Volume 7 Number June 2007
ISSN 1118-616x
JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HEALTH
AND SPORTS SCIENCE
Official Journal of the Department of Physical & Health
Education of Bayero University, Kano – Nigeria
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EDITORIAL BOARD
Dr. Musa Garba Yakasai
Dr. Badamasi Lawal
Dr. Gambari Mohammed
Dr. A.G. Sulaiman
Sadiq Ismail
Mohammed S/Fawa
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
Professor
-
Editor in Chief
Managing Editor
Production Editor
Member
Member
Secretary
CONSULTING EDITORS
Sharon Ann Plowman
Northern Illinois University, U.S.A
D.I Musa
Bayero University, Kano
James Ajala
University of Ibadan
K. Venkateswarlu
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
V.C.B. Nwuga
Obafemi Awolowo University
F,A. Amuche
University of Ibadan
Professor P.B. Ikulayo
Professor M.A. Chado
Professor B. Mshellia
DR. Kola Kafinhan
Dr. S.A Adeniran
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
University of Lagos
Ahmadu Bello University
University of Maiduguri
University of form
Obafemi Awolowo University
ALL ARTICLES FOR PUBLICATIONS TO:
The Editor in Chief, JORHASS, C/O Department of Physical & Health Education, Bayero
University, Kano, Nigeria. Articles are accepted any time of the year. Authors should
comply with the latest APA style, especially with regards to citations and references.
JORHASS — The official journal of the Department of Physical & Health
Education of Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. Vol.7 No.1, October 2007
© PHE-BUK, 2007
ISSN 1ll8-l6X
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Achieving Gender Equality in Leadership Positions in Sport
Organisations * Prof. N. Tanglang & Dr. Musa Garba Yakasai
2.
1
Effective Remuneration in Sport Organisations for Improved
Productivity in Adamawa and Taraba States * Musa Njidda
3.
4
Efficient Budgeting and Budgetary Control in Sports
Administration * Dr. F.R. Haruna & Professor K. Venkateswarlu
4.
8
Print Media Coverage of Selected Sport and its Implication for
Sports Development In Nigeria * Lawal Ibrahim Yazid Ph.D.
5.
17
Effectiveness of Recreation as Stress Management among
Bankers in Kwara State * Prof. O. O. Obiyemi & T.0. Ibraheem
6.
27
Teaching and Coaching Guidelines for the Hearing Impaired and
Deaf School Children in Physical Education Events *Rabiu Mohammed
7.
32
Drug Taking Behaviour among Residents of Sabon—Gari L.G.A.,
Kaduna State. * Umaru Musa & M. A. Suleiman (Mrs) Ph.D.
8.
37
Physical Education and Recreational Activities: A Case Study of
Mann Vocational Rehabilitation Centre, Kano State. * Rabi’u Mohammed
9.
44
Determinants of Lesbianism among Undergraduate Female Students in
University of Ilorin, Kwara State: implications for reproductive Health
Counselling. * Olaitan, O. Lanre
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Fraudulent Consumer Practices in Health Product Marketing:
Implications for Consumer Health * Mohammed S. Fawa
11.
54
Stress as a Global Health Problem * Dr.. Shehu Raheem Adaramaja
& Dr. (Mrs.) Ursula, C. Nnabueze
12.
59
The Menstrual Cycle and Athletic Performance: The Contemporary
View * Dashe, V. (Mrs.) & Venkateswarlu, K. (Prof.)
13.
65
Physical Activity: An Antidote for Prevention and Control of Hypertension
* Abduliahi Ibrahim Darki
14.
74
Knowledge of Prevention of HIV/AIDS/STIS among Urban and Rural
Senior Secondary School Female Students in Nigeria.
* Theresa Ogwu, Ph.D.
15.
82
Correlation of Broad Jump Performance and Sprint Run in Adolescent
Schools Girls * Sadiq Ismaila
16.
90
The National Health Education Curriculum: Implementation Issues
* Prof. Oshodin O.G.
17.
95
The Autocratic Process of Decision Making Styles and Achievement
of Sports Councils in Nigeria * Dr. M.G. Yakasai
18.
