■Essential Question:
–What were the significant
individuals & accomplishments
of the Civil Rights movement?
■Warm-Up Question:
–Consider the 300 years
between 1650-1950; Identify
two continuities & two changes
regarding African-Americans
in the United States
African-Americans & Civil Rights:
Change Over Time Analysis
■Students will form groups of 3
■Each group will respond to prompts
regarding African-Americans
■Groups will earn points per correct
answer OR 0 points for any
incorrect answer each round
■The winning group earns a 105,
other groups earn 100, 95, 90, etc.
Turning Points in Black History
■Why is each year a “turning
point” for African-Americans
–1619
–1787
–1793
–1808
–1863
–1877
Turning Points in Black History
■1619—the introduction of the first
slaves in the American colonies
■1787—NW Ordinance banned
slavery in these territories
■1793—cotton gin accelerated the
spread of cotton & slave system
■1808: end of Atlantic slave trade
■1863: Emancipation Proclamation
■1877—the 2nd Corrupt Bargain
brought an end to Reconstruction
Key Events in Black History
■Identify effects of the
American Revolution on
slavery
Turning Points in Black History
■Inspired contradiction regarding
“liberty” against Britain vs. slavery
■Many slave owners “manumitted”
their slaves
■Many Northern states abolished
slavery by state constitution
■Numerous anti-slave societies
were formed (but remained a
minority voice until 1830s)
Key Events in Black History
■Identify slave uprisings in
American history
Turning Points in Black History
■Colonial:
–NY city uprising (1712) & the
Stono Rebellion in SC (1739)
■Antebellum:
–Gabriel Prosser in VA (1800) &
Denmark Vesey in SC (1822)
were foiled before they occurred
–Nat Turner in VA (1831) led the
bloodiest slave uprising ever
–John Brown in VA (1859)
became a Civil War martyr
Key Events in Black History
■Identify Supreme Court
cases that impacted
African-Americans
Turning Points in Black History
■Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)—
blacks are not citizens & declared
Missouri Comp unconstitutional
■Plessy v Ferguson (1896)—
segregation is constitutional when
“separate” facilities are “equal”
■Brown v Board of Edu (1954)—
overturned “separate but equal” in
American public schools
Key Events in Black History
■Identify events in which
slavery caused sectional
problems prior to the
Civil War
Turning Points in Black History
■ Constitution: no mention of slavery
until 1808 & the 3/5 compromise
■ Reform societies (Garrison) & parties
(Liberty & Free Soil)
■ Compromises of 1820 & 1850
■ Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 (pop sov)
■ Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
■ Literature: Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe)
& Impending Crisis of South (Helper)
■ John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry
■ Lincoln as Republican nominee (1860)
Key Events in Black History
■Name the Reconstruction
Amendments & what each
did for African-Americans
Turning Points in Black History
■13th Amendment ended slavery
■14th Amendment guaranteed
citizenship regardless race & the
protection against discrimination
■15th Amendment gave forbade
racial discrimination in voting
Key Events in Black History
■Identify specific ways
African-Americans were
protected by the federal
government during
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
Turning Points in Black History
■ Freedman’s Bureau (1865)
■ Civil Rights Acts (1866; 1875)
■ Andrew Johnson’s Plan (1865-1867)
forced states to ratify the 13th Amnd,
but did not protect black rights
■ 14th Amnd (proposed 1866; rat 1868)
■ Radical Republican Plan (1867-1877):
–Military districts with federal troops
–Required state guarantee of voting
–Force Acts reduced KKK intimidation
Key Events in Black History
■Identify ways in which
African-Americans were
discriminated against in the
Jim Crow era (1877-1954)
Turning Points in Black History
■ Economic: sharecropping, crop-lien,
racial hiring practices & pay scales
■ Political: de jour segregation laws in
schools & public facilities, poll taxes,
literacy tests, grandfather clauses,
dominance of Democratic Party in
South, segregation in military, AAA &
NRA New Deal initiatives allowed for
discrimination, no anti-lynching laws
■ Social: de facto segregation, race riots
due to Great Migration(s), white flight
in suburbs, lynching & intimidation
Key Events in Black History
■Name up to 3 civil rights
leaders of the Jim Crow era
(1877-1954) & their key idea
Turning Points in Black History
■ Booker T. Washington (Atlanta
Compromise)—accept discrimination
temporarily & focus on improvement
through hard work & accommodation
■ WEB DuBois—political action now via
the NAACP, “the Talented Tenth”
■ Marcus Garvey—black separatism &
economic self-dependence
■ A Philip Randolph—Pushed the
“Double V” campaign in WWII
Key Events in Black History
■Name 1 positive change
each president had on the
Civil Rights movement:
–F. Roosevelt
–H. Truman
–D. Eisenhower
–L. Johnson
Turning Points in Black History
■ FDR: ban on discriminatory hiring
during WWII (Fair Employ Prac Com)
■ Truman: desegregation of military
(Executive Order 9981)
■ Eisenhower: forcing integration at
Central High in Little Rock, Arkansas
(the “Little Rock Nine”)
■ LBJ: Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned
segregation & ended Jim Crow laws;
Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned
literacy tests & protected polls
Slavery in
American History
(1619-1865)
Slavery in American History
■In 1619, the 1st African slaves
were introduced in Jamestown
