UNITED
NATIONS
HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE COORDINATION UNIT FOR SIERRA LEONE
SIERRA LEONE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT
Special Issue, 7 March 2000
IN THIS ISSUE:
INTRODUCTION
1.OVERVIEW – POLITICAL, SECURITY AND HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT
 Gaining Humanitarian Access: A continuing Challenge
 The DDR Factor
 The UNAMSIL Factor
2. THE PEACE PROCESS- Is time running out? – A humanitarian perspective
3. CRITICAL AREAS OF NEED
 Rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities
 Rehabilitation and support to the health sector
 Rehabilitation of Educational infrastructure and provision of learning materials Agricultural support
in the northern and eastern regions, particularly Tonkolili and Bombali districts
 Close monitoring of food security situation especially in rural areas
 Reinforcement of bridges and arterial routes prior to rains
 Close monitoring of refugee and IDP returnees
 Increase support to the DDR Process to facilitate access.
4. BUILDING BLOCKS – A case for continued constructive engagement
 A vibrant civil society
 A more dynamic GOSL leadership in coordination of assistance programmes
 The DDR Programme – A more integrated system
 International/Regional Support – Sustained interest
5. MOVING TOWARDS A COMMON VISION – The way forward
6. SECTORAL HIGHLIGHTS – February 2000
 100 Days of Disarmament and Demobilization
 Resettlement and Reintegration
 Agriculture
 Health and Nutrition
 Refugees – UNHCR monitors spontaneous Returns
 Logistics
 Water and Sanitation
 Child Protection
 Food Aid
 Education
 Socio-economic
 Trends in IDP Movements
 Human Rights
13 Walpole Street, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Tel: +232 22 227759/227764, Fax: 228720, E-mail: Chief.hacu@sierratel.sl/aeziaki@hotmail.com
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Introduction
This review period marks the seventh month of the Lome Peace Agreement, which was signed on 7 July 1999.
While some progress has been made towards the implementation of the Accord, there is every indication that the
process is troubled. Security has improved in some parts, but the overall situation in the country remains tense
and volatile. Achieving unhindered humanitarian access, one of the first major agreements signed by the parties
to the conflict in Lome on 3 June 1999, has proved difficult. Despite the establishment of a Government of
National Unity, former RUF/AFRC fighters continue to lay claim to large areas of the country, obstructing free
movement. This makes it extremely difficult for agencies to gain a longer-term perspective on assistance
programmes. This special issue examines the current humanitarian situation and the external and internal
factors affecting the implementation of humanitarian programmes countrywide.
1. OVERVIEW – POLITICAL, SECURITY AND HUMANITARIAN CONTEXT
Gaining Humanitarian Access: A continuing challenge
The Lome Peace Agreement cracked the doors open to previously inaccessible parts of the country, but only
wide enough to allow for needs-assessment and limited relief intervention. At this time, humanitarian agencies
still do not have unhindered and safe access to seven out of 12 districts (Bombali, Tonkolili, Kambia, Kono,
Kailahun, Koinadugu and Port Loko), which make up 80 of the country’s 149 chiefdoms, with a total
population of 2.4 million according to 1997 projections. Current operations in these areas are carried out under
very difficult circumstances, characterised by frequent disruptions and uncertainty. This hinders appropriate
programming and effective and sustained engagement in support of the most needy. Furthermore, interventions
are mainly limited to emergency relief, while assistance programmes aimed at rehabilitation and reconstruction
of devastated communities await more favourable conditions. Humanitarian Profiles of Currently Unstable
Areas (attached) highlights present conditions.
In sharp contrast to the grim picture in the north, the southern province, the Western Area and some parts of the
eastern province continue to enjoy relatively good conditions of safety and security. Local administration such
as the Police and traditional chiefs are also in place in some of these areas supporting the maintenance of law
and order. As a result, these areas are benefiting from programmes of reconstruction and rehabilitation in such
sectors as agriculture, education, road rehabilitation and restoration of health facilities. It must however be noted
that as long as insecurity persists in the northern and eastern parts, the whole country remains vulnerable,
particularly places like Kenema with close proximity to Kailahun district.
The DDR Factor:
Formally launched on 4 November 1999, the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR)
Programme is perhaps one of the most important benchmarks for the consolidation of peace in Sierra Leone.
After a difficult start, the Programme is finally gaining momentum, but continues to be bogged down by a
troubled political process. According to the Peace Agreement, Disarmament and Demobilization should have
been completed by 15 December 1999. While there is an overall upward trend, (see chart on current DDR
trend), the process has been slow, with just over 12,000 of the estimated 45,000 combatants enrolled in the
Programme during the first 100 days.1 Furthermore, less than 5,000 of those who disarmed have actually
undergone demobilization, as many of them, in particular, the ex-SLA, have refused to demobilize, in
anticipation of a chance to re-enter the Army. The result is over-crowding in the camps, a more cumbersome
working environment for DDR personnel and further delays in moving the process forward.
Perceptions on factors contributing to the slow pace of the Programme vary. In addition to slow progress in the
political process, the DDR Programme is clearly bogged down by fear, suspicion and mistrust, with each group
1
The Ministry of Defence disarmed 3,804 loyal SLA, while another 1,414 who were discharged in July 1999 are now
undergoing the reintegration Programme. All told, just over 17,000 of the 45,000 have been accounted for with regard to
disarmament.
2
waiting for the other to disarm first. This is most evident between the RUF and the CDF, which are both
disarming at a close rate of 23% and 22% respectively. (see bar chart for proportional representation by group).
The leaders of the combatants all claim unflinching commitment to the process, while at the same time
justifying reluctant participation. For NCDDR Executive Secretary, a factor in the slow pace is the lack of
security, especially in the north and east of the country, which has prevented the institution from setting up
centers there.
With over 7,000 men of the approved 11,100 military personnel on the ground, UNAMSIL has successfully
deployed forces in Makeni, Port Loko, Lungi, Daru and Kenema. But there has been little or no progress in
disarmament in the northern and eastern parts of the country, the exception being Port Loko District. The Daru
centre is currently functioning below capacity, with less than 100 people, most of who are ex-SLA wishing to be
considered for the new Army. Neither the RUF nor the CDF combatants are showing up at the center. In
Makeni, the programme is yet to commence, as DDR officials were unable to secure existing facilities for
encampment of the ex-combatants. The NCDDR has identified two sites in the area, but construction, scheduled
to begin in March, will take 4-6 weeks.
Additionally, DDR officials believe that the unresolved issue of who would be able to join the new Sierra Leone
Army has contributed to slowing down the process. Over 900 of the 1300 ex-combatants currently residing at
the Lungi center are ex-SLAs who have refused to demobilize. Some of them have been in the centers for more
than three months. Similarly, another 700 ex-SLAs continue to occupy much needed space at the Port Loko
DDR camps. The situation in the northern town of Kabala is equally worrying. Agencies have repeatedly
reported attacks on civilian populations and aid workers by ex-SLA soldiers in the town who are either waiting
to be enrolled in the DDR programme or to be reintegrated into the new Army. Kabala is not one of the
designated locations for setting up DDR centres. While UNAMSIL undertook some ‘mobile’ disarmament,
there remains a large number of the combatants in and around the town, extorting money and attacking civilians.