101
The Use of Substances in Sports: A Psychobiological Perspective
* Dashe, V. (Mrs.)
19.
105
Strategies for Coping with Stress in Sports * Dr. A.G Suleiman
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Impact of National Drug Law Enforcement Agency on Usage of
Hard Drugs among Resident of Zaria Local Government Area,
Kaduna State. * Musa Umaru & Dashe V. (Mrs.)
21.
121
Body Breadth Measurements of Deaf and Blind Students
* Badamasi Lawal, Ph.D.
22.
127
Mass Media a Vital Instrument for Sports Development in Nigeria
* Ibrahim Lawal Yazid Ph.D.
23.
131
Aerobic and Anaerobic Power Responses to Badminton Specific
Incremental Test Training * Dr. F.R. Haruna
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DETERMINANTS OF LESBIANISM AMONG UNDERGRADUATE FEMALE
STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, KWARA STATE: IMPLICATIONS FOR
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH COUNSELLING.
By
Olaitan, O. Lanre
Abstract
The study investigated lesbianism practice among female undergraduate
students of Unilorin. Descriptive survey design was used for the study. Three hundred
and sixty (360) randomly selected female students were involved in the study. A
structured questionnaire designed by the investigator was used to collect data for the
study. Percentage and Chi -square (X2) statistics were used to anlayse the data.
Hypotheses were tested at alpha level of 0.05. The findings revealed that some causes
of lesbianism are bad companies, isolation of female and pornographic pictures. A high
proportion the respondents believed that it can be control through regular attendance
of religions programmes and educative talks. It was recommended that government,
teachers, public health specialists and the individual have a role to play in changing the
sexual attitude students.
Introduction
Barhtolet (1998) defined lesbianism as a female relationship with another female.
It is clear that more is being implied than the straight definition of woman sleeping with
members of their own sex.
Barranti (1995) defmed it as having sex exclusively with women, a more rigid
definition than he commonly used. Lesbianism is much more than having a sex partner.
It is a ‘total life commitment to a life with a woman’ .(Barranti & Ramirez, 2000).
Further more lesbianism can be defined in its simplest form as “women having sexual
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relations with women” and the women are called LESBIANS and their relationship is
called LESBIANISM
George (2003) explains that some female separate themselves from others,
things on their own, prefer being lonely, and do not develop any interest in male’s
affection. Douglas (1998) explained that some females separate themselves from others
owing to too much restriction by parents. This category of females mostly prefers to
have relationship with other female that are close to them, which sometimes lead
lesbianism. This is common among females in female boarding schools. Consequently
they are compelled to do things with the same sex. Consequently they tend to like and
love the same sex (George 2003). Owing to this experience, they do not see anything
attractive in males, as such they will prefer to have relationship with their female
friends.
George (2003) explained that such females having trying all possible things
match-make them with male, they come back and complain. And was realized that this
kind of female might be brought up by single parent (mother) who doesn’t want male
around her as regards to her own past relationship. Mission (1999) reviewed that there
also policy obligations to address lesbianism in schools. In the education department’
latest statement on across curriculum perspectives’ to do with gender equity, teachers
and policy — makers have been given not merely a license, but an obligation, to
challeng lesbianism in classroom practice, curriculum and school policy (Pathachiarolli,
2000).
* Olaitan, O. Lanre is a lecturer in the Department of Physical and Health Education,
University of Ilorin, liorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
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A greater investment must be done in order to oppose the leshianism practice.
The consequences should also be stated in the school curriculum for the teachers to
teach the student (Mission, 1999). Adelaide (1999) also stated that the educational
policies should also encourage the creation of more co-education in order to allow the
interrelationship between the two opposite sex.
Bailey (1999) involved the intervention of government is to create more schools
which involved both boys and girls. Also organize orientation to foster the rate of
heterosexuals’ relationship. Since the act lesbianism is not legalized in Nigeria, the
government can still do more to curb the act (Jackie 1999). The religionist does not
support it neither the general society
Douglas (1998) outlined the following as indicators of lesbianism: Dressing like
male by putting on male clothes; isolation of themselves from male; allowing personal
interest for same sex; packing up of their trousers like a male; toasting more female
friends; smoking of cigarette and taking of hard drugs; drinking alcohol; organizing
parties with mainly girls; and females that are involved in prostitution.
