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Reproduction
All species must reproduce or else
become extinct.
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Purpose of reproduction:
create new organisms to replace those lost.
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Species share a Common Gene Pool,
the different traits found in a species.
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Species can and do mate
producing fertile offspring.
 All
dogs can mate producing dogs. One species.
A
horse and a donkey can mate and produce a
mule.
 Mules
 Horse
are sterile so…...
and donkey are different species.
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Types of Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
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What is the man doing?
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Each piece of plant (cuttings) will
each grow into a new plant.
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Be Logical……
 How
will each plant compare?
 How
many parents were there?
 What
environment (changing/nonchanging) would be good when plants
could reproduce this way?
 Where
would new traits come from if a
plant always reproduced this way?
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Asexual Reproduction
 Single
parent.
 Offspring
genetic clones of parent.
 Good
in a stable environment.
 Good
when mates are scarce.
 Good
for isolated organisms.
 Mitosis
reproduction for single cell things.
 Change
comes from genetic mutation.
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Methods of Asexual reproduction
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Who can reproduce asexually?
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Prokaryotes, cite an example _________________
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Protista, cite an example _________________
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Fungi, cite an example _________________
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Plants, cite an example _________________
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Some Animals, cite an example _________________
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Asexual reproduction of the animal
Hydra by budding
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Binary Fission, splitting into two new
individuals
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Protists reproducing asexually.
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Regeneration, an animal is split and each
part replaces what is missing parts
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parthenogenesis
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Copperhead snakes eggs can develop without fertilization.
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Virgin Birth.
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Polar body acts as a sperm-joins with ova.
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Asexual Reproduction in Plants
+ Rhizomes, underground stems
Tubers, underground stems or roots
Bulbs
Runners
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Cuttings
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Sexual Reproduction.
+ Sexual Reproduction
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Be Logical……
 How
many parents are there?
 How
are the offspring similar to the parents?
 How
are the offspring different from the parents?
 Would
this be a good way to reproduce if the
environment was changing?

Why?
 Where
would new traits come from if an organism
only reproduced this way?
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Sexual Reproduction.
 Two
parents, male and female.
 Offspring
mixture of parent traits.
 Offspring
unique genetically.
 So,Good
in a changing environment.
 Requires
 Sex
male and female sex cells.
cells made by meiosis.
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Sex cells, ova and sperm
 Sexual
organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes.
 Humans
have 2 sets of 23 or a total of 46.
 How
many chromosomes should a human ova or
sperm have?
 Why?
 When
the ova and sperm fuse (fertilization) how
many chromosomes will the new cell (zygote) have?
 What
is the special cell division that makes sex cells
is called?
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Diploid or Haploid
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Sexual organisms have 2 sets of chromosomes. 2n diploid
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Humans have 2 sets of 23 or a total of 46.
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How many chromosomes should a human ova or sperm
have? 23, haploid
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Why? Fertilization returns the 2n condition, genetic
recombination
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When the ova and sperm fuse (fertilization) how many
chromosomes will the new cell (zygote) have? 46
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What is the special cell division that makes sex cells is
called? meiosis
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Meiosis, a special cell division that creates
sex cells/gametes.
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Meiosis
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How many cell divisions are there in Meiosis?
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How many cells are produced from a single cell that
undergoes meiosis?
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How are the chromosomes changed during crossing over?
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During 1st metaphase sister ________ line up in _______
line(s)
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After the first division a human cell will have _____
chromosomes.
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After the second division a human cell will have _____
chromosomes.
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Meiosis videos
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCLmR9-YY7o
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Gametogenesis
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In males a single cell produces 4 sperm
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Small, motile by flagella, little stored food (can live 2-3 days),
large numbers needed to allow a few to locate the ova.
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Only provides a single set of DNA to the new organism.
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In females a single cell produces 1 ova 3 polar bodies so all food
can be concentrated in a single egg. Polar bodies eliminate DNA.
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Larger size, contains a lot of food, all cell organelles for the new
individual.
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Quantity of stored food depends if organism develops inside or
outside the female. Ex. chicken egg 21 days of food needed to
develop a survivable chick. Human 5 – 9 days of food because
mother provides most food to embryo.
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Sperm, Ova and Polar Bodies
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Gametes, one set of chromosomes, n, haploid,
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External Fertilization
 Sperm
and ova fuse in the environment.
 Aquatic
organisms. (allows gametes to swim)
 Fish, Amphibians, ocean
invertebrates (coral,
clams, sessile organisms )
 Huge
number of Ova and Sperm must be produced
so a few can unite outside the female.
 Mates
(that produce sex cells) must be located.
 Little/none
 Most
parental care.
gametes and offspring do not survive.
+ Fish, Amphibians, aquatic organisms. Spawning
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External Development
 New
 Little
individual develops outside the female.
care, high mortality
 Ova
contains enough food for development to a
survivable state.
 If
embryo develops in water, wastes can diffuse
into surrounding water
 If
Ova develops in a shelled egg, wastes cannot
leave so they must be insoluble and are placed in a
storage structure.
