Bellringer: 1/11 and 1/12
• Pick up the papers by the door.
• Turn in your Quiz Replacements for Greece (if
necessary) to the drawer in the back.
• Consider the following question and have an
answer ready for discussion:
▫ Which section of the Semester Test was the
most difficult in your opinion? Which was
the easiest? Why?
Table of Contents Update:
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•
•
•
•
•
Page 75: Rome Unit Glossary
Page 76: Notes: Roman Geo. And Origins
Page 77: Geography of Rome Packet
Page 78: Founding of Rome Reading Qs
Page 79: Planet Name Origins Chart
Page 80: Roman Gods and Planets Chart
Homework:
• Complete “Geography of Rome” packet for a HW
grade. (NOT Gods/Goddesses packet like it
states in the syllabus)
• Finish Greece Unit Projects! (due MONDAY 1/11
by 11:59 pm).
Agenda: 1/11 and 1/12
• 1. Bellringer: Semester Test Discussion
• 2. Notes: Roman Geography and Origins
• 3. Activities:
▫ Roman Geography Packet
▫ Rome’s Origins: Romulus and Remus Reading and
Reading Questions
▫ Roman Culture Worksheets (Planets, Roman
Numerals, Months of the Year)
• **If you finish early, you can begin your
homework (Roman Gods and Goddesses
Chart)**
Roman Geography and
Origins
Geography of Rome
Protection for
Rome and
Italy
• Rome built on
seven hills
• Alps
• Barrier to the
north
• Seas
• Barriers on
other three sides
• Poor harbors in
eastern Italy
• Little
interference
from cultures to
the east
Unification of
Italy under
Rome
• Rome centrally
located on
peninsula
• Good location
for capital city
• Apennine
Mountains run
north-south
• Not a barrier to
unification of
the peninsula
Farming and
Trade
• Fertile soil and
mild climate
• Good for
farming
• No need to
import
foodstuffs
• Central location
in Mediterranean
• Good for trade
• Launching point
for expansion
throughout
Mediterranean
region
Others Living in Italy
• Greek colonists
▫ Eastern portion of Sicily
▫ “Heel” and “toe” of Italy
• Carthaginian colonists
▫ Western portion of Sicily
• Gauls
▫ Between Alps and Po
River
The Etruscans
• Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory
– Numerous hypotheses
• Indigenous (first humans to live in region)
• Migrated from east, north, or south, circa 1000 BCE
• Lived north of Rome
– Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient
Etruria)
– Enemies of the Romans
• Taught the Romans:
– Arch in architecture, drainage and sewer-building,
phalanx military formation
The Latins
• Indo-European tribe from the north
• Circa 1200 BCE – Settled south of the Tiber
River in an area that came to be called Latium
• Latin League formed for protection
– Rome was the leading city in this league
• Legend of the founding of Rome in 753 BCE
– Twin brothers Romulus and Remus
•
•
•
•
Ordered drowned by uncle who wanted throne
Instead raised by a she-wolf
Grew up and killed their uncle
Romulus killed Remus in a fight over what to name
the city
Early Italians:
Greeks
• Colonies in Italy
• Romans borrowed their
mythology and some
cultural elements
Etruscan and Greek Influence
Keystone
Etruscan Arches:
Wedge shaped stones
with a central
keystone.
Etruscan Architecture:
Aqueducts, Bridges, Cuniculus (irrigation
ditch)
Etruscan Mysticism
• Mysticism: spirituality
• Etruscans believed that the Gods gave
them signs embedded in nature and that
they ended to appease the Gods.
• Diviners interpreted signs of the gods and
studied/read the organs of sacrificed
animals. They believed that the liver was
the seed of life because it contained the
most blood.
• Diviners would also read weather (hail,
rain, wind), lightning was seen as the
most revealing of the Sky Gods’
communications (it would indicate who
would win/lose a battle).
Etruscan Sporting Events
• Spectator sports were depicted in Etruscan tomb paintings:
- Wrestling, boxing
- Blindfolded man and dog fights
- Discus-throwing
- Climbing greased poles
- Gladiator combat (common practice for mourners to gather and watch
two male slaves of the deceased fight to the death, armed with small
shields and swords. The victor was congratulated and then executed.
Both bodies were cremated and buried along with their owners body.).
- Horse racing (from hunting)
- Chariot Racing (added to the idea of horse racing, b/c horse racing was
too violent for the Olympics)
• Elaborate games lasting many days were held in honor of the recently
deceased because the shedding of blood was thought to appease the
Gods and nourish the dead.