Wickens (1997) explained that reactions towards a woman who is a lesbian are
negative. Family members and friends may reject them, Lesbians sometimes loose
reputation (Denis, 2001). In the United States and Canada an open lesbian risk
punishment in the form of exile, psychiatric hospital or prison because they believe it is
abnormal and not right. (Denis, 2001).
Sage (1999) discovered that lesbian are also at higher risk of contracting sexually
transmitted disease (STD) and other health problems. However, the consequences of
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lesbianism are less well documented than for male homosexuals. But it is also because
there are fewer lesbians, and there is no evidence practice that the same extremes of
same-sex promiscuity as gay men (Wickens, 1997). Not only did lesbians commonly
have sex with men, but with lots of men (Sage, 1999). They were 4.5 times as likely as
exclusively heterosexual controls to have had more then 50 lifetime male sex partners
(Wickens, 1997).
Consequently, the lesbians’ median number of male partners was twice that of
exclusively heterosexual women (Wickens, 1997). Lesbian were three to four times
more likely than heterosexual women to have sex with man who were at high risk for
HIV disease-homosexual, bisexual or IV drug-abusing men (Bascow, 1997).
Olaitan (2002) discovered that women who have sex with women(WSW) are
more likely than non- WSW to engage in recognized HIV risk behaviours such as IDU
(intravenous drug use), sex work, sex with a bisexual man, and sex with a man who
injects drugs, confirming. Olaitan (2002) also emphasized on bacterial vaginosis,
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, heavy cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, intravenous drug use
and prostitution were present in much higher proportions among female homosexual’s
practitioners. Intravenous drug abuse was namely six times as common in this group.
Hypothesis
1.
There will be no significant causes of lesbianism practice among female students
of Unilorin.
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2.
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There will be no significant consequences of lesbianism practice among female
students of Unilorin.
3.
There will be no significant control of lesbianism practice among female students
of Unilorin
4.
There will be no significant signs of a lesbian on female student of Unilorin.
Methodology
The research design adapted for this study was descriptive survey method, The
target population for this study was undergraduate female students in all the eight
Faculties in the University of Ilorin. (faculties of education, Arts, Science, Law,
Engineering, Business & social science Health sciences, Agriculture).
Stratifid sampling technique was used to select forty-five (45) female students
from each of the eight faculties i.e. Education, Agriculture, Engineering, Health
sciences, Law, Business & Social sciences, Arts, and Sciences to make a total of three
hundred and sixty (360) respondents in this study. Descriptive statistic of percentage
and inferential statistic of Chi square (X2) statistics were used at alpha level of 0.05.
Results and Discussion
The date collected from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics of
frequency table inferential statistics of Chi-square (X2) at 0.05 alpha level of
significance
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Table I: Demographic information about the respondents
Age
Items Response
Respondent
Percentage
(a) 12-18yrs
33
9.17
(b) 19-25yrs
255
70.83
(c) 25 yrs above
72
20
216
60
144
40
(a) 100
36
10
(b) 200
72
20
(c) 400
90
25
(d) 500
117
325
(e) 500
45
125
Religion (a) Christianity
(b) Islam
Level
Table I indicate that the age group with the range of 12—18 year are 9.17 % of
the respondents the age range 19-25yrs are 70.83% of the respondents while the
remaining 20% are 26 yrs above. Also 60% of the respondents are Christian while the
remaining are 40% of Muslim. This means more than half of the respondents are
Christian. The respondents’ in 100 level were 10%, 200 level were 20% 300level 400
level 32.5% while 500 level are 12.5%.
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Table 2: Chi-square results on Hypothesis 1 (cause of lesbianism practice)
Items
SA
A
D
SD
Roll
X2
df
Total
1.
198(107.4)
147(133.8)
12(68.4)
3(50.4)
360
2.
111(107.4) 159(133.8)
63(68.4)
27(50.4)
360
3.
66(107.4)
1800(133.8) 96(68.4)
18(50.4)
360
4.
162(107.4) 153(133.8)
39(68.4)
6(50.4)
360
5.