The latest victims of these attacks are currently being treated at the Kabala hospital. Aid agencies in the area
have noted that a continuation of the situation will inevitably lead to the suspension of much need programmes.
For instance, a measles outbreak has been reported in the district and a vaccination campaign should begin
immediately, but this will be difficult under the current conditions.
It is hoped that this problem will be resolved when the Government adopts a policy on Military Reintegration.
In the interim, Defence Headquarters has issued a press release stating that it has completed plans to move all
ex-SLA soldiers to designated bush camps where they will be disarmed and catered for in accordance with the
Lome Peace Agreement. At the time of release, nearly 1,000 of the solders had already been moved to a bush
camp at Matene (approximately 8 km NE of Masiaka). This activity is aimed at screening and sensitization
training for those ex-SLA soldiers who wish to join the new SLA and who are not currently in the DDR
programme. Those who do not qualify for the new Army will be absorbed in the DDR Programme.
The UNAMSIL Factor:
An important milestone was reached in November when the UN Security Council established a Peacekeeping
Force for Sierra Leone. In a further move to support the country’s fragile peace, the Council voted for an
expansion from 6,000 military personnel to 11,100 in February. This move has raised hopes that a precarious
security situation will finally be stabilized, facilitating DDR and enabling humanitarian and development
agencies to meaningfully assist needy populations. The first gain was reaped in February, when the successful
deployment of UNAMSIL troops in the northern provincial capital of Makeni paved the way for agencies to
undertake a comprehensive multi-sectoral assessment of needs in the area. It also provided an opportunity for
the UN to successfully negotiate with the RUF field commanders for the withdrawal of earlier (unacceptable)
demands for agencies to channel all aid through the RUF humanitarian wing – the Organization for the Survival
of Mankind (OSM). As a way of resolving the issue, the GOSL has invited the OSM Coordinator to join its
National Commission for Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (NCRRR), while the UN has advised
the RUFP to transform the OSM into an independent NGO. Both proposals were accepted by the RUFP.
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Although the relationship between UNAMSIL troops and the RUF command is presently tense, causing the
RUF to re-establish checkpoints in the Makeni area, the RUF has given assurances that aid agencies operational
in the area would be granted free access. This has so far been maintained, but the situation remains volatile. This
growing tension between the RUF and UNAMSIL troops is a cause for concern for the humanitarian
community. The RUF’s constant refusal to allow UNAMSIL troops to deploy in key areas, has not only dashed
hopes of improved security conditions, but also raised concerns of a possible military confrontation between the
two forces, which could potentially increase the risk to aid workers on the ground.2 Although UNAMSIL has so
far refrained from forceful action against the RUF, it carries a “robust” chapter VII mandate to “take necessary
action to ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel and to afford protection to civilians
under imminent threat of physical violence.” The Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG)
Oluyemi Adeniji, has warned the RUF leader that contravention of the Lome Peace Accord, such as the seizure
of weapons from UN peacekeepers, mounting illegal road blocks and blocking the free movement of UN troops
in the discharge of their mandate, must stop immediately or would “invite forceful response.” 3 Meanwhile,
Foday Sankoh continues to express the RUFP’s disappointment with regard to the current trend of events in
Sierra Leone. In a 24 February letter to the Moral Guarantors and other key actors, Sankoh claimed that the
RUFP was not consulted about UNAMSIL’s Mandate, which it considers “highly threatening.”
2. THE PEACE PROCESS – Is time running out? – A humanitarian perspective
The direct implications of a delayed DDR Programme on the humanitarian situation are significant: lack of
humanitarian access for sustained intervention; lack of spontaneous and promoted return of refugees and IDPs to
their home areas; continuing human rights violations against civilian populations; lack of speedy return to
productive activity; and prolonged dependence on relief aid.
Inter-sectoral assessments carried out in the last six months have confirmed speculations that the unstable
northern and eastern provincial districts (see Humanitarian Profiles) suffered much destruction during the years
of war, in common with the rest of the country. Infrastructure damage/looting/destruction has been recorded,
affecting roads, schools, health facilities, water and sanitation among others. Outbreaks of communicable
diseases such as bloody diarrhea are prevalent. The latest harvest has alleviated hunger in some areas, but
below-normal-yields leaves food security in most communities fragile and vulnerable. Stocks are expected to
run out in April, leading to a further deterioration of the nutritional status of both children and adults. The
lingering instability in this section of the country allows for only tentative relief-type activities despite the fact
that long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction activities are critical to facilitate a return to normal existence.
The regular rainy season, also known as the “hungry season” is fast approaching (April/May). DDR officials are
concerned that if significant progress is not made before the rains, the process will suffer considerable delays
and would be more cumbersome and more costly to manage. Furthermore, the humanitarian situation would
deteriorate with the arrival of the rains. Heavy rains will confine rebel activities to fewer locations, but increase
the intensity of attacks on villagers. Food has remained an issue for armed combatants on all sides. They are
currently looting and raiding and engaging in forced labour for their survival. When the “hungry season” sets in,
and given the enforcement of the ceasefire, civilians will be the immediate targets for meeting the needs of
hungry and frustrated rebel factions. At the same time as the suffering of those in the interior deepens,
humanitarian agencies will face greater difficulties in reaching them due to poor road conditions.
Nearly half a million Sierra Leoneans are refugees in neighbouring countries, including professionals whose
skills are critical to mounting an effective and efficient recovery campaign. This small country with a pre-war
population of less than 5 million people has suffered a severe brain drain. To begin rebuilding the country, some
2
An INDBATT convoy moving from Kenema to Daru was stopped on 23 February at Bendu Junction between Mano
Junction and Segbwema and prevented from proceeding, despite lengthy negotiations with the direct involvement of
Minister Mike Lamin. The RUF forces of 200-300 well-armed men took up defensive positions between Segbwema and
Bendu Junction. After 24 hrs the INDBATT convoy was ordered to return to Kenema by the RUF combatants.
3
Of the large number of ammunition, arms and vehicles seized from the Guinean troops by RUF elements, only two
armoured personnel carriers had been recovered, both of them stripped of their mounted weapons.
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of its citizens would need to return home to help. If conditions are not right, they will not return. UNHCR on its
part, will not promote their return until the conditions for a return in “safety and dignity” are in place. Without
their speedy repatriation and reintegration, local capacity will stay at the lowest level and the country’s reliance
on expatriate assistance will escalate.
Agriculture provides employment to over 80 per cent of the rural population and contributes 30 per cent to the
GDP in normal times. The arable land is estimated at 5.3 million hectares of which less than 10 per cent is
reported to be cultivated annually. As a result, only an estimated 50 per cent of the annual national rice
requirement is domestically produced. Continued hostilities have undermined efforts to bridge the gap. The
devastation of livestock and displacement of fishermen means an attendant decline in protein intake. With only
two months to go before the first phase of the planting season (April/May) begins, conditions for re-starting fullscale agricultural activities in some areas are still remote.
