Home, School and
Community
TECA 1303
Nita Thomason Ed.D
Chapter 3
Parenting
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Roles Parents Play
• Adult relationships
– Parents as spouses
– Pressure on marriage
• Nurturer
– Importance of attachment
– Fathers and mothers as nurturers
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Attachment
Ainsworth
• Secure attachment
– Easy separation from mother to explore, while
periodically touching base; friendly toward strangers;
probably cry when mother leaves, but ok after initial
distress
• Anxious ambivalent
– Resistance to mother and clinginess; wary of mother
leaving; very upset when mother leaves and unable to
be comforted
• Anxious avoidant
– Doesn’t seem to care if mother or stranger is present;
doesn’t care when mother leaves and avoids reunion
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Roles of Parents (continued)
• Individual
– Lifelong personal development
– Erikson’s adult stages
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Ericson’s Stages of Adult
Psychosocial Development
• Intimacy versus Isolation
– Intimacy is the ability to share with and care
about others
• Generativity versus Stagnation
– Generativity includes establishing family life
until early middle age or beyond
• Integrity versus Despair
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Parenting Styles
Diana Baumrind
• Authoritative
• Permissive
– High support
– High control
• Authoritarian
– High support
– Low control
• Uninvolved
– High control
– Low support
– Low support
– Low control
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Communicate regularly
Set rules and limits but explains why they are necessary
Helps children learn how to be responsible for themselves
Awareness of where children are,
with whom, and what they are doing
Example: A 4yr. Old does not want to take a bath. The child is playing with toys and
knows the routine-bath and then bed. She is moving toward a tantrum.
An Authoritative parent would discuss the problem and come up with a solution
acceptable to both the parent and child an incentive such as a bubble bath, cookies
and milk after the bath.
• The authoritative parent has the most positive results and the fewest problems in the
long run. Children raised in an authoritative manner have higher academic
achievement and fewer behavioral problems.
Authoritarian
Spanking, harsh
verbal abuse,
anger, negativity
when failure
occurs
“Because I Say So”
Means
“I’m too stressed to argue.”
“I’ll explain later.”
“I’m probably wrong but you will never
know that.”
Permissive
parents are
parents that give
rare guidelines,
parents tend to
want their kids to
behave in a
certain way yet
don’t reinforce it.
Tend to be
too involved
with kids
“happiness”
or very little
involvement
Leads child to
be vulnerable
to depression
and
emotional
distress
 Behavior guidelines are hazy to non-existent
 Relationship- parents may tend to think of
themselves as a “friend”
 Child tends to be immature or engage in “adult
things” (drinking, sexual acts) before they can
maturely handle it
 Conflict is almost non-existent and children look
toward friends as “family”
 Give no boundaries, unresponsive and undemanding
 Borderline neglect, reckless and very apathetic
 Kids tend to be antisocial, violent, slower in school and
unhealthy (physically)
 Children have no goals, few achievements and no life
just like their parents
 Examples of noninvolved parents are Matilda’s parents
and Harry Potter’s stepparents.
Reflections
Reflect on the parenting style your parents
used.
What is the parenting style you use, or
would like to use, with your own children?
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Touchpoints Model
Brazelton
The Seven Irreducible Needs of Children
• Ongoing nurturing relationships
• Physical protection, safety, regulation
• Experiences tailored to individual
• Developmentally appropriate experiences
• Limit setting, structure, and expectation
• Stable, supportive community/cultural
continuity
• Protection for the future
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Anatomy of a Neuron
Figure 5.3 Anatomy of a Neuron
Brain Development
Figure 5.6 Increase in Neural Connections in the Brain
40 Assets Kids Need
• Developmental Assets for Adolescents |
Search Institute
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Fatherhood
• Involvement of fathers with their children
has important influences at every stage of
child development
– Babies with actively involved fathers score
higher on the Bailey test of mental and motor
development
– Father involvement in children’s school life
increases child’s chances of excelling 42 %
– Father involvement during adolescence
reduces jevenile delinquency, teen
pregnancy, drug use
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What Makes a Good Parent?
• Making child feel important and loved
• Responding to child’s cues
• Accepting child for who she-he is, yet
expecting success
• Promoting strong values
• Using constructive discipline
• Providing routines and stability
• Being involved in child’s education
• Being there for the child
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Grace Based Parenting
Kimmel
Give children freedom to:
• Be different
• Be vulnerable
• Be candid
• Make mistakes
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Roles of Parents (continued)
• Educator
– Parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive,
authoritative
– Socialization of children
– Preparation for formal schooling
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Roles of Parents (continued)
 Consumer
– Need for two working parents
– Cost of raising a child
– Child care “trilemma”: quality care;
appropriate compensation for staff;
affordability for parents
– Sacrificing so one parent can stay home
• Worker
– Conflict of work and parenting
– Options for working parents
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Affects of Child Care
National Institutes of Health
• Belsky
– Weaker attachment in infants
– Relationship between time in care and
problem behaviors
• Caldwell
– Maternal sensitivity is more powerful predictor
of secure attachment than age of entry, type
of care, amount of care
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Stages of Parenthood
Galinsky, 1987
1. Image-making stage, prenatal period
2. Nurturing stage, 1st 2 years
3. Authority stage, 2 – 5 years
4. Interpretive stage, preschool to
adolescence
5. Interdependent stage, teen years
6. Departure stage, children leave home
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Parenthood as Emotional
Experience
• Why do people become parents?
– Expansion of self
– Moral values
– Sources of affection
– Stimulation and fun
– Achievement
– Power and influence
– Social comparison
– Economic utility
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Seven Emotional Responses
• Irrevocability: No turning back
• Restriction, isolation, and fatigue
• Noninstinctual love—acquired over
time
• Guilt—not being the ideal parent
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Emotional Responses (continued)
• Satisfaction—watching a child grow
and develop
• Anxiety and uncertainty—never sure what
is right action
• Real concern and caring for the child—
a strong emotional connection with
the child
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All Rights Reserved.