■By 1660, slave labor replaced
indentured servitude as the
primary colonial labor system:
–Northern domestic servants
–Chesapeake tobacco plantations
–Southern rice & indigo industries
■By 1720, the African slave
population became self-sustaining
Slavery in American History
■ The American Revolution in 1776
revealed the hypocrisy of slavery
–Nine states abolished slavery
–NW Ordinance (1787) of the
Articles of Confed banned slavery
–The Constitution ended the transAtlantic slave trade in 1808, but
did not abolish slavery
■ From 1800 to 1860, “King Cotton”
spread slavery as far West as Texas
Slavery in American History
■From 1820-1860, slavery became
a divisive issue in America:
–Sectional disputes (1820, 1850,
popular sovereignty, Dred Scott)
–Slave uprisings (Prosser, Vesey,
Nat Turner, & John Brown’s raid)
–Abolitionists led by William Lloyd
Garrison & Frederick Douglass
–Civil War & Emancipation Proc
The Failure of
Reconstruction &
the Rise of Jim Crow
(1865-1954)
The Failure of Reconstruction
■During Reconstruction, Radical
Republicans protected freedmen:
–13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments
offered blacks equal rights
–The Civil Rights Act of 1875
outlawed racial discrimination
–Freedman’s Bureau & KKK Act
protected blacks in the South
■The 1876 election of Hayes
brought an end to Reconstruction
The Jim Crow Era
■Jim Crow laws created by state
gov’ts legalized segregation:
–Poll taxes, literacy tests, &
grandfather
clauses
were
used
When segregation
exists
by law
it is calledblacks
de jour of
segregation
to deprive
voting rights
–Most blacks were sharecroppers
–KKK enforced racial inequality
■In 1896, the Supreme Court
declared “separate but equal” in
the Plessy v Ferguson case
The Jim Crow Era
■Civil rights leaders demanded
black equality in the Jim Crow era:
–In the 1890s, WEB DuBois &
Booker T Washington
–1909, NAACP was formed
–Marcus Garvey in 1910s
–Harlem Renaissance
■The New Deal & military
segregation in World Wars 1 & 2
promoted racial discrimination
The Jim Crow Era
■The 1940s brought some success:
–The Great Migration helped
break sharecropping in South
–In WW2, FDR created the Fair
Employment Practices
Commission
–A. Philip Randolph & “Double V”
–In 1947, Jackie Robinson was
the 1st black major league
baseball player
Civil Rights as a Political Issue
■Truman was the 1st president to
attempt to end racial discrimination
–Created a new commission on
Whenrights
segregation
exists
“choice,”
civil
in 1946
& by
called
for
it is called delaws
facto segregation
anti-lynching
–Truman’s lasting legacy was the
desegregation of the armed
forces in 1948
■But, white flight to suburbs & Jim
Crow laws left the U.S. segregated
“Ifof
weEmmitt
hadn't stopped
The Murder
Till to
drink a pop, it wouldn't
have
taken
that
long”
■ The need for black civil rights was
evidenced by the 1955 murder of
14 year old Emmitt Till in Mississippi
–While visiting relatives in the
South, Till was kidnapped &
lynched with barbed wire
–Two accused white men were
acquitted by an all-white jury in
just over 1 hour
■Essential Question:
–What were the significant
individuals & accomplishments
of the Civil Rights movement?
■Reading Quiz Ch 27C (994-1001)
The Modern Civil
Rights Movement
(1954-1965)
The Struggle Over Civil Rights
■The modern Civil Rights
movement began in 1954 with
Brownwaiting
v BOErooms
& ended with the
Separate
Separate
seats
on
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Separate & inferior schools trains & buses
–Blacks in the West & North had
Separate
phone booths
low-paying
jobs & faced
Separate
water
fountains
segregated neighborhoods
Separate hospitals
–The Deep South was a totally
segregated society due to Jim
Crow laws
Even “equal”
schools, if
Desegregating
the Schools
separate, inflict profound
■Schools became
the primary
psychological
damage to
black
children
target of early civil
rights
advocates in the 1950s
–The NAACP 1st targeted unfair
university graduate admissions
–Thurgood Marshall, a NAACP
lawyer, used the 14th Amend’t to
attack school segregation &
Plessy v Ferguson precedent
Desegregating the Schools
■The Supreme Court’s unanimous
decision
in Brown
v Board
of
But…Pupil
Placement
Laws
Thurgood
Marshall’s
allowed for
separate
schools
based
Education
(1954)
ruled
“separate
success
in Brown
made
on
“aptitude”
&
“morality”
him
the
famous
facilities are inherentlymost
unequal”
black lawyer in
–Called for desegregation
America;at
In 1967,by
LBJ
made him
“deliberate speed”
states
the 1st black justice to
–Border states complied
quickly
the Supreme Court
but the Deep South resisted—
by 1960 less than 1% of blacks
attended school with whites
Desegregating the Schools
■Eisenhower’s silence on Brown
sent a false message that he
supported segregation
–In 1957, Arkansas governor
called the Nat’l Guard to prevent
black students from enrolling in
Little Rock’s Central High
–Ike sent in the army to force
integration for the “Little Rock 9”
Integrating Central High School in
Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)
Governor
Orval
Faubus
The Beginnings of Black Activism
■Instead of waiting for the gov’t to
help, blacks pressed the issue
■Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
began after the Rosa Parks arrest
–Effective carpool system forced
buses to stop segregation
–Supreme Court ruled AL bus
segregation unconstitutional
–This success led to the rise of
MLK as a civil rights leader
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
■Rosa Parks arrest
■Carpool system
The Beginnings
of Black
Activism
“If cursed,
do not curse back.
