Issues of Migration
UNIT 2: POPULATION & MIGRATION
LEARNING TARGETS
• Compare Jus Soli and Jus
Sanguinis
• Identify the four eras of
immigration to the U.S.
• Explain the four phases of
internal migration in the U.S.
• Define Centroid
• Explain intraregional migration
trends within the United States
• Discuss quotas and immigration
policy
• Identify major immigration
concerns in the United States
• Explain immigration concerns
outside of the U.S.
SESSION 7
Issues of Migration
• A score ranging between
85% and 100% is needed to
be the equivalent of a passing
grade for a new immigrant to
the country.
• Understand that beyond this
test (which is longer than the
sample provided), immigrants
must also partake in an
interview as well.
CLASS ACTIVITY
Naturalization Test
• Directions:
• Answer the 25 questions
provided
• Jus Soli (right of the territory)
• birthright citizenship (born on soil makes you a citizen) unique to a handful
of countries
• Jus Sanguinis (right of blood)
• your parents are citizens so are you
• Some countries will accept other blood relatives (i.e. grandparents, greatgrandparents, etc.)…i.e. Ireland, Israel, India, etc.
Defining Citizenship
Countries with Jus Soli
• Bulk of migrants coming to America in this time period came from the
British Isles (English, Scottish, Welsh and some Irish). Beginning in the
late 17th century slaves from Sub-Saharan African slaves became
the first forced migrants to the New World, with nearly half a million
brought to North America by the end of the 18th century.
Immigration Era: 1840-1890
• The majority of the migrants to the United States came from
Northern and Western Europe with the majority coming from Ireland
and Germany. Both groups of immigrants were escaping poor
economic conditions as well as political turmoil. By the end of the
period, over half a million Scandinavians also arrived in the United
States, as well as a large number of Chinese and Japanese
immigrants to the Pacific Coast.
American Immigration
Immigration Era : 1607-1840
• A sharp rise in migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe (through
the entry point of Ellis Island) to the U.S. escaping war and poverty.
Russians, Poles, Italians, Jews, Greeks and others from Central Europe
made up 2/3rd ‘s of all immigrants during this period. By the 1930’s,
however, immigration restriction and quota limits drastically cut the
number of immigrants arriving in the U.S.
Immigration Era: 1930-Present
• During the 30’s and 40’s immigration dropped drastically before a
new wave in the 1950’s. Three quarters of immigrants since the
1950’s have come from Asia (China, the Philippines, India, Vietnam
and the Middle East) and Latin America (primarily Mexico, Cuba
and Central America). Most came for economic reasons, but many
also faced political and religious oppression.
American Immigration
Immigration Era: 1890-1930
• America as a group of colonies
and as an early nation existed
between the Atlantic Ocean
and Appalachian Mountains
Regional Migration Patterns
Phase 1: Hugging the Coast
1607-1800
• Americans pushed west over
the Appalachians into the
interior of the country through
territorial acquisition with new
population centers around the
Great Lakes and California
Regional Migration Patterns
Phase 2: Manifest Destiny
1800-1865
• Post-Civil War, migration shifted
to northern industrial cities as
well as the Great Plains and the
West Coast, dispersing the
population throughout the
country.
Regional Migration Patterns
Phase 3: Industrial Era
1865-1940
• Americans have gradually
begun migrating from the
Midwest, Great Plains and
Northeast to the preferable
conditions of the New South and
Southwest.
Regional Migration Patterns
Phase 4: Sun Belt Migration
1940-Present
• All are top destinations for immigrants and for internal migration.
• These 4 have become political powerhouses. Three of four in Sun Belt.
• Centroid: Geographic center point or population weight balance
• In the U.S., much further West and South than it was at beginning of 20th
Century…Centroid currently in Missouri
Results of American Migration
• CA, TX, NY, FL – 4 most populous states.
Urban to Suburban
-Urbanization increased
from 5% in 1800 to 50%
by 1920 to 80% in 2010
- Suburbanization began
with the invention of the
automobile but greatly
increased in the 1950’s.
Counter-Urbanization
- In recent decades populations in cities and nearby suburbs have
begun moving back to more rural settings to escape the sprawl
American Intraregional Migration
Rural to Urban
What are the three essential questions of Human
Geography?
What is the difference between physical and human
geography? What field is created when they are
combined? What are the sub-fields of Human
Geography?
What are the theories of Environmental Determinism and
Possibillism? How do they differ? What theory has come
to replace possibilism? Which idea do you most agree
with?
Check for Understanding: Student Discussion
• Today global quota for the U.S. is
700,000
• Number of applicants far exceeds quotas
so Congress sets preferences for…
• Family Unification (typical wait for spouse is
5 yrs)
• Skilled workers/professionals (LDCs accuse
U.S. of brain drain, taking best and brightest)
• Diversity: No more than 7% of the quota from
one country
• Quotas do not apply to refugees – special
status
Controlling Immigration
• Quotas: a selective immigration policy
that limits the number of migrants entering
a country
• First established in 1921in the US
• Source: 58% emigrate from Mexico and the rest divided between
Latin American countries and others around the world
• Children: 1 million of the 11 million unauthorized immigrants are
children
• Duration: Nearly 70% have been in the U.S. for over 10 years
• Labor Force: Approximately 8 million unauthorized immigrants are
employed in mostly blue-collar jobs (construction, food service, etc.)
• Distribution: Largest populations in CA, NV, AZ, TX, CO, and FL
Unauthorized Immigration
• Total Numbers: Estimated around 11 million unauthorized
immigrants in the U.S.
American Immigration Debate
• Directions:
• Watch the immigration
episode of 30 Days and be
prepared to discuss
afterwards
VIDEO
http://vimeo.com/11155073
Workplace:
- Many Americans want more
effective border patrols…in
2010 390,000 unauthorized
immigrants were deported
- Most Americans recognize
that immigrants take jobs that
others don’t want and support
paths to legal citizenship
Concerns over
Unauthorized Immigration
Civil Rights:
- Americans favor allowing
law enforcement officials to
verify legal status of
immigrants, but worry about
civil rights violations
Local Initiatives:
- Most Americans view
enforcement of unauthorized
immigration as a federal
responsibility and oppose
local law enforcement
U.S. Immigration Concerns
Border Patrols:
U.S. Immigration Concerns
Europe: Internal immigration due to the
EU has brought many Eastern European
migrants to Western European countries
for jobs in construction and the service
sector. International migrants from
former colonies has changed the ethnic
homogeny in many countries causing
large amounts of resistance and racism
Australia: Dealing with an influx of
immigrants from China, India,
Southeast Asia and the Middle East
has led to a great deal of
resistance from some Australians
Concerns in Other MDC’s
Japan: Recently a spike in
immigration from Korea and China
has led to a rise in racism and
xenophobia in Japan
NEXT CLASS
TEST: UNIT 2