Further delays in re-starting educational activities in most of the country will adversely affect future
development of the country. Some children have not been able to return to school for the entire duration of the
war. For those children between the ages of 9 and 15 who have never been exposed to formal education, time is
running out. Most educational facilities are in shambles, needing urgent repairs or reconstruction. Though some
work has begun in accessible areas, lack of access continues to hinder efforts to extend these activities
throughout the country.
3. URGENT AND CRITICAL AREAS OF NEED
In most areas assessed, priorities for urgent intervention include:
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Rehabilitation of water and sanitation facilities: WATSAN problems have led to outbreaks of
communicable diseases such as bloody diarrhea. The situation will get worse during the rainy season if
action is not taken in the immediate future.
Rehabilitation and support to the health sector: UN and NGOs are supporting health centers in most
areas but there is a lack of equipment, and staff incentives and training are inadequate in some areas.
Also, lack of access makes it difficult to go beyond relief support in the unstable locations.
Rehabilitation of Educational infrastructure and provision of learning materials: Education
remains a major concern for local populations. There are now opportunities to support schools with
feeding programmes and provide incentives for reconstruction and repair of school buildings.
Agriculture support particularly in the northern and eastern regions: Due to low-level harvests and
mass looting of already scarce food supplies, people in many of the chiefdoms are exposed to high risk
of food shortages. While food aid will meet short-term needs, food security can only be achieved with
the restoration of agricultural and productive activity.
Close monitoring of food security situation especially in rural areas: Agencies anticipate a
significant deterioration in the nutritional status of the population by April 2000.Before then, the
situations must be closely monitored to determine the level of support required to avert a crisis
situation.
Reinforcement of bridges and arterial routes prior to rains: the NGO-run humanitarian helicopter
will cease operations by 10 March. Although the WFP helicopter will continue to be operational for
some time, it will not be able to meet all demands. Movement of people and goods will have to be
undertaken by road.
Close monitoring of refugee and IDP returnees: some of those spontaneously returning are still
unable to settle in their home areas. If security conditions do not improve, they will likely become
internally displaced and would require relief support.
Increased support to the DDR Process to facilitate access: It is well understood that without
the effective management and completion of the DDR Programme, the risk and cost of intervention will
continue to rise both for donors, aid worker, the GOSL as well as the beneficiaries.
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Two main factors directly affect timely intervention in these areas: safe and sustainable access, and
timely availability of adequate resources. Both require the attention of local, regional and
international actors. The Moral Guarantors of the Peace Process and other influential partners should
intensify pressure on the parties to the Accord to speed up the DDR process. Secondly, donors should
develop a joint strategy to address major funding gaps.
4. BUILDING BLOCKS – A case for continued constructive engagement
A vibrant civil society
Despite the uncertainty surrounding the current political context, there is reason for optimism and determined
effort to support the country’s recovery. The people have not ceased to hunger for peace and to insist on it.
Parliament is increasingly compelling the leaders to be accountable. While recognising the tremendous injustice
brought to bear on innocent civilians, the people are keen to pursue the path of reconciliation. The Draft Bill
establishing a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) proposed by human rights organizations, was on 22
February passed by Parliament as one of the ways of working towards consolidation of peace. The British
government has provided US$250,000 towards the initiative, and UNAMSIL/Human Rights is providing
technical support. Local civil society movements such as Campaign for Good Governance and the Inter
Religious Council are mobilizing support for the peace process and educating civilians on their right to
participation in the political process. They are also ensuring that the people’s interests are taken into account in
the decision-making process. The number of local NGOs is on the increase, working in tandem with
international partners to bring relief to affected populations. With such high level participation and awareness,
the foundations are in place for participatory political and economic development.
A more dynamic GOSL leadership in coordination of assistance programmes:
Government institutions are increasing their capacity to manage and direct humanitarian and development
coordination processes, in line with overall long-term development goals. The Ministry of Development and
Economic Planning is now developing the Government Policy for NGOs. The participation of Line Ministries in
sectoral committees is at a much higher level. Government institutions such as NCRRR and NCDDR are
providing dynamic leadership in their areas of responsibility. Their continuing engagement will ensure
sustainability of assistance programmes. Continued support to these institutions is therefore critical to the
success of the peace process.
The DDR Programme – a more integrated system:
After initial administrative, logistics and coordination problems, the DDR Programme is gradually taking shape,
with increased levels of efficiency in data collection, sensitization, camp management and coordination.
Security conditions have improved for camp personnel, allowing more consistent programming without the
frequent disruptions that characterised the process during the first few weeks. Administrative and logistical
constraints have eased and roles are more clearly defined between stakeholders. Executive and technical
coordination committees are meeting regularly to plan and coordinate the different components of the
programme. With a more positive political environment, the programme is likely to speed up.
International/Regional Support – sustained interest
Political dimension: Despite the shaky and slow pace of the peace process, international interest has fortunately
been sustained. Various donor missions continue to meet in Sierra Leone and other countries to develop a
common strategy for supporting the country’s recovery. On the political front, the latest move by the UN to
establish a peacekeeping force is a clear indication of Member State’s commitment to finding a lasting solution
to the Sierra Leone problem. In the context of strengthening sub-regional efforts to keep the Sierra Leonean
peace process on track, the SRSG continues to maintain close relations with key regional players. A number of
recent sub-regional summits have focused attention on increasing pressure on the former parties to the conflict
to meet their obligations under the Lome Agreement. Nigeria, a longstanding sponsor of the peace process,
continues to fully engage in the problem despite the decision to withdraw its troops. The Nigerian Government
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has offered to rehat its men to join the UN Force for a temporary period of 90 days, in order to make up for the
time it will take to deploy the remainder of the UN Force.
Resource mobilization: Significant progress has been registered in the planning of the reintegration and
resettlement phase, reinforced by the World Bank/ADB-financed Community Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Programme (CRRP). The CRRP, which is worth US$37 million, aims at resuscitating vulnerable communities
and enhancing the restoration of social infrastructure and community reintegration, including the reintegration of
ex-combatants. The programme has already been launched in Freetown and the provincial capitals of the south
and east. Its launching in the north is awaiting a more conducive security environment, and the re-establishment
of civil administration. The IMF has said it would be ready to disburse a US$14 million loan to Sierra Leone on
the condition that the peace process maintains steady progress. This will be in addition to the US$20 million
post-conflict loan it disbursed to Sierra Leone on 17 December 1999. The Multi-Donor Trust Fund for DDR,
which has so far received US$11.1 million from countries like Britain, Germany, Norway and Canada, is also
attracting increased donor interest. WFP has received support towards its “Emergency food assistance to the
disarmament and demobilisation programme” to feed the 45,000 ex-combatants. The programme is expected to
take effect in March 2000 delivering a total of 3,849mt of assorted food aid commodities over a six-month
period.