0(107.4)
132(68.4) 198(50.4)
Column
30(133.8)
537
669
342
252
Crt.
Remarks
Val
345.58 12 21.03 Rejected
360
1800
Total
p>0.05
Table above shows that, it is observed that the calculated (X2) table value is
345.6 and critical value is 21.03 at 12 degree of freedom and alpha level of significance.
This implies that the hypothesis is rejected, therefore the perceived causes of
lesbianism practice has no significance effect on female students.
Table 3: Chi- square results on Hypothesis 2 (consequences on lesbianism
practice)
Items
SA
A
D
SD
Roll
X2
df
Crt. Val
Remarks
168.15
12
21.03
Rejected
Total
6
69 (106.2)
129(150.6)
138(60)
54(34.2)
360
7
228 (106.2)
120(150.6)
9(60)
3(34.2)
360
8
123 (106.2)
168(150.6)
57 (60)
12(34.2)
360
9
129(106.2)
186(150.6)
24 (60)
21(34.2)
360
10
57 (106.2)
150(150.6)
72(60)
81(34.2)
360
Column
576
753
300
171
1800
Total
P>O.05
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Table above shows that, it is observed that the calculated (X2) table value is 168.15
and critical value is 21.03 at 12 degree of freedom and alpha level of significance. This
implies that the hypothesis is rejected; therefore the perceived consequences of
lesbianism practice have no significant effect on female students.
Table 4: Chi- square results on Hypothesis 3 (control of lesbianism practice)
Items
SA
A
D
SD
Roll Total
11
168(150.6)
156(159.6)
18(28.8)
18(21)
360
12
222(150.6)
120(159.6)
15 (28.8) 3 (21)
360
13
183(150.6)
150(159.6)
27 (28.8) 0 (21)
14
108(150.6)
198(159.6)
42 (28.8) 12 (21)
360
15
72(150.6)
174(159.6)
42(28.8)
72(21)
360
Column
753
798
144
105
1800
X2
df
Crt. Val
Remarks
101.46
12
21.03
Rejected
360
Total
P> 0.05
Table above shows that, it is observed that the calculated (X2) table value is
101.46 and critical value is 21.03 at 12 degree of freedom and alpha level of
significance. This implies that the hypothesis is rejected therefore the perceived control
of lesbianism practice has no significant effect on female students
Table 54: Chi- square results on Hypothesis 4 (signs of lesbianism practice)
Items
SA
A
D
SD
Roll
X2
df
Total
16
129(60.9)
144(45)
42(33.67)
45 (21)
360
17
33 (60.9)
162(45)
141(33.67)
24(21)
360
18
21(60.9)
99(45)
120(33.67)
120(21)
360
Column
183
405
303
189
1080
Crt.
Remarks
Val
88.47
6
12.59
Rejected
Total
P > 0.05
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It is observed that the calculated (X2) table value is 88.47 and critical value is
12.59 at 6 degree of freedom and alpha level of significance. This implies that the
hypothesis is rejected; therefore the perceived signs of lesbianism have no significant
effect on female students.
Discussion
From the result, it shows that the majority of the respondents are within the age
range of 19-25 years, followed by 26 years & above, and the least respondents are
within 12-18 years. Also in religion it is clearly shown that majority of the respondents
are Christian, while the others are Muslim. Concerning the educational level the highest
respondents are from 400 level followed by the 300 level while others are from 500,
200 and 100 levels.
The analysis revealed that majority strongly believed that bad companies can
cause lesbianism practice, while majority agreed with the opinion that female that are
isolated from opposite sex can also practice the act which is in line with George (2003)
and Douglas (1998). Also the respondents strongly agreed that phonographic pictures
can promote lesbianism, is in line with Bailey (1999) who said lesbianism is a sexual
attitude. Furthermore, the respondents are not of the opinion that lesbian ends up in
psychiatric home and this is contrary to Denis (2001) who said one of the punishment
for lesbian is putting them in psychiatric hospital. While most respondents believed it
endangers marriage and also end up being a single parent is in line Wickens (1997).
