taxol
Obtained from Taxus brevifolia tree.(
bark of stem) .
‫شجرة القشاغ‬
Collected from USA on the pacific ocean.
the mature tree is 100 years
old.
The plant yield is very small 12 kg of bark
yield 0,5 gm of taxol.
It is active for solid tumours , leukemia
and melanoma cell line.
To over come the problem of the low
yield by conversion of the high yield of
the other compound ( 10deacetylbaccatin 111) in the European
species Taxus baccata into taxol .also by
tissue culture.
Taxol was marketed by Bristol
Myers Squibb for overian
cancer , breast cancer and non
small cell lung cancer
Mode of action: prevent the
mitotic spindle from being
broken down by stabilizing
microtubules bundles.
Docetaxel is more water
soluble drug from taxol
A-C 20 carbon atoms( aconit alkaloids),
The alkaloids of this group found mainly in
species of Aconitum and Delphenium. The
alkaloids are
aconiine and aconitine from the tuber of
Aconitum napellus
Aconite is known to be the most poisonous
plant, 10 gm can kill an adult
The drug was used in the treatment of
neuralgia, rheumatism, gout,
hypertension,anti-inflammatory,
antipyretic,analgesic and as local
anesthetic
Toxicity:
At the toxic doses the victim feels tingling in
the lips, the tongue, the throat, then the face
and limbs. Anguish, dizziness, myasthenic,
numbness, chills, rashes and diarrhea as well
as cardiac system alterations . death occurs by
respiratory arrest while the subject remains
fully consieous
Use in homeopathy
A sturdy person, who remains out in the cold dry air of
mid-winter, with thin clothing would be susceptible to
coming down with violent symtoms of cold/fever,
even before night. This is the category of patients
who are vigorous and have an active brain, vigorous
circulation and a strong heart. They usually come
down suddenly from violent exposure. Such people
can be treated with Aconite.
This is a short –acting remedy and its symptoms do
not last long. It is a violent poison in large doses. This
either destroys life or transfers its effects quite soon.
So, if the patient recovers, the recovery is not delayed
and no chronic diseases follow.
Used for sudden onset of infection, inflammatory
fevers restlessness and numbness. This remedy is
usually recommended for those who exhibit fear and
anxiety, especially after acute emotional trauma.
Aconitum napellus is often used for the common cold,
croup, fever, eye injuries and earache.
B-C-19 carbon atoms
-atisine and viatichine
These are less toxic than aconite
alkaloids
Monoterpene alkaloids
1-Gentianine: this alkaloid found in
Gentiana species
Pharmacolog;
CNS sedation
Hypotensive
Anti-inflammatory
Muscle relaxant
The plant is tonic
Imidazol group
Pilocarpine and isopilocarpine : which is
found in Pilocarpus jaborandi and P.
micrpphyllus leaves Fam. Rutaceae native to
South America.
The alkaloid is a peripheral stimulant of the
parasympathetic system. It is employed
topically as miotic in treatment of glaucoma
and internally as diaphoretic to induce
sweating and in treatment of nephritis
Tropolone alkaloids
1-colchicine “: obtained from colchicum
automenale corms and seeds family
Liliaceae.
The tuber has been used in the folkloric
medicine for suppression of gout. the seeds
contain 1-2% while the corm 0.6% of the
alkaloids
The alkaloid is used orally for treatment of
gout
Colchicines induce polyploidy ( multiplying
the number of chromosomes in other
plants to obtain larger flowers, pollen grains
and stomata and also increase the amount
of alkaloids)
Used for familial Mediterranean fever
Purine base alkaloids
The most important alkaloids in this group are
the alkaloids derived from xanthine nucleus (
oxidized purine) and these are
1-caffeine 2-theobromine 3- theophylline
Botanical origin
1-Cola nitida ( coat of seeds)
2-Thea senensis or Camelia senensis ( leaves)
fam. Theaceae: tea leaves contain more
caffeine than coffee
3-Coffea Arabica seeds: Rubiaceae
4-Guarana seeds
5-Theobroma cacoa seeds: Sterculaceae
Pharmacology:
1-CNS stimulant
2-smooth muscle relaxant
For cardiac edema and in angina pectoris