Evolution Notes Chapters 15, 16 and 17 Evolution - _______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ I. Important Scientists Timeline A. Aristotle (400 BC) – ___________________________________________________________ B. Carl Linnaeus (1727) - _________________________________________________________ C. James Hutton (1785) - _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ D. Lamark (1809) – _____________________________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ E. Charles Lyell (1833) - _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ F. August Weismann (1850’s) - ____________________________________________________ G. Charles Darwin (1831)- ________________________________________________________ 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ *** Origin of Species by Natural Section Published in 1859 *** II. Evidence for Evolution A. Fossil Records – Fossils reveal the prehistoric existence of ___________ species. As a result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied. Fun Fact: __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ B. Comparative Anatomy – Comparing the structures of different organisms 1. Analogous Structure – Organisms have similar body part because they evolved in response to a similar ______________ challenges. Fun Fact: _____________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Homologous Structure - Body structures could resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a __________________ ancestor. 3. Vestigial Organs – An organ that was once useful in an animal’s evolutionary past, but now has no apparent or predictable function. Example: _________________________ C. Embryology – Reveals similar stages of development among related species. The similarities help establish ___________________________. Fun Fact: __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ D. Molecular Biology – By examining the __________________ sequences of DNA as well as the resulting amino acids and proteins from different species, scientists can infer that closely related species share ______________________ of sequences then species distantly related. Fun Fact: __________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ III. Natural Selection A. Natural Selection - The differences in survival and reproduction among individuals in a population due to environmental pressures. B. Darwin – Presented his theory for natural selection using the following arguments: 1. Resources are limited: (Example ___________________________________________) 2. Individuals Compete for Survival: ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Variation among Individuals: _______________________________________________ 4. Only the Fit Survive: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ C. During Darwin’s investigation he did not know about ___________ or _________. He was therefore, unable to explain two things: 1. ______________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________ D. Applying genetics to Darwin’s theory of Natural selection. How is genetic ________________ produced in a population? 1. Mutation: _____________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Gene Shuffling: _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ E. Natural selection can affect a population in three ways: 1. Direction Selection: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Stabilizing Selection: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Disruptive Selection: ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ IV. The Process of Speciation A. Speciation: The formation of a new species can occur when populations become reproductively isolated from each other. 1. Behavioral Isolation: ___________________________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________ 2. Geographic Isolation: ___________________________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________ 3. Temporal Isolation: _____________________________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________ B. Speciation in Darwin’s Finches 1. Founders Arrive: _______________________________________________________ 2. Separation of Populations: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Changes in the Gene Pool: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Reproductive Isolation: ___________________________________________________ 5. Continued Evolution: _____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ V. Patterns of Evolution A. Convergent Evolution: ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Example: B. Coevolution: _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Example: C. Punctuated Equilibrium: ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________