A supplementary guide
created by Jennifer Hunter
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Chemistry summed up in one definition is the
study of matter specifically the movement of
electrons.
 Matter is anything that has mass in the universe,
that is anything that takes up space.
▪ E.g. The clothes or jewelry you are wearing, or the apple
you had for lunch.
▪ Atoms are the building blocks of matter. They are
incredibly small and their structure is unique to different
elements.
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Since matter is anything that has mass it is
important to be able to measure mass.
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The Standard unit for measuring mass is the
Kilogram
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Matter is typically divided into 3 different
states.
Solids:
 Have a definite size and shape
▪ Atoms or molecules are close together
▪ Minimal Movement/vibration
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Liquids:
 Have a definite volume, but take the shape of
their container.
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Gases:
 Take both the shape and volume of their container
▪ Atoms/molecules are farthest apart with
▪ Lots of movement
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There are two major classifications Pure
Substances and Mixtures
Pure Substances
 Elements: made up of only one kind of atom
 Compounds: made up of two or more kinds of
atoms.
▪ Can only be separated by chemical means.
▪ Note: A molecule is a piece of a compound.
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Mixtures: combinations of two or more
substances that retains its own chemical
identity and its own properties.
 Heterogeneous mixtures: a combination of two or
more individual materials which keep their
original properties when mixed together
▪ E.g. Trail Mix
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Homogeneous Mixtures: Mixtures that have
the same appearance throughout.
 There are many examples of Homogeneous
mixtures including salt water and air.
▪ Note: Homogenous mixtures are also called solutions.
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Based on the size of its largest particles a
mixture can be classified as a solution, a
suspension, or a colloid.
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Solutions
 When substances dissolve and form a
homogeneous mixture.
 Cannot see particles
 E.g. Windshield wiper fluid, tap water, sugar water
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Suspensions
 A heterogeneous mixture that separate into
layers over time.
 E.g. Dust in the air or Italian salad dressing
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Colloids
 Mixture of particle size, but do not separate into
layers.
 E.g. Fog
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There are both physical and chemical
properties of matter
Physical Properties:
 Intensive- depend on the nature of the material
▪ Malleability- capability of being flattened or shaped into
thin sheets by pounding with a hammer.
▪ Ductility- capability of being drawn out into a thin wire
▪ Conductivity- the ability to transfer heat or electricity
▪ E.g. color, smell, luster, texture, crystalline
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Physical Properties
 Extensive- depend on the amount of material
▪ Mass
▪ Volume
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Physical Changes:
changes only the
appearance.
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The substance keeps
its other properties
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Dissolving
Centrifuging
Distillation
Boiling Point
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Evaporation
Filtration
Chromatography
Melting point
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Chemical Properties: the ability of a
substance to react with another substance or
decompose.
 E.g. corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity
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Chemical Changes: occur when atoms
rearrange to transform the original substance
into a different substance.
 E.g. A bike rusting
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Physical and Chemical changes in matter are
always accompanied by changes in energy.
 Changes in Kinetic, Potential, and Thermal energy
for an object will help to decide if the reaction is
either
▪ Exothermic- energy is released into the surrounding
through heat, light, or sound
▪ Endothermic- energy is absorbed by the object;
temperature decreases.
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Law of Conservation of Mass:
 Matter is neither created nor destroyed; it only
changes form.
 The total amount of matter in the universe
remains constant.
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Law of Conservation of Energy:
 Energy is neither created nor destroyed; it only
changes form.
 The total amount of energy in the universe
remains constant.
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Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy
 The sum of mass and energy is conserved
 Mass and energy can be changed from one to the
other
 The total cannot be increased or decreased
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