The Road to War: Renewed Conflict with England & France The Embargo of 1807 • When England & France resumed war in 1803 & violated U.S. neutrality, Jefferson approved the unpopular Embargo of 1807 • To enforce the embargo, Jefferson contradicted his principles of individual liberty & weak gov’t: –He mobilized the military to enforce the blockade –He declared regions of NY (near Canada) in a state of insurrection “NeverThe did aEmbargo prisoner, released of 1807from his feel such relief as Iproved shall on • Forchains, 15 months the embargo shaking off the shackles of power.”—TJ ineffective; Congress repealed the embargo in 1809 • Jefferson’s decision to not for a third The embargo gained no run political concessions from France or Britain term meant that these problems fell to his Buthand-picked it producedsuccessor, economic James hardship, Madison & political dissent in America smuggling, • In 1808, Madison was the elected president Congress repealed embargo just & the3Republicans maintained days after Jefferson left control office of the gov’t The Road to the War of 1812 …but presidency England eagerly • Madison The focus of Madison’s continued to seize awaited was foreign policy: U.S. ships reopening trade –In the Non-Intercourse Act with1809, England promised the U.S. would resume trade with England & France once U.S. France agreed to end all trade neutrality is respected restrictions (but never stopped seizing or impressing –In 1810,ships Congress replacedsailors) this with Macon’s Bill #2 offering exclusive trade to whichever nation 1st honored U.S. neutrality Which region would have supported athe Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed Madison eventually gave in & Americans in the West & declaration of war the most? War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution” South wanted war to gain asked Congress for a declaration Canada & Spanish of war Florida in June 1812 NE Federalists thought war withMost Britain as for a mistake: calls war centered on British they feared the U.S. could interference with U.S. trade rights. not defeat a war Rights” was a “FreeEngland Trade &&Sailors' would bankruptpopular the country battle cry By 1810, War Hawks in Congress, led by Henry Clay (KY) & John C. Calhoun (SC), demanded war with England The War of 1812 War The U.S. did not of fare1812 well against the better-trained troopsthe U.S. • Despite increased British patriotism, for more war: successful The was U.S. unprepared navy was a little but only because the bulk British – Congress refused to of raise taxesnavy was still fighting Napoleon in Europe – The army was small & state militias were inadequate – The government was incapable of directing a full-scale war • The U.S. goal for the war was to attack British Canada & force England to respect U.S. rights The American army under Andrew Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans (after a peace treaty was drawn up ending the war) The War of 1812 In 1814, the British British were turned back at Plattsburg on Lake The British attacked the undefended took the offensive in a Champlain & gave up their Canadian offensive Chesapeake & burned Washington, DC 3-pronged attack & laid siege to Baltimore Hartford Convention The War of 1812 In order to reduce southern is still going on!! • Federalists opposed the war by not control of Congress paying taxes or sending troops In order to break the Virginia • In 1814, Federalists met at the presidential dynasty Hartford Convention to discuss altering the U.S. Constitution to: –restrict Congress’ war powers –supported a one-term president –abolish the three-fifths clause • They discussed seceding from the USA if they did not get their way Treaty of Ghent • Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but did not address U.S. neutrality • Effects of ceded the War of 1812: Spain Florida to the USA –Ended all Indian-British alliances in western lands –Scared Spain into signing the AdamsOnis Treaty in 1819 –The lack of Federalist loyalty was the fatal blow to the party