America in 1800:
Society & Economy
Spain
controlled
the
most
territory
In 1800,
the USA
was
a new
& in North
North
America
in
1800
America with valuable cities like Mexico City,
weak nation sharing North America
New
St Louis,
& Los Angeles
with Orleans,
other European
powers
But, Spain’s hold on these
territories was slipping
British
wasthe
sparsely populated, but
Russia Canada
dominated
itsfur
control
over
the fur trade & Great Lakes
trade
in
Alaska
France
ruled
Haiti
&
gained
Louisiana
from
frustrated westward-bound Americans
Spain in 1801 during the Napoleonic Wars
From
1800
to 1810,
the 1800
U.S. had major
Intense
migration
to the
The
United
States
in
…and cities,
like Cincinnati
population
growth;
Grew by 2 million people
trans-Appalachian West
(after1790
Fallen
which
after
ledTimbers)
to new states
used the Mississippi & Ohio
Ohio Rivers
(1803) for trade
Kentucky
(1792)
Many western settlers were
concerned
that Spain
Tennessee
(1796)
controlled New Orleans
Cotton
quickly became
the dominant
The U.S.
Economy
in
1800
Southern crop of the 19th century
By 1810, 84% of
Americans
were
directly entrenched the
Cotton
production
involvedSouth’s
in agriculture
“need” for slaves &
expedited Northern industrialism
The Southern economy
was dominated by rice
& tobacco cultivation
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
in 1793 allowed for a
cotton boom in the South
ByEconomy
1800,economy
TheThe
U.S.
inwas
1800
Northern
more diverse
industrialization
than the South,was
butjust
most Americans were
beginning
in cultivating
America livestock & grains
involved in
By 1810, 84% of
Americans were directly
involved in agriculture
Boston, NY, Philadelphia
relied on international trade,
otherwise cities played a
marginal role (only 5% of
Samuel
Slaterlived
designed
cotton-spinning factories
Americans
in cities)
in NE; but most textiles were homemade
Jefferson as President
Jefferson as President
 Jefferson entered office after the
“revolution of 1800” with a clear
political ideology & goals:
 To reduce size & cost of gov’t &
However,
Jefferson
would
have
to
promote
republican
agrarianism
compromise many of his ideological
principles
To repeal to
key
policies
beFederalist
an effective
president
(Alien & Sedition Acts & John Adams’
midnight appointments of key
Federalist judges)
 To maintain international peace
Jeffersonian
Reforms
All federal revenue was generated
 Jefferson’s
priority
was
to
reduce
the
exclusively by shipping taxes
role of the national gov’t & return key
But…Jefferson
decisions
to theapproved
states of the creation
of
the
Army
Corps
of
Engineers
&
the
 Jefferson
worked
with
Congress
to
U.S. Military Academy at West Point
 Repeal all excise taxes
 Reduced the army by 50% & retired
most naval ships
 Eliminate all national debt
 Did not renew the charter of the BUS
(The bank will die in 1811)
Adams’ Midnight Appointments
 Before leaving office, John Adams
signed the Judiciary Act of 1801 creating
new federal courts which Adams filled
with loyal Federalists
Who will become one of the
most
influential Supreme
 These “midnight
appointments”
were
Court to
chief
ever!
an obvious attempt
filljustice
the courts
with partisan judges
 The most important Adams’
appointee was John Marshall as Chief
Justice of Supreme Court
Adams’ Midnight Appointments
Federalists claim that Marbury’s denial of his
 In 1802, Republicans
repealed
the
appointment
was a violation
Constitution
Judiciary Act of 1801 & abolished these
new federal courts
 William Marbury sued to the
Marshall
& the Court
Supreme
Court he
established
Supreme
because
was
thedenied
precedent
of Judicial Review: the
his appointment
Supreme Court has the authority to determine
 In Marbury v.of
Madison
(1803),actions
the constitutionality
Congressional
Marshall & the court ruled against
Marbury that Congress could deny
this appointment
The Louisiana Purchase
In 1801, France gained Louisiana
Spain &
seemed
ready
Thefrom
Constitution
was
vague on
whichtobranch
create
an empire
in Northnew
America
had
the authority
to purchase
lands
But, the Haitian revolution & cost
of European wars led Napoleon to
lose interest in America
Jefferson
In 1803, Jefferson negotiated with
abandoned “strict
France
to
buy
New
Orleans,
but
construction” to
buyNapoleon
Louisiana offered to sell all of
Louisiana for $15 million
The Louisiana
Purchase
& Lewis & Clark
The report
from the
Lewis
& William
Clark
were
expedition
reaffirmed
faith in
the future
the Meriwether
Lewis
& Clark
Expedition
commissioned
to explore
the Louisiana
territory
economic
prosperity
of the U.S.
