 Turn in the following items from your homework:
 Answers from video reading
 Keep your chapter 1 notes or reading guide. I will walk around and check them as you work
 Pick up the papers on the table
 Begin to work individually on the ½ sheet on the Jared
Diamond reading

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Characteristics of
o Simple tool use o o
Use of fire
Development of culture- system of beliefs to explain environment and social behavior

 Push Factor- Reasons people to move from the region they live in
 Examples: water source dries up, natural disaster, war, no economic opportunity, political repression
 Pull Factor- Attracts people to move to a certain place
 Examples: better farm land, better jobs, stable government

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Major developments- development of
Agriculture and cities
Why did Agriculture develop?
o o
Need- population increase from end of ice age meant people had to be more creative about finding food
Hunting yield declined with end of ice age

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Nomadic
Limited to what could be carried
Yields less food, no surplus
More variety in diet; healthier
Children spaced four years apart
Less disease from sparse populations and no domesticated animals
No formal government or social structure
Egalitarian- no social structure, gender inequality
Less development of technology

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Ability to settle in one place and focus on economic, political, and religious goals
Population increase
Domesticated animals could be used for food and clothing
Greater wealth led to specialization and in turn inventions
Note- hunting-andgathering people couldn’t compete and often died off from diseases from agricultural societies

 Began around 11,000 BCE
 Ability to farm and domesticate animals
 Had food surpluses which could be stored
 More dependent on crops, less biodiversity, less healthy
 Shorter birth interval
 Dense population
 More disease due to contact with domesticated animals
 Humans begin to claim territories and not share
 Eventually leads to cities

 Need for authority; governments, armies, laws
 Need for priests
 Specialization in jobs
 Writing
 Social stratification and social status
 Inequality between men and women
 Fewer people live the good life
 More technology
 Produced “civilizations”

Time
10,000 BCE
5,000 BCE
3,000 BCE
2,000 BCE
1,000 BCE
500 BCE
World Population
4 million
5 million
14 million
27 million
50 million
100 million

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Began in the Middle East about 4000
BCE
Metal tools allowed farmers to work more efficiently
Allowed for more specialization
Better weapons
Increased knowledge of metals and metalworking

• "society with enough economic surplus to form divisions of labor and social heirarchy"
• could have more complex political structure
• writing
• could have cities
• Civilizations really date only to 3500 BCE
• Characteristics of early civilizations o writing o o formal codes of law city planning o institutions for trade (incl. money)

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Middle East developed from scratch - did not imitate
Sumerians developed cuneiform (first known case of writing) made developments in math and science to better farm developed complex religious rituals and towers of worship called ziggurats politcal organization- city-state ruled by a king who claimed divine authority evolution of slavery region was difficult to defend and eventually succombed to the Akkadians and then the Babylonians
Babylonians extended the civilization and the famous King
Hammurabi introduced the first early code of law,
Hammurabi's code invasions of hunting and herding groups common

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• formed by 3000 BCE in northern Africa
Egypt able to maintain unified state because of location
Pharoah had immense power
Government directed economy more architecture- pyramids
While science and writing not as developed as in the Tigris-
Euphrates civilization, math and art more advanced

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2500 BCE along the Indus
River- Harrapa and
Mohenjo Daro developed distinctive writing and art some trading contacts with Mesopotamia architecture- houses had running water

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2500-2000 BCE developed in considerable isolation carefully organized state regulated flooding of the yellow river advanced technology elaborate intellectual life, including writing and astronomy
By 1500, Shang ruled the region

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2500s BCE- 400s CE
Not in a river valley
Exceptional wealth, technical efficiency
Artistic creativity
(colossal heads, jade carvings)
Little evidence of war/violence
Laid foundations for calendars, writing, systems, math

 900 BCE – 250 BCE
 Not in a river valley, but in a mountain and diffused over large area (pol. Organized)
 Had llama to help with food and transport
 Metallurgy, high quality textiles
 Religion spread to Mesoamerica
(jaguars, snakes, hawks, eagles)

architecture art wheel basic mathematics concepts divisions of time alphabets and writing