Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires
AP World History II
The Ottoman Empire
• Ottomans gain ground in _______________________________ throughout the 1350’s
• 1453: Ottoman capture of Constantinople under the Ottoman sultan _____________________
• Ottomans were a major power in the ____________ World, the _______________, and around the
Black and ____________ ______________.
• Turkic _________________ quickly turns into a warrior __________________
• ______________________: infantry divisions which dominated the imperial armies
– Usually ____________________ as adolescents
– Controlled the artillery and _______________________
– Gained tremendous ________________ as time went on
•
•
•
•
Sultans were ________________ monarchs
Ottoman conquest usually meant effective ______________________ and ___________ relief
The grand _________________ (wazir) was the true head of “state.”
Political succession was ______________ and often contested however
– Sons often battled after the death of their ____________________
• Ottoman sultans worked tirelessly to improve the imperial capital of ______________________
(_____________)
• Saint Sophia was converted to a ______________
• Built the ____________________ mosque (below)
• What were some of the social features of life along the Bosporus?
• Explain the function of both the merchant and artisan classes.
• Was the Ottoman Empire plagued to decline?
• The empire did last into the 20th century, and lasted for over ____________ years!
• However, later ___________________ were less prepared to rule
– Increasing power to the viziers, and ___________________ corps.
– Ottoman defeat at the battle of _______________ against the combined Spanish and
______________________ fleet in 1571
– Ottomans were unable to push the Portuguese from the ___________________ Ocean in the
1500s
• Ottoman _____________ collectors lose critical __________________
• Influx of silver _______________ in the 16th century from the New World also destabilized the
Ottoman _____________________
• Ottomans did not overly concern themselves with developments in Europe, like
___________________ Revolutions, ___________________, and industrial advancements of the 171800’s.
• Ottomans fell behind in ________________ and ___________________ more than anything
• Janissaries block most modes of ___________________ in defense of their own power.
The Safavids
• Sunnis: recognized the __________________ of the first three successors to
_______________ (______________, Umar, and Uthman)
• Shi’a: recognized only the fourth ______________ (Ali…Mohammad’s cousin and son-in-
law)
– Ottomans: ______________
– __________________: Shi’a
• This ___________________ has gone on since the 7th century, and continues today!
• Sail al-Din (____________): with the __________________ collapse of the 14th Century, he
began a militant campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread ___________________
amongst Turkic tribes
• In 1501, ________________ led the Shi’a followers to victory in the city of
____________________, where he proclaimed ________________, or emperor.
• Variants in Islam led the Safavids to battle with the ____________________ by 1514.
• The Safavids were NOT as _______________ technologically advanced as the
__________________.
• The Safavids were sorely defeated at the Battle of ____________________.
• Isma’il was largely _______________________ after this defeat.
– Ottomans could not take __________________ (capital) because of distance from supply
lines
– Shi’aism would be confined to this area (_________________________________)
• Abbas I (r. 1587-1629), aka _______________________________________
– Empire reaches the height of its strength and ___________________
– Used “slave” regiments that mirrored the ____________________
– Built the army to _____,000
– Moved capital to ____________________
– Founded several ____________________
– Supported the ________________, architecture, etc.
• Shahs claim to be descended from ________________, or successors of ________
• _____________________ are local and mosque officials who were prayer leaders
• Shia’ism becomes an integral part of _____________________ identity
– Pressuring conversions of other ___________________
• _____________________ faced legal and social disadvantages
• After Abbas the Great (I), the ___________________ of the empire was rapid.
• Weak shahs which were supported by the “_______________” regiment were often the
culprit
– (although Abbas __________ from 1642-1666 was rather effective)
• By 1722 Isfahan was besieged by __________________ tribes
• Area becomes battleground for surrounding empires, and nomadic ________________ for
years
The Mughals
• _________________ founds the Mughal Dynasty through military conquest by
____________.
– Used _______________________ military tactics
– Was less motivated by ____________________ than the other Muslim Dynasties
– Establishes a dynasty that will expand and last for over ___________________ years!
• Babur dies at age ______ in _____________, and his son Humayan takes over.
– Disputes over __________________
– Exiled into ______________- land
– Returns to restore Mughal rule in __________, and is _________________
– Dies as a result of ________________- accident (!)
• Akbar (one of Humayan’s sons) takes over at age 13
– Imperiled by _________________
– One of the greatest _______________- in history
– Ruled at the same time as ____________ I, Philip of Spain, _________________ the
Magnificent, and ____________ I.
• Akbar (cont’d)
– Had a vision of _______________- ____________ under his rule
– Patronized the ___________– Pursued policies of _________________ and cooperation with _____________ princes
•
•
•
•
and the ______________- majority
• Encouraged _________________
• Abolished the _____________ head-tax
• Promoted Hindus to the highest ________________
• Ended a long-standing ban on the building of Hindu __________________
– Religious Tolerance was but a means to end _______________ divisions on the
subcontinent
• New faith: _____________________ which blended Hindu and Muslim elements
Akbar (cont’d)
– ____________- works
– Improved _______________
– ________________- regulation
– Encouraged widow’s to _________________ (not accepted in Hindu or Muslim society)
and children ______________- to marry
• Outlawed ____________
– His ______________ fight over who will be successor
– Din-i-Ilahi was ______________________
Mughal rule reaches its _______________ under the rule of Akbar’s sons…Jahangir (r. 16051627) and Shah Jahan (r.1627-1658).
– Delhi, Agra, and Lahore are ________________- centers
– Mughal _______________ was HUGE (with elephants!)
– __________________- amongst lower classes was rampant
– Lack of __________________ and training in Mughal armies
– Lagged behind the west in _____________ and the ___________________India was a trading post for the world, particularly exporting ____________________-, and
other goods imported from Asia
________________ and Shah _______________ are both known to be Patrons of the Arts…
– Building of the ________________________
– Blends _______________ and Hindu traditions
– Blends Islamic _________________ with Hindu __________________
“If there is paradise on earth-It is here…it is here.”
• Status of ________________-- was higher in the court of the ruler
– Wives of Jahangir and Shah Jahan increased power as their husbands lost themselves in
the ______________ and the vices
– Other women however, did _________- fare so well. Many of the reforms pushed by
Akbar were lost.
• Sati found its way back, _______________ women were shunned, burden of
_________________ returned
• Aurangzeb: Shah Jahan’s son
• Two goals:
– 1-extend Mughal control throughout the _________________
– 2-purify Islam and rid the subcontinent of _____________________
• The first of his goals (unification of all of India) was successful, but created lots of enemies,
and cost lots of ____________________
• While he led battles in the south, there were uprisings in the _______________-!
• Local leaders were growing more _________________-.
• The lack of an efficient ________________ and administration, and lack of attention being
paid to it, was causing the Dynasty to break apart!
• Religious policies weakened the internal _______________ and disrupted the social
_______________- from Akbar.
– Revival of ________________ violence (not ______________-, as Aurangzeb had hoped
for)
– Forbade the building of new _________________ (Hindu), reinstated the head tax on
Hindus.
– Development of ____________________ as an anti-Muslim force on the subcontinent
• Mughal Empire was under attack from all areas, and ultimately was too _______________ to
do anything about it.
• Decline of the Mughals leads to growing military and economic __________________- by
the Europeans (like, the ________________).