Anatomy of the cell and cell
division
Exercise #3
Page: #25
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Dr. Alfonso A. Pino. MD.
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Introduction to cells
• Cells are very smallest living units in the human body.
• Cells diameter is only about 0.1 mm.
• Microscope were invented in the 17th century.
• Robert Hook created the term cell because they reminded him the
smalls rooms in a monastery or prison. It was in 1665.
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CELLS
• The human body contains trillions of cells.
• Cytology is the study of cellular structure that incorporated aspects of
biology, chemistry and physics.
• The human body has 2 general classes of cells.
• Sex cells (reproductive cells)
• Somatic cells (soma, body) they are all the other cells in the human
body.
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Cell and extracellular fluid
•
•
•
•
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Extracellular fluid is the watery medium
that surrounds the cell.
It is also called interstitial fluid.
Interstitial means something standing
between.
Cytoplasm includes all the cell content.
The cytoplasm has 2 components:
1- cytosol (liquid).
2- organelles (intracellular structures).
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•
•
•
Cell membrane: isolation, protection,
sensitivity, support,
entrance & exits.
Cytosol: Distributes material by diffusion.
•
Non membranous organelles
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•
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Cilia: movement of materials over the cell
surface
Microvilli: increase surface area for
absorption
Centrosome: movement of chromosomes
during cell division; organization of
microtubules and cytoskeleton.
Ribosomes: protein synthesis.
Proteasomes: breakdown and recycling of
damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins.
•
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Membranous organelles
• Mitochondria: Produce 95% of ATP
(energy)
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough (ER): modification and
packaging of proteins.
• Smooth (SER): lipids and
carbohydrates synthesis.
• Golgy apparatus: storage , alteration
and packaging of secretory products
and lysosomal enzymes.
• Lysosomes: intracellular removal of
damaged organelles or pathogens.
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Membranous organelles
• Peroxisome: catabolism of fats;
neutralization of toxic compounds
• Nucleus: control of protein synthesis, cell
metabolism, storage & processing genetic
information.
• Nucleolus: site for rRNA synthesis &
assembly of
•
ribosomal
subunits
• Flagellum (only in sperm): movement of
the cell.
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Dr. Alfonso A. Pino. MD.
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Golgy
Apparatus
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ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
(Martini, pg 65) table 1
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Cell membrane: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support,
entrance & exits
Nucleus: control of protein synthesis, storage &
processing genetic information
Cilia: movement of materials over the cell surface
Mitochondria: produce 95% of ATP (energy)
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: modification & packaging of
new synthesized proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum:lipids & carbohydrate
synthesis
Golgi apparatus:storage, alteration & packaging of
secretory products & lysosomal enzymes
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
(Martini, pg 65) table 1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lysosome: Intracellular removal of damaged organelles
& pathogens
Ribosome: protein synthesis
Flagella: cell movement (only in sperm) NOT IN TABLE
Centriole: movement of chromosomes, organization of
microtubules & cytoskeleton
Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption
Peroxisome: neutralization of toxic compounds
Nucleolus: site for rRNA synthesis & assembly of
ribosomal subunits
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CELL STRUCTURE AND MITOSIS
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MITOSIS:
It is the process of nuclear division of the cell
The DNA is separated into two separate but equal sets
Each cell has the same genetic makeup as all its predecessors
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CELL STRUCTURE AND MITOSIS
(Martini pg 97)
• Interphase
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4 stages of mitosis:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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INTERPHASE
STAGE
Early pr ophase
Late
pr ophase be
The
chromosomal
• The
material
chromosomal
cannot
material
seen
(prometaphase)
cannot
be seen
Spindle
Centriole
Mitosis begins
Duplicationfibers
of the
DNA occursof the DNA occurs
• Duplication
• During most of the cell cycle
During most of thethe
cell
cycle
cell is in interphase
cell
is inthe
interphase
INTERPHASE
Nucleus
Centrioles
(two pairs)
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Astral rays
ALFONSO A. PINO MD.
Chromosome
with two
sister chromatids
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PROPHASE
The 1st stage of Mitosis
INTERPHASE
STAGE
Early pr ophase
Late pr ophase
(prometaphase)
• The 1st Spindle
stage ofCentriole
Mitosis
Mitosis begins
fibers
Nuclear membrane disappear
• Nuclear membrane
disappear
Chromosomes become visible
• Chromosomes become
and the mitotic spindle begins to
visible and the mitotic
Centrioles
form
(two pairs)
Astral
rays
spindle
begins
to form Chromosome
with two
Nucleus
sister chromatids
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METAPHASE
STAGE
Metaphase
Chromosomal
microtubule
Metaphase
plate
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STAGE
STAGE
CYTOKINESIS
•When the spindle fibers are attached to the
Daughter
• allWhen
the spindle fibers
centromere
the chromosomes
and
chromosomes region of
arepulled
attached
the
chromosomes have been
intoto
the
same
centromere
region
of all
plane of the cell the metaphase
stage
is reached
the chromosomes and
Separation
Cleavage chromosomes have been
furrow
Daughter
pulled into the same
cells
plane of the cell the
metaphase stage is
reached
Anaphase
Telophase
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ANAPHASE
STAGE
Metaphase
Chromosomal
microtubule
Metaphase
plate
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STAGE
Anaphase
Daughter
chromosomes
STAGE
CYTOKINESIS
•Begins when the 2 daughter
when the 2
stands •of Begins
each chromosome
daughter
stands of each
separate and
are pulled
chromosome
towards opposite
ends separate
of the
and are pulled towards
cell
Separation
opposite
ends of the cell
Cleavage
furrow
Telophase
Daughter
cells
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TELOPHASE
Metaphase
ItSTAGE
is the last
stage STAGE
of MitosisAnaphase
Chromosomal
Daughter
The
2
sets
of
chromosomes
are
microtubule
• It is the
last
stage ofchromosomes
Mitosis
at
sides
of the cell, and
• opposite
The 2 sets
of chromosomes
theare
nuclear
membrane
at opposite
sideshas
of the
formed
cell, and the nuclear
membrane has formed
Metaphase
plate
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STAGE
Cleavage
furrow
Telophase
CYTOKINESIS
Separation
Daughter
cells
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CYTOKINESIS
STAGE
STAGE
•The cellChromosomal
divides into 2 new
Daughter
microtubule
•
The
cell
divides
chromosomes
cells. It happens while the
into is
2 new
cells.
nucleus
in telophase
It happens while
the nucleus is in
telophase
Metaphase
plate
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Metaphase
Anaphase
STAGE
Cleavage
furrow
Telophase
CYTOKINESIS
Separation
Daughter
cells
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REMEMBER!
GO TO THE TUTORING ROOM AND PRACTICE
WITH MODELS
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