International Agencies: A consortium of international NGOs, International Organizations and UN specialised
agencies have remained faithful to the humanitarian cause throughout the difficult periods in Sierra Leone.
Working closely with local partners, their efforts are continuing to save lives, alleviate suffering, strengthen
government capacity to respond, and to advocate for adherence to human rights principles. On their part, the
Red Cross Movements – the ICRC and the IFRC in cooperation with their national partner, the SLRCS, are
intensifying efforts to support family tracing, health, (particularly assistance to amputees and war-wounded) as
well as non-food support to IDPs. Other bilateral agencies such as the German GTZ-MLP and the Norwegian
Refugee Council are providing critical emergency as well as rehabilitation support. Most notable are their
contributions towards reconstruction of schools and shelters. At present, most chiefdoms benefit from relief
and/or rehabilitation operations by various agencies, including some chiefdoms in unstable locations. All these
efforts require continuing support by donors, as operating in this tough and highly volatile environment is a
costly and rigorous exercise. Without sustained humanitarian intervention, the conditions of the war-ravaged
people of Sierra Leone will be much worse. In November, UN agencies launched a Consolidated Inter-Agency
Appeal for Sierra Leone, requesting US$71million to undertake 34 projects in all priority sectors. Although
some contributions have been received, the Appeal remains under funded.
5. MOVING TOWARDS A COMMON VISION – The Way Forward
The complex nature of the Sierra Leone conflict attracts a multiple and diverse group of actors, ranging from
human rights, humanitarian, political, military and development stakeholders. The particular case of Sierra
Leone is also characterised by the presence of a democratically elected national government, regional and
international actors and rebel factions. The Lome Peace Negotiations triggered a convergence of interests –
achieving Peace. For the assistance community, there was a common understanding that meaningful and
sustainable intervention could only be undertaken in a peaceful and stable environment. For the parties to the
conflict, it was clear that the military option was no longer feasible. The desire for Peace emerged as a rallying
point – a common goal.
While mandates may vary, an integrated approach to addressing the problem is inevitable, as the components are
so closely linked. If the political process fails, the cost to the humanitarian, human rights and development
dimensions will be high and vise versa. Given this context, the UN system is prioritizing the development of a
more coordinated and integrated approach to interventions, based on a common analysis and understanding of
the problem, and the development of common goals and objectives in strong support of the GOSL’s long-term
goals. Existing mechanisms of coordination are being reinforced and ad-hoc arrangements are being formalised
to promote greater consultation and information exchange between the Political and Military organs of the UN
and the humanitarian, Human Rights and Development community. In formulating their Common Humanitarian
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Action Plan for 2000, UN Agencies took into account the need to develop linkages between short-term sectoral
objectives and medium to long-term goals. A typical example is the strategy employed by food pipeline
agencies, which are extending food-aid assistance to support rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts through
provision of food-for-work, food-for-agricultural, food-for-training and school feeding programmes. More work
is however needed to move towards an integrated strategy for the whole country.
Some donors have also taken on board the importance of maintaining an integrated strategy, particularly in a
country where community-based infrastructure has been severely affected by the war, posing a tremendous
challenge. In this connection, a high level World Bank/UNDP/UNHCR mission visited Guinea, Liberia and
Sierra Leone in February 2000 to assess the key issues associated with joint programming. It is hoped that this
initiative will contribute to addressing some of the institutional and financial disconnects that have so often
hampered genuine efforts of the international community in post conflict situations.
6. SECTORAL HIGHLIGHTS - February 2000
RESETTLEMENT AND REINTEGRATION
As the GOSL, supported by local and international partners struggles to extend humanitarian assistance to
previously inaccessible areas, they simultaneously engage in planning for the special resettlement and
reintegration needs of war-affected populations on one hand, and ex-combatants on the other hand. Beneficiaries
would include an estimated 1 million IDPs - including encamped and those not registered in camps), refugee
returnees (450,000), and other war-affected populations such as homeless and war-wounded people who have
not yet been counted. The NCRRR and the NCDDR are the two government engines leading the process,
supported by international and local partners. Resettlement and reintegration activities aim at enabling affected
populations and ex-combatants to rebuild their communities, assisting with the restoration of economic and
productive activity and helping victims to come to terms with the psychological scars of the war. Ex-fighters
will be equipped to become functional members of society, moving from a destructive to a constructive force for
community and national development.
While the slow progress in the political process is likely to delay full implementation of reintegration and
resettlement programmes, NCRRR and NCDDR have forged ahead with planning the programmes as well as
preparing the beneficiaries for the changes envisaged. One pre-requisite for facilitated resettlement and
reintegration is sufficient security in areas of return. NCRRR, in collaboration with NGOs and UN Agencies,
has established Resettlement Assessment Committees at district and national levels to undertake assessments
that will determine whether chiefdoms can be declared safe. The assessment will be based on a national level set
of criteria, ranging from absence of hostilities to UNAMSIL and civil administration presence. If the safety of a
chiefdom is endorsed, the National Resettlement Assessment Committee would make the decision public and
those displaced persons wishing to resettle in such a chiefdom would be included in the Plan. The IDPs from
areas deemed unsafe will retain the right to continued accommodation and support services within an IDP camp.
For those IDPs from the Western Area whose homes were destroyed, NCRRR and the Ministry of Lands,
Housing, Country Planning and the Environment along with their partner agencies will initiate low-cost housing
schemes in the Western Area. This will be replicated for homeless IDPs from other urban centres. Resettlement
committees have been set up for all sectors, including food aid and non-food assistance with participation from a
network of international and national NGOs, UN agencies and Government Line Ministries. NCRRR is also in
the process of finalising a comprehensive resettlement plan, which will clearly identify stakeholders and their
roles, determine resettlement packages and clarify beneficiary caseloads.
With regard to reintegration of ex-combatants, NCDDR is already providing programmes for those who have
been discharged. At present, they are supporting ex-combatants in their efforts to acquire skills and find jobs to
lead a civilian life. Though the numbers so far discharged remain small, an increase is anticipated as the
Programme evolves. NCDDR is therefore negotiating with a number of training institutions to secure allocations
for those who qualify. Regional DDR offices have been established in the Western Area and in Bo and Kenema
to facilitate the programme at the provincial level. The Makeni office will be set up as soon as the security
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situation there stabilizes. As the programme expands, NCDDR is also planning to establish District-level
technical committees, which would allow for more decentralized planning and programming.
Overall reintegration and resettlement strategies for both ex-combatants and war-affected populations will need
to be based on an integrated programme of activities, which are socially acceptable and sustainable, taking into
account the need to restore services in the communities to which IDPs, refugees and ex-combatants will return.
AGRICULTURE
According to a February report by FAO, Sierra Leone will need to import 329,000 mt of cereals this year to
make up for a shortfall and feed its roughly 4.5 million people. Estimated imports for 1999 were 290,000 mt, 13
percent less than at present. This year’s cereal supply is estimated at 181,000mt. Of the 5.24 million ha of arable
land in the country, about 12-15 per cent is under crop production. The report is based on an assessment done
from 29 November to 11 December 1999.