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Internal Fertilization
 Ova
and sperm unite inside the female.
 Terrestrial
organisms.
 Evolution
of: female reproductive organs-vagina,
uterus, oviduct, so sperm can swim to ova. Male
organ penis allowing sperm to be placed in female
 Birds, Reptiles, Mammals
 Fewer
Ova and sperm required, less lost.
 Extensive
 Fewer
parental care possible.
offspring lost.
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Internal Development
 Offspring
develop inside the female.
 Born
well developed.
 High
parental cares
 Ova
contains little food for development.
 Placenta
is an exchange organ between mother and
embryo allows extensive, long term development
inside mother.
 Non-placental
mammals give birth to an under
developed embryo that attaches to mammary gland
inside a pouch to complete development. Kangaroo.
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Shelled Egg 4 membranes…. Function in birds
and reptiles, in a placental mammal.
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Yolk sac, food for embryo. becomes part of the umbilical
cord in placental mammals.
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Allantois, sac where the nitrogen waste uric acid is stored.
becomes part of the umbilical cord in placental mammals.
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Chorion a membrane just inside the shell where gasses are
exchanged, must remain moist. becomes the placenta in
some mammals.
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Amnion, water filled membrane holding embryo reduces
damage from impact has same function in placental
mammals.
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Human Reproduction
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Male reproductive system
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Functions the male reproductive
organs.
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Testes
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Scrotum
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Epididymis
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Vas deferens
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Prostrate
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Urethra
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Penis
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Urinary bladder
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Female reproductive system
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Functions the female reproductive
organs.
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Ovary
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Uterus
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Endometrium
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Oviduct
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Cervix
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Vagina
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Urethra
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Human Sex cells produced in the ovary
(female) and testes (male)
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Menstrual cycle, (estrous cycle in most
mammals)
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Purpose create mature ova and prepare uterus to support a
developing embryo.
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Organs involved
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Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland (brain)
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Ovary
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Follicles in ovary
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Uterus
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Hormones FSH, LH,, estrogen, progesterone, HCG
+ Menstrual cycle, preparing the body for
pregnancy and developing mature ova.
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FSH released from pituitary causes several immature follicles
to develop. Follicles, a group of cells that become the ova
and hormone producing cells.
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Follicles produce estrogen, thicken uterine lining.
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High estrogen levels indicate when ovum is mature.
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LH spike causes ovulation, release of ova. Remains of follicle,
(called the corpus luteum), produce progesterone.
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Progesterone completes uterine preparations and maintain
uterine lining throughout pregnancy, loss of progesterone
cause of miscarriage.
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Pregnancy, HCG is produced by embryo, and stimulates
corpus luteum to make progesterone. (Pregnancy test)
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Primary sex characteristics
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Physical characteristics present at birth that indicate an
organism is male or female.
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Human Males, testes, scrotum, penis.
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Females, ovaries, uterus, vagina
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Secondary sexual characteristics
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Physical characteristics that indicate an organism is capable
of producing offspring.
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Created by hormones.
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Males, deepening voice, beard, muscle development, upper
body skeleton, aggressive behaviors.
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Females, subcutaneous fat storage, breast development,
bones of pelvis widen allowing child birth, behaviors.
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Birth Control pill
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Describe the basic way a birth control work in preventing the
release of ova from the ovary.
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Birth control pills contain ________
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Which causes _________
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Which causes _________ etc.
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Hormonal control of sperm
production.
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FSH released from pituitary causes cells in the testes to
undergo meiosis producing sperm.
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LH released from pituitary causes other cells in the testes to
produce male hormones including testosterone..
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Human reproduction
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Ovulation
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Fertilization
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Implantation
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Development
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Growth, more cells
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Differentiation, different types of cells
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Morphogenesis, creation of shape
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Labor and Birth
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Hunan Fertilization and initial cleavage
divisions occur in oviduct produce blastula.
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Steps in Development
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After fertilization:
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1. Cell growth and division producing many cells. Then…..
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2. Differentiation. Cells arrange themselves into layers, outsideectoderm, inside-endoderm, a middle layer-mesoderm.
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Cells start to specialize. Then…
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Endoderm-produces digestive system, bladder, lung lining.
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Mesoderm-muscle, skeleton, circulatory, kidneys, reproductive,
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Ectoderm-brain, spinal cord, skin, nails.
3. Morphogenesis. The organism creates its shape.
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A human zygote (fertilized egg), two sets of
chromosomes, 2n, diploid
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Cell division, called cleavage, create more
identical cells, smaller with each division, more cells allows
cells to form layers then specialize.
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Implantation, the developing embryo attaches to the
uterus and receives nutrients and gets rid of wastes
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The Placenta,
a
structure composed of both mother and child
cells.
 Exchange
of oxygen to child and carbon dioxide
from child.
 Exchanges
 Hormones
nutrients to child and wastes from child.
from child detected in mother.
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Umbilical Cord,
carries blood to and from placenta to baby
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Development, 280 days
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Birth
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Amniocentesis
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Chorionic villi sampling