Greek Architecture: Columns
Greek Art
Pottery
Monuments built in greek
style
Sculptors and painters
used Greek art as a model
for their work.
Greek Mythology
Mostly same gods, different names
Roman Origins
• Circa 1000-509 BCE
• Earliest settlements on Palatine Hill
• 753 BCE – Legendary founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus
Roman Republic
• 509-31 BCE
• Etruscan kings overthrown under leadership of Lucius Junius Brutus, the traditional
founder of the Republic, in 509 BCE
• Republic = “thing of the people”
• Ended with Battle of Actium in 31 BCE
Roman Empire
• 31 BCE-476 CE
• Began with rule of Octavian
• End of Western Roman Empire traditionally dated to 476 CE, when last emperor, Romulus
Augustus, deposed
• Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire continued until conquered by the Turks in 1453
Geography and Origins Stations:
Station 1: Founding of Rome Legend
Station 2: Planets Name Chart
Station 3: Months Name Chart
Roman Republic Day 1
Government: Patricians and Plebeians
Patricians
• Nobles
• Controlled the government of the
Republic
• Executive power
• Two consuls elected for a oneyear term
• Elected by adult male patricians
• Legislature
• Senate – upper house
• About 300 patricians
• Served for life
• Controlled by about 12
families
• Assembly – lower house
• All free, adult males who could
afford weaponry
• All acts had to be approved by
the Senate
Plebeians
• Common people
• Few rights and little power
• Could not run for public office
• Could not marry into the nobility
(the patrician class)
• Little say in the creation of laws
• Continuously threatened to secede
from Rome and create their own
city
• Over the centuries, they were
granted more and more rights
Other Elected Roman Officials
Aediles ran city
(“local”) government.
Censors kept track of
citizen lists, and in later
years took charge of
public morality.
Praetors were in
charge of administering
justice.
Dictators, with
absolute power, were
elected by the Senate in
times of emergency to
rule for six months.
Quaesters were in
charge of Roman
finances.
The Plebeians Earn Greater Rights:
The Growth of Democracy in Rome
ASSEMBLY: Senate
could no longer veto
laws made by the
Assembly (the
“Comitia”).
INTERMARRIAGE:
Plebeians were given
the right to marry
patricians.
TRIBUNES: Right to
elect tribunes. These
were officials with veto
(“I forbid”) power over
the Senate.
PUBLIC OFFICES:
These were opened to
plebeians.
TWELVE TABLES:
Laws were written
down. This protected
plebeians from biased
patrician judges. 450
B.C.E.
From
Rome
• 509-265
B.C.E. to Italy
– Rome came to control all of Italy south of the Po River
• 386 B.C.E.
– Gauls from the north plundered and burned Rome
– Rome got rid of the Gauls by paying them a large
amount of gold
• Rome turned its direction from the Gauls and
conquered:
– The remaining Etruscans
– Its former allies in the Latin League
– Tribes in central Italy (such as the Samnites in 290
B.C.E.)
– Greeks in the south
Why was Rome so successful?
Infrastructure:
Well-built military
roads radiating
from Rome
Military ability
Strategy: Divide
and control
Treatment of
conquered peoples
Military Ability
• Great soldiers
• Well-trained
• All volunteers
• Few geographical
barriers on the Italian
peninsula
• Military roads radiated
from Rome
– Troops could be sent
quickly to quell unrest
in any area
– Dual purpose—roads
came to allow quick
and easy travel by tax
collectors, traders,
travelers, and officials
• Famous roads
– Appian Way
– Flaminian Way
– Valerian Way
• Public funds dedicated
to building and
maintaining the
Republic’s
infrastructure
Infrastructure
Strategy: Divide and Control
• Rome’s fear:
▫ That allies and colonies would unite against
Roman Rule
• Rome’s solution:
▫ Keep groups under Roman control disunited
• How it was done:
▫ Forbade alliances between them
▫ Separate privileges and treaties
Treatment of Conquered Peoples
• Conquered peoples were treated well
– Some received full Roman citizenship, including
suffrage
– Some controlled their own affairs but paid tribute
and gave soldiers to the Roman army
• Colonies
– Rome established colonies in conquered areas,
each protected by a garrison of Roman soldiers
– Republic encouraged intermarriage
• Led to the spread of Roman culture and language
(Latin)
Review
Questions
1. What are
the geographical barriers of the
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Italian peninsula?
Apart from the Latins, what other groups lived
in Italy?
According to tradition, who founded the Roman
Republic in 509 BCE?
Who were the patricians, and what rights did
they have?
Who were the plebeians, and what rights did
they have?
Why was Rome so successful?