FAO has launched a new project in support of the coordination of the emergency and rehabilitation of
agricultural interventions. The project aims at enhancing the capacity of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and the Marine Resources to effectively coordinate the activities of different organisations in the sector. The
project will provide technical support in terms of consultancy services and logistic support for a period of six
months.
Agencies are currently assessing the extent of damage of floods that hit the southern region at the end of
January. Preliminary reports indicate that two sections in Kpanga Krim chiefdom in Pujehun district were
severely hit, destroying rice farms. Seven sections were also affected in the Kweme Bai Krim chiefdom in the
Bonthe district. All the rice fields in the entire chiefdom suffered from massive flooding. On the whole, some
2,489 farmers were affected and an estimated yield of 15,262 bushels of rice destroyed. The consequence for
farmers is severe shortage of seeds for planting and also food for consumption in the coming season.
HEALTH AND NUTRITON
Combating Shigella (bloody diarrhea) - a concerted effort
Bloody diarrhea (shigella) has claimed the lives of more than 100 people in the past few months, mainly in the
southern and eastern provinces. The worst affected areas are Banta Mokelleh, Dasse, Fakuni and Kaiyamba
chiefdoms in the southern province. The northern province has also been affected. MSF, TeraTech, UNICEF,
WHO and CARE, have all been working together to fight the disease and to minimize the mortality rate.
Treated water supply has not functioned in most of the country for several years. Domestic water collection is
mainly from rivers and streams, which are polluted. This could have contributed to the outbreak. In the
southeast of Kenema where the outbreak was first reported in December 1999, the majority of the population of
over 55,000 drink from river water that could be infected. MSF-F is using the Prisoners of War camp at Dauda
town in Kenema district for admissions. Patients are transferred from 5 PHUs in Tunkai, Dama and Guara
chiefdoms. Since the start of the programme on 17 February 2000, 220 patients have been registered and 44
admitted. Patients are provided with antibiotics and rehydration treatment. In Koinadugu district in the Kabala
area, MSF-B has reported a decline in the number of new cases compared to December 1999. They are now
operating six static and three mobile clinics in the area. Health education and well chlorination have been
undertaken.
According to WHO, Shigella dysentery Type I, with a characteristic antibiotic sensitivity profile has affected
several other West African countries. It is caused by direct contact with an infected person, or by eating or
drinking contaminated food or water, and is said to have a higher death rate than cholera. Since the outbreak,
nearly 1,000 patients have been treated, 4,099 cases reported and 131 deaths. Fatality rate however decreased
from over 6 per cent in early December to 3.2 per cent in February due to improved case management. In mid
February, WHO in cooperation with MSF-F provided an investigation team to evaluate the extent and impact of
the disease. The laboratory at Connaught Hospital, Freetown has been strengthened with additional training and
supplies so that reliable cultures and antibiotic sensitivity testing can be done locally. Case management
protocols have been distributed and additional supplies of antibiotics are being procured.
9
UNICEF contributes to prevention and control of anemia and malnutrition
UNICEF and Ministry of Health & Sanitation (MOHS) jointly organized a consultative workshop to formulate a
national strategy for the prevention and control of anemia in Sierra Leone. A broad plan of action was developed
to promote improved nutrition among the most vulnerable groups in the country. UNICEF also supported three
separate training sessions of 90 enumerators in the Western Area, Bo and Pujehun districts on National
Household Food Security information collection. To support women’s groups in food production and growth
monitoring activities, UNICEF, through Action Aid/SL, provided tools and equipment worth over US$10,000
for beneficiaries in the Western Area.
Caring for Amputees and War-Wounded – An integrated Approach
Amputees are perhaps the most affected surviving victims of Sierra Leone’s brutal war. While their specific
problem attracts donor interest, previous support had concentrated on relief intervention alone. As their wounds
heal and opportunities for reintegration emerge, a number of agencies have established a Committee on
Amputees and War-wounded which provides a forum for more integrated and coordinated strategies in
responding to a wide range of challenges faced by the beneficiaries. (For details on the status of Amputees and
War-wounded, see attached report prepared by UNHACU in January 2000).
As part of the new strategy to help amputees become more independent, the Sierra Leone Red Cross Society
(SLRCS), in collaboration with the International Federation of the Red Cross and the ICRC has launched an
employment scheme for amputees in Freetown. Already, the scheme has resulted in the recruitment of seven
men, each with at least one limb missing. Red Cross officials report that in addition to restoring their sense of
dignity, the possibility of future employment encourages amputees to register for prosthetic treatment as some
feel that it would boost their job prospects.
Meanwhile, the British Department for International Development (DFID) has donated limb-fitting equipment
to the NGO, Handicap International, to strengthen their capacity to provide artificial limbs for ex-combatants
who have gone through the DDR Programme. The equipment, valued at US$48,000 includes a shoe patching
and a vacuum machine. Though targeting ex-combatants, it will also serve the wider disabled community in the
country. Handicap International also continues to strengthen its capacity and competences in providing
counseling services for ex-child soldiers. A psychiatrist and a psychologist have joined the team from France.
The Organization resumed activities in Makeni at the beginning of February, providing wheel chairs, calipers
and crutches for the disabled population there.
To support the special needs of amputees, World Hope International, a US-based NGO, opened an Amputee
Care Centre in Freetown. A team of limb fitting expatriates is now on the ground to assist in fitting the limbs.
The objective is to fit up to 200 amputees with a limbs system considered comfortable, durable and easy to
maintain. The Organization intends to establish similar centers in the provinces.
Cause Canada is assisting an estimated 1,000 adults and an equal number of children (war-wounded and
amputees) registered in the Western Area and the southern province. Their activities range from psychosocial
support to vocational training and community education and sensitization.
WHO develops action proposal in four key areas:
In mid-February, WHO assisted Ministry of Health programme managers in developing action proposals in four
key areas: malaria, onchocerciasis (river blindness), reproductive health and HIV/AIDS control.
In
consultations with a visiting World Bank team, provisional agreement was reached to provide approximately
US$ 7.1 million in funding for the four programmes through International Development Assistance credits. Each
proposal features community-based services monitored by district health management teams.
The HIV/AIDS proposal builds on a US$150,000 seed grant from UNAIDS, and is part of a global trend
towards a broader-based attack on the AIDS problem. It involves non-governmental community-based groups
with governmental coordination. In Sierra Leone, the UNAIDS Theme Group has been expanded from its
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original membership (UN Agency Heads) to include the national AIDS control programme manager,
representatives of national and international NGOs, and key donors. There is growing concern here about the
threat of AIDS, which is said to be spreading, particularly among women and children rape victims. The lack of
appropriate medical, psychosocial and other related services for women victims of violence is of serious
concern, especially in the context of the continued prevalence of rape and sexual abuse. Most women and girls
at camps for IDPs require treatment for sexually transmitted diseases suffered as a result of rape.