Minority believed they can not contact HIV/AIDS through lesbianism which is contrary
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to Olaitan (2002) that most women that involve in the act have sex with multiple men
and sex with men who injects drug, who are likely to contact the disease. Majority are
of the opinion that behavioural modification, attendance of religions programmes and
educative talks and speeches can go a long way in controlling the practice among the
female which is in support with Bailey, (1999). Majority also agreed that avoidance of
alcoholism and dangerous drugs and attendance of co-educational school among the
female can also help, this corroborate with Mission (1999) under his policy obligation
help in controlling the rampart ness of the practice.
The findings showed that majority believed that unusual closeness with female
colleagues, female that involves in drug abuse and also in smoking cigarette are related
to signs that a lesbian possess are in line with Douglas (1998) who gave some signs of
female that involve in the practice. While majority disagreed with the fact that wearing
of male cloth by female is also a sign of lesbian is contrary to Douglas (1998).
Conclusions and Recommendations
As regard the determinants of lesbianism among undergraduate female students
in University of ilorin, Kwara State: implications for reproductive health counseling. The
following conclusions were drawn from the findings:
(i)
Also are of the opinion that control of lesbianism can be through behaviour
modification, religions programmes and other alignment campaign like talk and
speeches can be helpful.
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(ii)
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Female students are also aware that the consequences of lesbianism can
endanger marriage and make the female being a single parent.
(iii)
Finally it clearly seen that drug abuse and smoking of cigarette can be a sign a
lesbian possess.
On the basis of the result and all that has been discussed in this work, the
researcher made the following recommendations.
(i)
The public health workers and the government should work relentless to see that
proper alignment on how to maintain good sexual behaviour is mounted.
(ii)
There should be more mixed school in order for the female student to interrelate
with the opposite sex.
(iii)
Proper orientation should be organized to campaign against heterosexual
relationship.
(iv)
There should be mass sex education programme for students, sex education
should be introduced and made compulsory by the government at primary,
secondary and higher institutions of learning. The mass media should educate
the public on the consequences of lesbianism.
The health workers should also not consider the monetary aspects of their work,
but work in co-operation with the individuals and also with the government to achieve
the desired good against lesbianism practices.
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References:
Adelaide, B. L. (1999). Religion and Parental Child Rearing Orientations.
Phitadephia; McGraw-Hill.
Bailey, D. (1999). Child Care Practices Anteceding Three Patterns of Pre School
Behaviour. Genetic Psychology Monographic 75 :43-83.
Balswick, D. (2000) “Rethinking marriage: change and stability in expectation”.
Journal offamily Issues 17:139-69.
Bane, M. (1976). There to say: American Families in the Twentieth confuring. New
York: Basic Books.
Barrant, C. (1995). The Grand Child Relationship: Family Resources in an era of
Voluntary Bonds. Family Relation. 34:343-52.
Barranti, L & Ramirez, J. (2000) “Gay Dads in Redefining Families: Implications for
Children’s Development; (Ed.), New York: Eskeles and Allen W.
Barthtolet, R (1999). Adoption of Drug-Exposed Children. Children and Youth Services
Review 13:323-42.
Basow S, A. (1997). Gender stereotypes and roles, (3rd Ed.), New York; Daufic
Grove: Brooks. Co.
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Douglas, K. H. (1998). Parental aware and adult well-being: a meta-analysis. New
York; Raven Press ltd.
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George, D. S. (2003). African American families’ behaviours. American Families,
12, 259-90
Jackie, J. (1999). Mothers and divorce: legal, economic and social dilemmas Berkeley:
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Koedt, C. (1996). Human sexuality. St. Louis; Mosby and Co Ltd.
Mission, S, (1999). Domestic Violence Against Women. London; Oxford University
press.
Olaitan, O. L. (2002). Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among Students of Tertiary
Institutions in Kwara State. An Unpublished Master’s Dissertation,
Nigeria: University of form.
Pathachiarolli, T. (2000). The practice of social relationship, (7th Ed.), Belmont:
Williams and Wilkins Ltd.
Sage, R. D. (1999). “Sexual Attitudes of Female Adolescents”. Journal of Marriage
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Wickeus, J (1997). Understanding human sexuality. New York; Mccran II Books
Ltd.
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