3.3 and 3.4 Study Guide Key
1. Parliament gains power in England: The___Tudor____________ Monarchs worked with Parliament (especially King
Henry VIII who had 6 wives and his youngest daughter Elizabeth I).
2. But then the Stuart Monarchs, starting with ______James I_________ clash with Parliament. He lectured the idea of
the king having divine right and found himself involved in religious disputes.
3. His son, _______Charles I________, behaved like an absolute monarch and ignored the signed Petition of Right which
prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament consent or jailing anyone without legal justification. The
____English Civil War___________ that followed lasted from 1642-1651. It was the Cavaliers, supporters of King
Charles I vs. the Roundheads lead by Parliament and _____Oliver Cromwell________. The Cavaliers were defeated
and the king was ___executed______. It was the first time a king was executed by his own people.
4. England’s _____kingless decade____ ended when Cromwell died and the monarchy was restored with Charles II.
Charles’s Catholic brother, James II, inherited the throne but caused problems with Parliament and the church. Parliament
invited James’s Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband William to become rulers of England. James II fled and this
bloodless transfer of power became known as the _____Glorious Revolution____________________.
5. Before they were crowned they had to accept the _______English Bill of Rights_____passed by Parliament in 1689.
This gave Parliament power over the monarchy and granted many rights to the citizens (trial by jury and no cruel
punishments). This turned England into a ______limited monarchy_________. With time it will evolve into a
constitutional government with political parties, a cabinet system, and prime minister.
6. The ___Enlightenment_____is the period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their
outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress. It is also known as the ____Age of Reason____.
7. Philosophers wanted to use newly developed ideas about natural laws and reason of the Scientific Revolution for
problems in _______government and society_________.
8. Many of these thinkers questioned the belief in the divine right of kings and stressed ______individual rights______
that governments should respect. Many also felt that people should have a say in their government.
9. Enlightenment ideas about government can be found in our _________Declaration of Independence_____
and_____Constitution____________.
10. ____Thomas Hobbes_________believed people are naturally selfish and greedy therefore people enter into a
social contract because only a powerful ____government______could keep order.
11. _____John Locke______________believed the purpose of government was to protect the people’s natural rights.
His ideas can be found in the _________Declaration of Independence_______________.
12. ______Denis Diderot______edited and published the Encyclopedia to “change the general way of thinking.”
13. ______Voltaire_____________defended freedom of thought. He said: “My trade is to say what I think.”
14. ______Montesquieu_____________advocated the idea of separation of powers in government.
15. ______Rousseau____________promoted the idea that people in their natural state were essentially good but their
innocence was corrupted by the evils of society.
16. ______Mary Wollstonecraft_______argued that women deserved the same rights and opportunities as men and
inspired many later leaders of the women’s rights movement in America.