If struck,
do“We
not strike
back,your
but evidence
love
will
match
capacity
to
endure
■MLK’s
popularity
led to the
and
goodwill
at
all
times”
suffering. We will meet your physical force
of will
the not
Southern
withformation
soul force. We
hate you, but we
will not
obey yourLeadership
evil laws. WeConference
will wear you
Christian
down by pure capacity to suffer.”
to directly attack segregation:
–MLK’s passionate oration
inspired blacks to support cause
–Peaceful resistance & appeal to
Christian love were the basis of
these resistance efforts
The Beginnings of Black Activism
■In 1960, students from NC A&T
led a sit-in at a segregated lunch
counter in Greensboro, NC:
Nonviolent
Protest
–Inspired similar sit-ins, wade-ins,
Legal Action
& kneel-ins across the South
Nonviolent
Protest
–Led to the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee
■SCLC & SNCC soon surpassed
the NAACP for leadership of the
civil rights movement
Greensboro
Sit-in
Tougaloo Sit-in
■NC A&T Woolwoth’s sit-in in 1960
Moving Slowly on Civil Rights
■Civil Rights leaders refused to
wait for the gov’t to respond:
–Congress of Racial Equality led
a freedom ride in 1961 to protest
segregated buses
–Activists attempted to break a
ban on black enrollment at Ole
Miss & University of Alabama
Freedom Rides, 1961
Alabama
University
of
Governor
George
Alabama
Wallace students
blocks
blackburn
students’
desegregation
entrance into
notice of
University
Alabama
Moving Slowly on Civil Rights
In ■JFK
1963, a campaigned
regional fieldIn for
1963,
Birmingham’s
civil
rights,
secretary for the NAACPSixteenth Street Baptist
but
his
fear
of
alienating
southern
named Medger Edvars Church was bombed,
Democrats
him 4toblack
retreat:
was murderedforcedkilling
girls
–JFK deferred to Congress &
In 1963, 35 black homes & churches were
sent
his
brother,
Attorney
Gen
firebombed & 20,000 people were
RFK, to
helpcivil
blacks
the South
arrested
during
rightsinprotests
–The Justice Dept helped with
voting rights lawsuits, but the
FBI could not protect civil rights
activists in the South
Birmingham Marches, 1963
■MLK forced JFK to openly support
the plight of African-Americans in
1963, via the Birmingham march
–Police commissioner “Bull”
Conner used brutal force to end
the protests & MLK was jailed
–Police brutality helped sway
public sentiment & allowed JFK
to begin civil rights legislation
Birmingham March, 1963
MLK’s Letter From Birmingham Jail
(1963) articulated the non-violent
protest of the civil rights movement
"I Have a Dream"
■In 1963, CORE, SCLC, NAACP, &
SNCC organized a March on
Washington to pressure the gov’t
to pass a civil rights act
■200,000 civil rights protesters
heard MLK give the “I Have a
Dream” speech for racial equality
■The Kennedy Administration
responded by laying framework
for a Civil Rights Act
Civil Rights under LBJ
■After JFK’s assassination, Lyndon
Johnson made civil rights a major
component of his presidency:
–In 1964, the 24th Amendment
was ratified banning poll taxes
–The Civil Rights Act of 1964
declared segregation in public
facilities illegal & officially ended
the majority of Jim Crow laws
Civil Rights under LBJ
■Civil rights groups were not
content & continued for equality:
–Freedom Summer in 1964 led to
the registration of thousands of
Mississippi blacks to vote
–The 1965 protest march from
Selma, Alabama to Montgomery
led to police violence; “Bloody
Sunday” shocked people in the
North more than any other event
Selma, Alabama (1965)
Civil Rights under LBJ
■After the Selma march, LBJ &
Congress passed the Voting
Rights Act (1965)
–Banned literacy tests & sent
federal voting officials into the
South to protect voters
–The act finally accomplished
what Radical Republicans had
envisioned when the 15th
Amend’t was enacted in 1870
Blacks became a voting force in Southern
politics for the 1st time since Reconstruction
Conclusions
■The Civil Rights movement of the
1950s & 1960s finally brought
black Americans political equality
–The fight for social & economic
equality saw a departure from
nonviolent protest to a more
radical movement in late 1960s
–Black civil rights success
inspired other groups to strive
for equality