Left St. Louis in May
1804 & reached the
Pacific in Nov 1805
Goal #1: Determine if the
Missouri River flowed to
the Pacific Ocean
Goal #2:
Collect data on
flora & fauna
Native American Resistance
 The Louisiana Purchase increased
tensions with Indians:
 Americans rejected coexistence with
Indians
 Tecumseh swayed the Shawnee &
other tribes to stop selling land & to
avoid contact with whites
 Jefferson hoped to “civilize” Indians
into yeoman farmers & planned for a
vast reservation west of the
Mississippi River
TheInBarbary
War (1801-1805)
1801, Jefferson
dispatched the U.S. fleet
toAfrican
“negotiate
cannon”
 The North
“Barbarythrough…a
states” demanded
tribute from
trade ships sailing in the Mediterranean Sea
A successful naval blockade led to peace treaty
& gained America international respect
Jefferson’s
Second Term
Jefferson’s Reelection
 Jefferson ended his 1st term as a very
popular president:
 He maintained internat’l peace with
England & France despite continued
denial of neutrality
 Reduced taxes for Americans
 Doubled the size of the U.S.
 In 1804, Jefferson was re-elected as
president & the Republicans took the
majority in Congress
Despite his electoral victory, serious
divisions divided Jefferson’s second
term as president
Division in the Republican Party
 The decline of the Federalists
The Jeffersonian & Quid factions
suspended
the
two-party
system:
became separate parties by 1824
 Led to Republican
dominance
in
National
Republicans
Jacksonians became
nationalParty
politicswere
fromabsorbed
1800-1820
into
the Democratic
the party
Whig Party
 But…without a clear
to
oppose, many Republicans began
attacking
Jefferson’s
policies
The
“Virginia
Dynasty”
Republicans
(Jefferson,
Madison,
 The Tertium
(“nothings”),
controlled
both Quids
Monroe) dominated the
houses
of Congress
criticized
Jefferson’s
betrayal
of
executive
branch
strict construction & sacrifice of
virtue to get results as president
The
Yazoo
Controversy
 Jefferson endured heavy criticism due to the Yazoo
Together
with
Marbury
v
Madison,
Land Fraud:
the Supreme Court defined itself as a
 Corrupt GA politicians sold 35 million acres of land to
legitimate
3rdlow
branch
insiders
at ridiculously
prices of gov’t
 Quids attacked Jefferson for allowing defrauded
individuals to keepThe
landscase
they bought
established
an
Again, Init’s
the v. Peck (1810),
Fletcher
the Supreme
Court allowed
important
precedent:
Marshall
Court to keep these lands
purchasers
Supreme Court can nullify any
unconstitutional state laws
The Slave Trade
 At the Philadelphia Convention, slavery
was tabled until 1808
 In Dec 1806, Jefferson urged Congress
to prepare a slave law:
 Southerners furiously argued against
any slavery legislation
 Congress passed a law that ended the
slave trade in 1808, but smugglers
were to be turned over to local
authorities
A war would
be too expensive
&
Renewed
Conflict
Overseas
destroy his plans for a small gov’t
In 1803, England & France resumed
The embargo hurt The embargo did not
their
war
&
violated
U.S.
neutrality
the NE economy hurt England or France
rights by seizing ships & impressing
Exports fell from $108 million in 1807
American
to justsailors:
$22 million in 1808
 Jefferson
declare &
war
Required refused
huge gov’ttooversight
an on
either England
Francesmuggling
expensive
army toor
suppress
 In
1807, Jefferson approved a very
unpopular embargo that
prohibited U.S. merchants from
trading with England or France
Conclusions
 During Jefferson’s two terms:
 The U.S. doubled in size, saw huge
population growth, & experienced
western expansion
 The role of government shrank
 The Jefferson presidency led to a
divisive, politically partisan era
 The U.S. grew closer to internat’l war
due to failed attempts at
reconciliation with Europe