Presentation to the User-Producer Conference: Water
Accounting for Integrated Water Resource Management
Water Accounts in South Africa
Anemé Malan
Statistics South Africa
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Structure of presentation
• Background
• SA’s water policy
• Water resource accounts in SA
• Monetary analysis
• Way forward
• Comparison between countries
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Background (1)
Water management areas of SA
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Background (2)
Some figures
•
•
•
•
•
Average rainfall: 500 mm/annum (= 612 billion m3);
Natural Mean Annual Runoff: 49 billion m3;
Dam Storage Capacity: 32 billion m3;
Reserved for Ecological River Use: 9,5 billion m3;
1:50 Yield: 13,2 billion m3;
– Surface water’s contribution to yield: 78%
– Ground water’s contribution to yield: 8%
– Usable Return Flows: 14%
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Background (3)
Yield
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Background (4)
Development imperatives versus Water Scarcity
• Rural (domestic & stock watering);
• Urban (Direct (domestic) & Indirect (industrial, commercial,
public));
• Mining & Bulk (not via municipalities);
• Power generation;
• Irrigation;
• Afforestation;
• Transfers;
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SA’s water policy (1)
National Water Policy (NWP)
• Adopted by Cabinet in 1997;
• 3 fundamental objectives to manage water resources
a) Equitable access to water
b) Sustainable use of water
c) Efficient and effective water use
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SA’s water policy (2)
National Water Act (NWA) of SA 1998
• Principal legal instrument for implementing objectives of NWP
• Key provisions and fundamental changes include:
a) Transforming legal access and rights to water;
b) Ensuring provision of water for basic human need and
protection of aquatic ecosystems;
c) Decentralising water management through more enabling
institutions;
d) Pricing for financial and environmental sustainability, ecn.
efficiency and social equity;
e) Refocus on water conservation and demand management;
f) NWRS of 2004;
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Water resource accounts in SA (1)
• Towards WRA for RSA 1991-1998 (RANESA;
CSIR; DEAT/Stats SA/DWAF/WRC/AG);
• Upper Vaal River Account (Stats SA; Conningarth);
• Accounts for 2000 (Stats SA);
• Draft updated accounts for 1995 and 2000
(Stats SA; RANESA; CIC);
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Water resource accounts in SA (2)
• Constructed Flow Accounts
 1st step: I-O matrix for 20 areas for 1995 and 2000.
Used SEEA guidelines consistent with NWA & NWRS
Advantages:
1) Provides non-econ with easier interpretation of
water flows in econ framework
2) Prevent double countingduring interpretation &
application of complex hydrological numbers
 2nd step: Some macro-ecn adjustments to national I-O
table to ensure consitency with SEEA guidelines.
 3rd step: National I-O WRA converted to the adjusted
UN SUT-format.
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Water resource accounts in SA (3)
• Some differences
 Yield instead of MAR
 Environmental reserve
 Classifications – ISIC vs NWRS (e.g. Rural
development and stream flow reduction unique
to SA?)
• Stock accounts were not compiled - this is not
useful for SA water managers
• Various types of analyses were done (e.g.
Pathways - and spatial analyses )
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Water resource accounts in SA (3)
Water flow account structure: I-O framework
Environment Distributors Production Total
Environment
Distributors
Supply
Production
Total
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Water resource accounts in SA (4)
Environment
• Atmosphere and sea
• Natural MAR
• Surface water yield
• Ground water
• Soil water
• Ecological reserve
Production (ISIC?)
• Agriculture
Link with DWAF
Dry land and irrigation
Livestock
Plantation
Irrigation
Rural (stock watering)
Afforastation
• Mining
Mining
• Electricity
Power generation
•
Distributors
•
• DWAF (total yield)
• Irrigation boards
•
• Water boards
• Municipalities
• ROW and other WMAs
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Other Bulk industrial Bulk
Other commercial
and industrial
Domestic
Urban (indirect (industrial,
Commercial, public))
Urban (direct (domestic))
Rural domestic
Urban
Rural
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Water – May 06
Monetary analysis
Using other data sources e.g. SUT, NA
• Expenditure on water by ecn sector;
• Indicators of income & empl supported
by water use in production;
• Tarrifs on water use;
• Expenditure and subsidies on water by
distribution sectors;
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Way forward
• Hydrologists and Economists;
• Construction of monetary accounts: Water
pricing is important for water demand
management;
• Water quality, specifically the impact of water
quality on the water yield (volume);
• Policy;
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Comparison between countries (1)
Water use in Namibia, South Africa, Botswana in 1996
Namibia
South
Africa
Botswana
Total water use
(million m3)
256
14 830
142
Per capita water use
(m3per person)
157
365
95
69
98
49
Per capita water use
except agriculture (m3
per capita)
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Comparison between countries (2)
Water use by sector in Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, 1996 (%)
Namibia
South
Africa
Botswana
Agriculture
58
73
48
Mining
10
3
11
Manufacturing
2
1
1
Services,Trade, Govt.
3
9
9
29
13
31
Households
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Comparison between countries (3)
National income generated per m3 of water used by sector,
1996 (pula/m3 of water used)
Namibia South Africa
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Services, trade,
Govt.
GDP per m3 of
water input
GDP per m3 of
water input (excl.
agricul.)
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Botswana
6
54
189
542
2
61
98
155
8
420
437
724
45
25
124
108
87
158
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Water – May 06
Thank you
Anemé Malan
anemem@statssa.gov.za
www.statssa.gov.za
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