); it is covered by ______________________—the hardest substance in the body
and is made of calcium salts and ____________________________________crystals). The
____________________ portion is embedded in the jawbone, and is connected to crown by
___________________ of tooth. The ___________________________ is calcified connective tissue that
covers root and attaches it to the periodontal ligament Periodontal ligament forms a fibrous joint called a
___________________________. The _________________________ is a groove where gingiva borders the
tooth. The ___________________ is bonelike material under enamel that is maintained by
_______________________________of pulp cavity. The _____________________ cavity is surrounded by
dentin. The ___________________________ connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves Root canal: extends
from pulp cavity to the apical foramen of the root.
(Slide 53) Dental __________________ (cavities) are the gradual demineralization of enamel and dentin.
Dental __________________________ (sugar, bacteria, and debris) adheres to teeth, ________________ from
bacteria dissolves calcium salts, ____________________________ enzymes digest organic matter (e.g., your
gums and teeth). Prevention is ______________________________________________.
(Slide 54) Gingivitis is caused by _____________________ that calcifies to form calculus (tartar), which
disrupts the seal between the ________________________ and ___________________;
_________________________ bacteria infect gums, but infection reversible if ___________________ is
removed.
(Slide 55) What is periodontitis and what are the consequences?
4
Chapter 23 B
(Slide 2) What is the function of the Oropharynx and the Laryngopharynx?
(Slide 7) Describe the 4 Digestive processes that take place in the mouth:
(Slide 8) ______________________________ involves the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus, and
________________________ muscle groups. The _____________________ phase uses
_____________________ contraction of the tongue. The _______________________________ phase is
____________________________; its control center is in the _____________________ and lower
________________________.
(Slide 12) What process moves food through the esophagus to the stomach?
(Slides 13-14) What are 8 gross anatomy features of the stomach?
What is omentum (slide 17)?
(Slide 20) Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the stomach:
(Slide 22) What are the 3 layers of muscular externa of the stomach?
(Slide 23) What are two unique features of stomach mucosa?
(Slide 25) What are the 4 gastric gland types?
5
(Slide 27) What 2 things do Parietal Cells secrete?
What do Chief cells secrete? Describe the positive mechanism of Chief Cell secretion:
What 4 things do Enteroendocrine glands secrete?
(Slide 31) What causes gastritis? What causes peptic ulcers?
Describe the 5 digestive processes of the stomach:
(Slides 34-35) What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion?
(Slide 36) What 3 chemicals stimulate Parietal cells? What do anti-histamines do here?
(Slide 39) What is the rate of peristaltic waves?
(Slide 42) How long does fatty chime remain in the duodenum?
CONTINUE HERE…
(Slide 44) The _______________________ is the major organ of digestion and absorption; it is
___________________ long from ___________________ sphincter to ileocecal valve . Its subdivisions
include:
The bile duct and main pancreatic duct join at the _________________________________ ampulla (enlarged
area of duct), and enter the duodenum at the major duodenal ______________________ (bump on duodenum);
these are controlled by the hepatopancreatic ___________________________.
6
(Slide 49) What are 4 structural modifications of the small intestine and what is their function?
(Slide 50) What is a second function of circular folds?
What 2 types of cells are contained in the villus epithelium?
(Slide 53) Briefly describe microvilli:
(Slide 54) What 5 types of cells are contained in the intestinal crypts?
What is intestinal juice and what is its function?
What is the largest gland in the body?
The ____________________________ ligament separates the (larger) right and (smaller) left lobes, and
_________________________ the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall. The round ligament
is a remnant of the ____________________________ vein running along the free edge of the falciform
ligament.
(Slide 62) Briefly describe the hepatic, cystic and bile ducts:
(Slide 64) Briefly describe a liver lobule:
What 3 things are located in the portal triad of the liver?
What can be found in the hepatic sinusoids (Slide 66)?
(Slide 68) What are 4 functions of hepatocytes?
What are the 3 major ingredients of bile, and what is a function of bile salts?
What is a major function of the gall bladder?
7
Chapter 23 Part C
Briefly describe the Endocrine and Exocrine Functions of the Pancreas:
What are 4 enzymes contained in pancreatic juice? Which enzyme is secreted from pancreas in its inactive
form?
(Slide 6) Protease activation in duodenum: _______________________________ is activated to trypsin by
brush border enzyme __________________________________;
______________________________________ and ________________________________________ are
activated by _________________________.
(Slide 8) What stimulates bile secretion?
(Slide 9) Gallbladder contraction is stimulated by _______________________________________________
from intestinal cells exposed to ___________________ and _____________________ in chyme.
(Slide18) Chyme contains what 3 things?
(Slide 19) What are 3 requirements for digestion and absorption in the small intestine?
(Slide 22) What chemical initiates peristalsis?
(Slide 26) Describe 3 unique features of the large intestine:
What are 4 regions of the large intestine?
(Slide 35) What are 2 positive contributions of intestinal flora?
(Slide 36) What are 2 main functions of the large intestine?
(Slide 41) What are 3 types of chemical digestion?
(Slide 42) What are 7 enzymes that digest carbohydrates?
8
(Slide 43) What are 2 ways carbohydrates are absorbed?
(Slide 45) What 7 enzymes digest proteins?
(Slide 45) How are amino acids absorbed?
(Slide 48) What are the 2 steps for digesting lipids?
(Slide 49) Describe the steps involved with the absorption of monoglycerides and fatty acids:
(Slide 52) How are nucleic acids digested and absorbed?
(Slide 54) How are vitamins absorbed?
(Slide 59) What is celiac disease and how is it treated?