ICRC supports Health Care Systems
ICRC has continued to provide health care assistance and protection to victims of war and other vulnerable
groups in displaced camps and other locations in the Western Area, Kenema, Pujehun, Moyamba, and Tonkolili
districts. At present, they are supporting four primary health clinics at Kroo-bay, George Brook, Clay factory
and the Rina Health Association Centre all in the depressed parts of the Western Area. Drugs and medical
supplies are provided to the clinics on a biweekly basis. In February, nearly 5,000 consultations were done in all
the clinics with about 2,916 patients, including 203 antenatal seen. At the Princess Christian Maternity Hospital
- P.C.M.H in Freetown, ICRC continues to provide free maternity care for destitute women, single mothers,
widows, and the socially underprivileged.
At the Kenema Government Hospital, construction work on the 50-bed ward, operating theatre, physiotherapy
department, kitchen and the laundry has now commenced. The project is expected to increase the hospital’s
capacity to accommodate more patients and also ease the operating theatre traffic among surgeons. The
construction of a permanent water supply system for the hospital forms a high point of the programme. The
ICRC surgical team performed 60 operations in February, of which only a few were war-related. Formal
registration of war-wounded patients is in progress with about 50 patients already on the waiting list.
REFUGEES – UNHCR Monitors Spontaneous Returns
UNHCR has reported a small but steady increase in spontaneous refugee returns mainly from the Sinje and
Vahun camps in Liberia. According to the latest estimates, nearly 10,000 people have returned to major towns in
the southern and eastern provinces since the start of the DDR programme in November 1999. With the
exception of Pujehun (1,785) and Kenema (1,101) where UNHCR has been able to register returnees, other
figures are estimates based on reports of organizations/government officials working in the area and information
from the returnees themselves. UNHCR efforts to verify the reports have been constrained by the persisting
insecurity in the main areas of return such Kono, Kailahun and Kambia and Kailahun. Reports indicate that most
of the returnees coming from Liberia are mainly from Kenema and Kailahun districts. The registered Kenema
caseload has mainly settled with relatives in the town. Only 80 are accommodated at the IDP camp there.
Meanwhile, in early February, UNHCR reviewed earlier plans for the repatriation and reintegration of the
450,000 Sierra Leonean Refugees. Based on the security situation and other factors including logistics and the
coming rainy season, they made projections for 108,000 refugees to return in the course of the year 2000,
primarily to the districts of Kailahun, Kono, Kambia, Kenema, Pujehun and Freetown. The timeframe for the
implementation of the voluntary repatriation of Sierra Leonean refugees is closely tied to the implementation of
the Lome peace agreement. It is therefore hoped that the situation in Sierra Leone will enable UNHCR to start
facilitating the return of the refugees, possibly as from April 2000. As soon as the conditions to promote the
repatriation - such as i) a permanent cease – fire, ii) a well advanced DDR process, iii) the guarantee of basic
civil and political rights and iv) unhindered access to main areas of return with some presence of the central
administration - are met, UNHCR will shift from mere facilitation to promotion.
LOGISTICS
Already poor roads continue to deteriorate, and the Sierra Leone Roads Association (SLRA) capacity to carry
out needed repairs has been eroded due to large-scale loss of equipment during the events of January 1999. The
conditions on gravel roads, essentially all tertiary roads, are particularly poor during the rainy season (April to
October). Most of the bridges on the tertiary roads north and south of the Bo-Kenema axis and in the east
between Segbwema and Kailahun have a weight limit of 10 mt and are insufficiently wide to accommodate the
wheelbase of commercial transporters. (Many were destroyed or heavily damaged during the fighting.) River
11
crossing by trucks is impossible as there are no operational ferries. All food commodities are currently ferried
across the river in small canoes. Good road conditions are vital for the effective and efficient transportation of
humanitarian relief aid, the return of IDPs and the repatriation of refugees as well as the deployment of
UNAMSIL. WFP Special Operation project for road network rehabilitation of the Kenema-Buedu road has been
approved. The project will be funded by WFP and implemented by the SLRA and UNAMSIL.
Summary of Road Conditions:
ROAD
Freetown-Waterloo
(28 km)
CONDITION
sealed and heavily trafficked for the first 10 km. Surface is very slick, particularly when wet, and therefore
dangerous. Speed in excess of 60 km/hr is not recommended.
Waterloo-Masiaka: (36
km)
Completed in 1995, the road is of high quality bituminous standard and passes through flat to rolling terrain. At
this time, the road is relatively safe, but caution is warranted as some ambushes have taken place in the Occra
Hills area.
Masiaka-Tiama: (120
km):
Tiama-Bo: (55 km):
the existing road is sealed though surface is deteriorating in some areas. Rolling terrain with maximum gradients
approaching 5-6%. Average speed for commercial vehicles is 20-40 km/hr.
Prepared for paving when the coup in May 1997 took place. Since that time this road has not been maintained and
is in extremely poor condition with innumerable potholes. Average speed is 10-20 km/hr.
Bo-Kenema (70 km):
Bituminous, sealed and in good condition. Speed of 80 km/hr possible.
Kenema-Segbwema:
(55 km)
Kenema –Zimmi (86
km)
Masiaka-Rogberie
Junction (30 km)
Road condition is very poor with a gravel surface which has not been maintained for a long time.
Rogberie-Makeni
km):
(85
Paved, some gravel sections. A bridge span at Mamusa repaired by SLRA with WFP support. Suitable for 40 mt
trucks. Some ambushes have occurred, caution is advised.
(168
Paved and good condition from Makeni to Magburaka (18 km), then deteriorates, but still passage to trucks.
Caution advised.
Makeni-Koidu
km):
condition extremely poor.
very poor condition through war damage and lack of maintenance. 100 metre bridge spanning Rokel River which
has load capacity of 40 mt. Average speed is 30 km/hr. There have been numerous ambushes along the road and
extreme caution is warranted.
Makeni-Kabala
and
north to Guinea Border
(117 km t Kabala and a
further 55 km to the
border with Guinea):
Rogberi
JunctionLungi (75 km)
Paved with gravel sections. Exact state of road unknown.
Rogberie
JunctionKambia (78 km)
Gravel and in poor condition. Mange bridge spanning the Little Scarcies River has been damaged. State of the
road unknown but thought to be impassable to large commercial trucks.
Gravel, in poor condition but passable to commercial trucks. Has been very insecure with numerous ambushes.
Extreme caution advised.
