Chapter 16: LIFE AT THE
TURN OF THE CENTURY
U.S. HISTORY
Technology and City Life
• In 1870, only 25
American cities were
over 50,000.
• By 1890, 58 cities
were over 50,000
• By 1900, 4 out of 10
Americans lived in
cities.
• Boom in Technology
Skyscrapers
• Louis Sullivandesigned the
Wainwright Building
in St. Louis
• Daniel Burnhamdesigned the Flatiron
Building in New York
Wainwright Building
Flatiron Building
Electric Transit
• 1888- Richmond,
Virginia was the first
city to electrify its
transit system.
• Electric Streetcars
• Subways
Engineering and Urban Planning
• Frederick Law Olmsted led
the movement for planned
urban parks.
• Planned Central Park in
NYC
• Landscaped St. Louis,
Washington D.C., and
Boston.
Central Park
Chicago World’s Fair 1893
• Debut of the Ferris
Wheel
• Cream of Wheat
• Shredded Wheat
• Aunt Jemima Syrup
• Pabst Beer
• Juicy Fruit Gum
• White City Built by
Daniel Burnham
Ferris Wheel
Wright Brothers
• Orville and Wilbur
Wright- 1st flight
occurred in Kitty
Hawk, N Carolina on
December 17, 1903.
• Flight lasted 12
seconds and covered
120 feet.
• Air Travel is part of
our daily lives today.
George Eastman
• Introduced the Kodak
camera.
• Camera cost $25
including the film.
• Developed field of
photojournalism
• A novice could enjoy
the art of photography
Booker T. Washington (18561915)
• American educator,
leader, and author of the
African American
community.
• Born into slavery and
wrote an autobiography
Up From Slavery.
• Educated at what later
became Hampton
University.
• Established Tuskegee
University in Alabama.
Booker T. Washington
(continued)
• In 1895, delivered the Atlanta
Compromise.
• Encouraged businesses to hire
blacks rather than
immigrants.
• Supported segregation in
speech. Claiming that blacks
and whites could exist as
separate fingers of a hand.
• Whites supported speech, but
many black leaders opposed
Washington’s accommodation
philosophy.
W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
• African American civil rights
leader, sociologist, educator,
and historian.
• Wrote The Souls of Black
Folk
• Opposed Booker T.
Washington.
• Wanted full rights NOW!
• Born free in Massachusetts.
• Earned many degrees from
top institutions like Fisk and
Harvard.
• Taught at Penn and Clark
University.
W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)
• Founded NAACP in 1909.
• “The problem of the 20th
century will be the color line.”
• Niagara Movement- freedom
of speech, the recognition of the
highest and best human
training, full male suffrage.
• Moved to Ghana in the 1960’s
and died the night before
Martin Luther King’s March on
Washington.
Lynching Statistics
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
• Anti-lynching crusader,
suffragist, women’s rights
advocate, journalist and
public speaker.
• One of the founding
members of NAACP.
• Opposed Booker T.
Washington’s positions
and strategies.
Lynchings
Song: Strange Fruit
• Made famous by Billie
Holiday in 1939.
• Made the anthem of
the anti-lynching
crusade.
• Exposed the
contradictions of life
in the South.
Life under Jim Crow
Jim Crow Laws
• The name of the racial
caste system which
operated primarily in
southern and border
states between 1877
and the mid-1960s.
• African Americans
were relegated to the
status of second class
citizens.
Where did the name Jim Crow
come from?
• named after and African
American caricature “Jump
Jim Crow”
• “Come listen all you galls and
boys,
I'm going to sing a little song,
My name is Jim Crow.
Weel about and turn about and
do jis so,
Eb'ry time I weel about I jump
Jim Crow.”
• White man in black face would
do this dance.
• Used as a racial slur
Examples of Jim Crow Laws
• The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro,
Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void. Arizona
• No colored barber shall serve as a barber [to] white women or girls.
Georgia
• Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored
schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them.
North Carolina
• The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power,
and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger
his or her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails
to disclose his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith,
shall be the sole judges of his race. Virginia
Song: Black, Brown, and White
• Sung by blues singer
Big Bill Broonzy
• Recorded in 1951
• Tells the story of life
under the harsh laws
of Jim Crow
• Draws attention to the
inequities of society.
COLORED WATER FOUNTAIN
WHITES ONLY
TRAVEL DEPOTS
RESTROOM FOR WHITES IN FRONT>DINING ROOM FOR
BLACKS IN REAR
CARVER SCHOOL
DOUGLASS HIGH
White Palace
SEGREGATED THEATRE
TALLY-HO
HISTORY OF DOUGLASS
The school stands on land purchased by African
Americans and presented to the county school
board in 1940. Though the building was paid
for with public funds, the black community
raised money for furnishings, laboratory
equipment, and band instruments. Named for
Frederick Douglass, a former slave and
prominent abolitionist, the school operated as
the county's first and only black high school
from its opening in 1941 until the termination
of segregated education in 1968.
LOUDOUN COUNTY HISTORY
• 1875-1908: The following towns
draw their corporate limits to
exclude Negro sections: Hamilton
(1875), Lovettsville (1876),
Hillsboro (1880), Round Hill
(1900), and Purcellville (1908).
The Hamilton, Hillsboro, and
Round Hill corporate limits still
reflect those exclusions
LOUDOUN COUNTY HISTORY
1925: The average annual
salary for white teachers is
$836.10, for black teachers,
$358.12. Starting salaries are
$520 and $315. The yearly
cost to educate a white child is
$29.27, a black child, $9.81.
White School (1935 South
Carolina)
Colored/Black School (1935
South Carolina)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• Homer Plessy’s great
grandmother was black.
• Arrested for violating
Louisiana segregation
laws on railway cars.
• Supreme Court established
segregation to be legal.
• Declaring “separate but
equal” the law of the land.
What were poll taxes, literacy
tests, and grandfather clauses?
• Poll taxes- certain voters
would have to pay a fee to
vote (poor whites and
mostly blacks)
• Literacy test- blacks in
the South would have to
pass a test to vote.
• Grandfather clausegrandfather had to have
eligible to vote
What is America’s legacy of Jim Crow? Has
America recovered from segregation?(Please
explain!)
What was debt peonage?
• Landowners forced
Mexican farms to pay
off debts by working
on their land.
• Outlawed in the early
1900’s as a violation
of the 13th
Amendment.
DAWN OF MASS CULTURE
Who was William Randolph
Hearst?
• American newspaper
mogul.
• Sensational newspaper
stories in his
publication The New
York Journal
• Subject of the famous
movie Citizen Kane
Who was Joseph Pulitzer?
• Competitor of William
Randolph Hearst.
• Paper The New York
World
• Focus on human interest
and sensational news
stories.
• Established prestigious
Pulitzer Prize.
What was the Ashcan School?
• Portrayed daily life in
poor urban
neighborhoods.
• Capture the spontaneous
moments in life
• Illustrated the press of
Americanism
• Rebelled against the
storybook landscapes of
the past era
Who was Mark Twain?
• Leading realist
American author.
• Great sense of humor
• Most famous book:
The Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
What was rural free delivery?
• Allowed for people in
farm (rural) areas to
receive goods from the
cities.
• Exposed farmers to
material goods.
How did Americans spend their
leisure time?
• Amusement parks
(Coney Island)
• Baseball
• Boxing
• Tennis
• Bicycling
Baseball
Negro Baseball League
Boxing
Tennis
Tennis
Bicycling
What stores were available to
consumers?
• Montgomery Ward
• Sears
• Marshall Field
Department stores
Montgomery Ward
Marshall Field