Population Survey Data:
Evidence and lessons from the
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor
Maria Minniti
Professor and L. Bantle Endowed Chair of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy
UN – NYC, December 2013
Graphs, charts and data included in this presentation were provided by the GEM consortium and are
based on 2011 GEM data.
About GEM
• Co-founded by Babson College and London Business
School
– First survey conducted in 1999
– 2013 survey represents GEM’s 15 year
• Global Sponsors
– Babson College, USA
– Universidad del Desarrollo, Chile
– Universiti Tun Abdul Razak, Malaysia
• Measures individual participation in multiple phases of
entrepreneurship
– Also exhibits the profile of entrepreneurs
• Assess entrepreneurship globally; across multiple
economic development levels and geographic regions
GEM Program Objectives
• To measure differences in the level of entrepreneurial
activity between countries
• To uncover factors leading to alternative levels of
entrepreneurship
• To identify conditions that may enhance the national
level of entrepreneurial activity
GEM 2011: 54 Economies
More than 80 economies have participated since 1999
The GEM Model
Basic requirements
From other
available
sources
Social, Cultural,
Political Context
-
Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic stability
Health and primary
education
Established Firms
Employee
Entrepreneurial
Activity
From GEM
2011 Adult
Population
Surveys (APS)
Efficiency enhancers
- Higher education &
training
- Goods market efficiency
- Labor market efficiency
- Financial market
sophistication
- Technological readiness
- Market size
Innovation and
entrepreneurship
- Entrepreneurial finance
- Government policy
- Government
entrepreneurship
programs
- Entrepreneurship
education
- R&D transfer
- Internal market openness
- Physical infrastructure for
entrepreneurship
- Commercial, legal
infrastructure for
entrepreneurship
- Cultural and social norms
(Jobs and
Technical
Innovation)
Entrepreneurship
Attitudes:
Perceived opportunities
Perceived capacity
Activity:
Opportunity-driven, Early-stage
Persistence
Exits
Aspirations:
Growth
Innovation
Social value creation
From GEM
National Expert
Surveys (NES)
National
Economic
Growth
From GEM
Adult
Population
Surveys (APS)
Percentage of adult population between 18-64 years
0%
Pakistan
Algeria
Bangladesh
Jamaica
Iran
Venezuela
Guatemala
Russia
Malaysia
Hungary
Croatia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Poland
South Africa
Mexico
Romania
Lithuania
Latvia
Turkey
Barbados
Slovakia
Brazil
Uruguay
Thailand
Argentina
Panama
Colombia
Trinidad & Tobago
Peru
Chile
China
Slovenia
Denmark
Japan
Germany
Belgium
France
Sweden
Spain
United Arab Emirates
Finland
Switzerland
Singapore
Norway
Ireland
United Kingdom
Portugal
Czech Republic
Korea
Taiwan
Greece
Netherlands
Australia
United States
Total Entrepreneurial Activity: GEM 2011
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Factor-driven
economies
Efficiency-driven economies
Innovation-driven economies
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Iran
Algeria
Jamaica
Venezuela
Guatemala
Malaysia
Russia
Hungary
Croatia
Poland
Bosnia and Herzegovina
South Africa
Turkey
Lithuania
Romania
Slovakia
Latvia
Mexico
Barbados
Uruguay
Brazil
Colombia
Argentina
Trinidad & Tobago
Peru
Panama
Thailand
Chile
China
Slovenia
Denmark
France
Japan
Republic of Korea
Ireland
Norway
Czech Republic
Finland
United Arab Emirates
Germany
Sweden
Belgium
Spain
Portugal
United Kingdom
Taiwan
Greece
Netherlands
Switzerland
Singapore
Australia
United States
Percentage of Male / Female Population 18-64 years
Inclusiveness: Women’s Participation in Entrepreneurship
30%
Male
Factor-Driven
Economies
Efficiency-Driven Economies
Female
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Innovation-Driven Economies
Inclusiveness: Women’s Participation in Entrepreneurship
Challenges and lessons learned
-
Sample size and representativeness
Weights
Phone penetration – Cell phones – Face to face
Translation and language issues
Costs issues
For additional and detailed information, please go to
www.gemconsortium.org