WFP, 25 January 2000
WATER AND SANITATION
Following the outbreak of bloody diarrhea, UNICEF launched an awareness and sensitization campaign through
school clubs, community and radio programmes on the control and prevention of the disease in the worst
affected areas of the Western Area, Bo, Kenema and Port Loko districts. UNICEF and OXFAM continue to
support well construction in clinics at Loko Masama chiefdom in the Port Loko district. Meanwhile, OXFAM
has completed the assessment of the IDP camp in Port Loko, and is currently undertaking community
mobilization in view of hygiene promotion and provision of improved water supply and latrines. OXFAM also
completed a technical assessment of water supply in Daru, Kailahun district. The results indicate a high level of
contamination alongside an increase in the prevalence of water-related diseases. A planned hygiene promotion
capacity assessment was postponed due to insecurity in the area. Short-term intervention involving a number of
agencies will commence as soon as the security situation improves. In Segbwema, also in Kailahun district,
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UNICEF and the Water Supply Division have worked out a plan of action to address WATSAN needs. The aim
is to rehabilitate 10 traditional water wells and 20-drop holes of latrine. A team of technicians is already in
place and work will begin as soon as security stabilizes in the area. Sanitation tools worth Le 4.9 million have
been pre-positioned in Kenema for the intervention.
Action Aid has been undertaking cross-border operations from Guinea addressing health needs of Sierra
Leonean refugees in the border areas. Their aim is to minimise the spread of diarrhea among the refugees and
host populations. Post-training packages were given to the trainees at the end of the training session. The
Organization also rehabilitated nine local wells and trained Well Care Takers. It is expected that these activities
will significantly reduce the mortality rate of U5 children in particular.
In addition to their ongoing WATSAN activities in the southern province and the Western Area, ACF is
undertaking some WATSAN programmes at their Therapeutic and Supplementary Feeding Centres in Makeni
and at the Magbenthe and Makali IDP camps. Some activities are also ongoing in Magburaka, ranging from
rehabilitation of shower rooms to construction of latrines.
CHILD PROTECTION
Since November 1999, UNICEF has facilitated and sponsored the release of a cumulative total of 1,337 child
combatants to the DDR programme. At the time of writing, nearly 900 children had undergone the DDR
Programme. Although the majority of the children were received and demobilised in the northern province, a
significant number originate from the east and south and have been transported to Interim Care Centres (ICC)
there. Child Protection Agencies are strengthening the capacity of the ICCs across the country in anticipation of
further releases and demobilization of children. The largest ICC at present is in Lunsar in the northern province,
with a population of 360 children. The Centre is run by CARITAS-Makeni. Freetown hosts three ICCs,
including Lakka, (Family Homes Movement - 120), Lakka (COOPI – 60) Waterloo (ADRA 45 child excombatants and 15 formerly abducted children - non combatants).
A planning workshop for reintegration of all the children was held in Freetown on 3 February for all Child
Protection agencies nationwide. Participants agreed to a common approach in meeting the needs of children
returning to their communities and emphasized the need to develop assessment frameworks for community
assessment of needs. This will take into account the socio-economic status of the communities and encourage an
inclusive strategy covering the needs of all children affected by war. Child Protection Agencies are expected to
build on these initiatives with their communities at grassroots level, while UNICEF will work with the Ministry
of Social Welfare to ensure that children’s reintegration needs are included in the broader reintegration agenda
for NCDDR and NCRRR.
The demobilization and reintegration of ex-child combatants follows a different procedure from that of adults.
The children spend 48 hours at the demobilisation center, and are then taken to ICCs close to their homes for 4-6
weeks, while assessment is carried out regarding reunification with family members where feasible.
Communities are also trained to meet the human and economic needs of these children. Follow-up activities are
undertaken after a 3-month period to assess whether or not the children are settling well in their communities.
UNICEF will launch a more structured format for reintegration of children in March.
As part of the ongoing effort to address the special needs of children affected by war, UNICEF and partners in
the Child Protection Network including COOPI and the Christian Children’s Fund (CCF), have produced a
training manual in psychosocial training, care of child mothers and refresher training of social workers in family
tracing, reunification and the reintegration of former child soldiers. Meanwhile, Save the Children, supported by
UNICEF, completed two (one week-long) workshops for 80 Child Protection social workers, focusing on
Family Tracing and Re-unification principles and documentation.
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FOOD AID
As at 23 February 2000, WFP distributed a total of 1,028 Mt of assorted food aid commodities to 107,600
beneficiaries in Sierra Leone under its Vulnerable Group Feeding, Therapeutic and Supplementary Feeding,
Food-for-Training, Food-for-work and Emergency School Feeding programmes.
Vulnerable Group Feeding / IDPs
In collaboration with CARE and implementing partners, WFP conducted a census in 114 villages of Lower Yoni
chiefdom, Tonkolili district. Among the total registered population of 34,000, the team identified 17,500
vulnerable individuals who have since received a one-off VGF ration amounting to 270mt of assorted food aid
commodities. Lower Yoni was affected by fighting last year and agricultural activities were not possible.
From 9-11 February, WFP in collaboration with CARITAS-Makeni and CAD carried out a verification and
second food distribution at the Maforki displaced camp in Port Loko. The new caseload of 3,850 IDPs (a slight
reduction from the previous caseload of 4,034 IDPs) was serviced with a total of 52mt of assorted food aid
commodities. WFP is currently liaising with NCRRR and NRC on the issue of the relocation of the camp to a
safer area.
Food-For-Work (FFW):
WVSL is assessing the Kwame Bai Krim chiefdom in the Pujehun district to sensitise the community on FFW
projects and also to assess the level of damage caused by flood in the region. In Moyamba district, CARE
identified and developed 119 FFW projects in four chiefdoms. WFP-Kenema in collaboration with the Sierra
Leone Roads Authority (SLRA) carried out a joint assessment on the Blama Junction to Dodo road in the east.
Community work groups have been formed to participate in the FFW programme to rehabilitate the road, which
is vital for relief and commercial access to the affected populations.
Emergency School Feeding:
In line with its strategy to support the education sector through school feeding programmes, WFP extended food
assistance to a total of 43,762 students during the month of February. Some 14 schools in the rural Western
Area, 38 schools in Bo, 27 schools in Kenema, 38 schools in Lungi and 22 schools in Moyamba benefited from
the programme. Kitchen utensils for up to 100,000 students have been purchased and distribution has been
completed to schools along the Peninsular and Lungi, and planned for March in Bo and Kenema. Following the
recent assessment of the Makeni area, WFP has started preparations for an initial small-scale institutional
feeding programme for Makeni schools and medical facilities.
EDUCATION
UNICEF is supporting the Ministry of Youth, Education and Sports (MYES) to meet a wide range of needs in
the education sector. In collaboration with the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) and the National Curriculum
Research and Development Centre (NCRDC), they provided financial and technical support to the MYES to
conduct a 12-day Training of Trainers (TOT) workshop to cater for children who have missed long periods of
formal primary education. In Moyamba district, UNICEF provided financial assistance to the Peoples
Educational Association (PEA) for the training of 40 facilitators (31 males and 17 females) and the sensitization
of 17 Non-Formal Primary Education Centres to cater for a total of 608 girls and 588 boys.
The Canadian Government, through Cause Canada donated US$15,000 to the Bo Teachers College for the
provision of more boarding facilities.
UNICEF, in collaboration with Action Aid SL and WVI has provided technical and financial support worth Le
18.2 million to the Ministry of Youth, Education and Sports to conduct a youth festival focusing on sensitization
on HIV/Aids, Reproductive Health and peace building among young people.
14
TRENDS IN IDP MOVMENTS
There were no significant changes in the movement of IDPs countrywide. However, recent reports indicate that
IDPs in Bo have started returning to their areas of origin notably Kono. Some of those who went back are said to
be returning to Bo due to poor living conditions in Kono.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
UNDP continues to provide support to the Office of the President in the area of policy analysis and formulation.
In collaboration with DFID, it is supporting the Government’s initiative on Good Governance and providing
support to the National Commission for Democracy and Human Rights. UNDP has also supported the NCRRR
in collaboration with GTZ in reconstructing 475 shelters for IDPs in the east of Freetown. Some 100 of these
shelters, which cater for a total of 3325 beneficiaries, are located at Calaba Town and the rest in Kissy. About 60
percent of the beneficiaries are female-headed households. To strengthen local capacity, UNDP is providing
training to youths within these communities to acquire construction skills for the production of low-cost
building materials and basic construction technologies such as carpentry, brick making, roof construction,
plumbing and masonry. This pilot project will be replicated at district level.
As part of its efforts to alleviate poverty in the country, the Social Action and Poverty Alleviation Programme
(SAPA) has disbursed a total of Le 22.5 million for the month of March 2000 to 12 NGOs in the southern and
eastern provinces. The loans will service 210 creditors from 27 Community based Organizations. The loan
term is 3-6 months at an interest rate of 15 per cent per loan. The Organization has also awarded contracts
worth approximately Le 1.1 billion to its partners for the rehabilitation/reconstruction of 10 Primary Schools and
11 Health Centres in different parts of the country.
HUMAN RIGHTS
On 22 February, the Sierra Leonean Parliament unanimously passed into law the draft bill on the establishment
of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The bill passed through first, second and third readings in
one session, following considerable pressure by Government to adopt the bill without delay. Concerns raised
during the debate - which did not affect the consensus - included the close involvement of the international
community in the TRC, equitable gender representation amongst the Commissioners and an increased role for
the legislature in the TRC process. All speakers emphasized the importance of a nationwide public awareness
campaign to foster confidence in and understanding of the TRC amongst the population. Two consultants and a
representative of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) visited Sierra Leone to
advise the Government on the implementation of the TRC. The delegation intends to kick-start the process by
helping finalize preparations to appoint Commissioners and form a Secretariat.
UNAMSIL observers detected the illegal and arbitrary detention of 17 individuals by the RUF in a local prison
in Makeni. A human rights violation report was sent to the RUFP HQ in Freetown and to Brig. Issa in Makeni.
However, Issa refused to release these prisoners. Efforts are continuing to secure their release as early as
possible.
UNAMSIL reported an increase in monetary extortion of civilian vehicles at RUF checkpoints on the MakeniMagburaka Road. Additionally, armed child combatants continue roam the streets of Makeni town during
daylight hours. Local villagers alleged that the children frequently man the RUF checkpoints in the region.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) has reported an emerging pattern of rebel attacks against IDPs in the Port Loko
area. During February, the Organization documented serious abuses committed against the civilian population
by rebel elements. The violations range from abductions, murders, mutilation, forced labour, massive looting,
ambushes, and the training of child combatants. Most of the victims were civilians living in IDP camps who
were attacked when they ventured out to get food, wood and/or water. Once abducted, the men were most often
used for forced labour to remove zinc roof panels from abandoned villages, and the women were used to carry
looted goods, HRW said. One woman was reportedly killed when she was unable to carry the load and another
man killed when he returned to his village to find food. Many were wounded with machetes, knives, and
bayonets either while trying to flee capture or because they were unable to carry the wares for the rebels.
15
Approximately half of the abductees, mostly men were able to escape within two weeks of capture as the
purpose of abduction was task specific and not for long-term recruitment into the rebel ranks. Rape of abducted
women and children continues to be a major problem. HRW documented the rape of 10 young women during an
attack on a bus near Masiaka, two female children aged 11 and 12, and a young nursing mother. The victims
told HRW that their captors identified themselves as members of the ex-SLA who are based in the villages of
Gbere-bana, Rfurawa, Mabingbera and Magboni in Port Loko district. In a recent release, HRW pointed out that
these violations were no longer covered under the general amnesty, and urged the GOSL, ECOMOG and the
UN to treat the attacks as “not only serious violations of the Lome Accord, but also of national criminal codes
and international human rights law.”
16
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACF
ADRA
AFRC
Action Contre la Faim
Adventist Development and Relief Agency
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
CAD
CARE
CCF
CCSL
CDF
CES
COOPI
CRRP
Children’s Aid Direct
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
Christian Children’s Fund
Council of Churches Sierra Leone
Civil Defence Force
Christian Extension Services
Cooperazione Internationale
Community Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Programme
DDR
DFID
Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration
British Department for International Development
ECOMOG
Economic Community Monitoring Group
FAO
FFW
Food and Agricultural Organisation
Food for Work
GDP
GOAL
GOSL
GTZ-MLP
Gross Domestic Product
Score Against Hunger
Government of Sierra Leone
German Technical Cooperation Multilateral Programme
HRW
Human Rights Watch
ICRC
ICC
IDPs
IFRC
IMF
International Committee of the Red Cross
Interim Care Centres
Internally Displaced Persons
International Federation of the Red Cross
International Monetary Fund
MAFE
MCSL
MERLIN
MOHS
MSF
MSWGC
MYES
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment
Methodist Church Sierra Leone
Medical Emergency and Relief International
Ministry of Health and Sanitation
Médcins sans Frontiéres (France, Holland and Belgium)
Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children’s Affairs
Ministry of Youth, Education and Sports
NAFSL
NCRDC
NCRRR
NCDDR
NGO
NRC
National Association of Farmers Sierra Leone
National Curriculum Research and Development Centre
National Commission for Reconstruction, Resettlement and Rehabilitation
National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration
Non- Governmental Organisations
Norwegian Refugee Council
17
OHCHR
OSM
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
Organisation for the Survival of Mankind
PCMH
PEA
PHC
Princess Christian Maternity Hospital
Peoples Educational Association
Peripheral Health Centre
RUF
RUFP
Revolutionary United Front
Revolutionary United Front Party
SAPA
SCF
SFC
SLA
SLRA
SLRCS
SRSG
Social Action for Poverty and Alleviation
Save the Children Fund
Supplementary Feeding Centre
Sierra Leone Army
Sierra Leone Roads Authority
Sierra Leone Red Cross Society
Special Representative of the Secretary General
TFC
TOT
TRC
Therapeutic Feeding Centre
Training of Trainers
Truth and Reconciliation Council
UNAMSIL
UNDP
UNICEF
UNHACU
UNHCR
United Nations Peace Keeping Mission to Sierra Leone
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations International Children’s Educational Fund
United Nations Assistance Coordinating Unit
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
WATSAN
WFP
WHO
WVI
WVSL
Water and Sanitation
World Food Programme
World Health Organisation
World Vision International
World Vision Sierra Leone
18