Lake Erie …Our Great Lake…
August 16, 2011
August 16, 2011
Aug 19, 2011
It’s Time
For Us All
To Do The Right Thing
How Much Phosphorus From
The Maumee Watershed On
Average Per Acre Causes
This?
7200 Pounds
1000 Pounds
360 Pounds
47 Pounds
Average Annual Export From the
Maumee WS is 1.1 Pounds of P per acre
as measured through the
Heidelberg Gage at Waterville.
Maumee River Per Acre Loads
Parameter
Water
Quantity from each acre in the
watershed
13”
Suspended solids
470 lb/acre
Total Phosphorus
1.1 lb/acre
Total Nitrogen
22 lb/acre
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus
.26 lb/acre
Nitrate Nitrogen
17 lb/acre
Chloride
86 lb/acre
P Lost Equals Five Granules DAP
Fertilizer Per Square Foot of Land!
In Order To Control
Phosphorus
We Need To Know How and
When It Moves
Phosphorus
Precipitation
P Fertilizer or
manure
application
Particulate
phosphorus loss
with Erosion
Runoff
(Optional)
incorporation
Soluble Phosphorus
loss with Runoff:
Plant Uptake
Macropores
Soluble or particulate
phosphorus loss in
tile drains
Trapped by
Filter Strip
March 8 2009
March 8 2009
March 8
2009
Direct runoff of broadcast fertilizers
#5
#6
#2
#3
#1
#4
#7
#8
Dates custom applicators were in
fields
.
Storm Event #
Discharge, thousand m3
SRP
SRP
SRP
Load, metric tons
FWMC, mg/L
TWMC, mg/L
#1
10,473
2.13
0.203
0.169
#2
14,306
6.21
0.434
0.249
#3
9,408
5.91
0.629
0.348
#4
6,485
1.90
0.293
0.214
#5
18,173
4.23
0.233
0.201
#6
17,258
3.09
0.179
0.149
#7
5,893
1.35
0.230
0.169
#8
10,275
1.67
0.163
0.133
Larger storms
further from
application = less
P runoff
Blanchard River, Fall Storm Series
Discharge, cfs
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
9/15
9/25
10/5
10/25
11/4
11/14
11/24
12/4
12/14
12/24
11/24
12/4
12/14
12/24
Blanchard River, Fall Storm Series
0.60
DRP Conc., mg/L
10/15
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
9/15
9/25
10/5
10/15
10/25
11/4
11/14
Maumee River: Cumulative Annual PhosphorusLoads,
1975-2007
4,000
2007 Water Year
Load (metric tons)
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
0
Oct
Nov
31
Dec
61
Jan
92
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
122 153 183 214 244 275 305 336 366
Month of Water Year
What Conservation Practices
Are Needed?
and
What Will Help?
Have To Maintain
Residue Mgt
Challenges
4R’S Times 2
Right Time
What Is Needed?
Right Rate
The 4R’s
Right Rate, Right Place
Right Time, Right product
Right Product
Cover Crops
Right Place
Right Placement - Ensure fertilizer and
manure are applied in contact with soil
All fertilizer and manure should be placed
below the soil surface, in contact with the
soil
Options for no-till systems:
• banding of liquid polyphosphate,
• using planters to apply dry fertilizers,
• placing lower amounts of “pop up” fertilizer within the
seed furrow, and
• strip tillage (329)
Right Timing - Apply only during
periods that coincide with crop growth
Issue: Phosphorus is currently applied in
fall and winter, including to frozen and
snow- covered soil
Recommendations:
• No application of fertilizer or manure on
saturated or frozen soil
• Consider systems in which fertilizer can be
applied in late summer (e.g., wheat, alfalfa).
• Cover crops
Right Rate - Apply phosphorus at
annual crop removal rates, and do not
apply if soil P is high
• Test soils
• Apply at no more than:
– rates of removal by crops if soil tests are in the
optimal range
Why is P added when not needed?
Some things we hear…
• Get rid of manure
• Right rate too hard to understand(?)
• Soil lab sent recommendations that do not
agree with Tri-state recommendations
• Lease requires maintenance rates
• Saving up for when world P supplies get
more scarce?
Precision Nutrient Management
Putting It All
Together
Nester Ag-Management
Develop Combine
Yield Map And Soil Test Map
with GPS Technology
Nester Ag-Management
Develop Zone Management
Nester Ag-Management
Equip For
Variable Rate On Go Spreading
Nester Ag-Management
Apply Variable
Fertilizer Rates On
the Go
Nester Ag-Management
Wetlands & Temporary
Detention
Buffers &
StreamPut
Restoration
Filters, Storage and
Controls
Controlled
Drainage
Back Into Our Drainage
Systems!
Bio Filters
We
Must Improve
Soil Quality
Controlled Traffic, Strip Fertilizer, and
Cover Crops
Expanding and Finding New
Cover Crops
Oil Seed Radishes
We Need
To
Develop New Technology
Phosphorus sorbing byproducts
Acid mine
drainage
treatment
residuals
(Fe & Al
oxides)
Bauxite
mining and
production
waste (red
mud)
Drinking
water
treatment
residuals
(alum)
Fly ash
Paper mill waste
Steel slag
waste
Recycled
gypsum or
FDG gypsum
Slide from
Peter Kleinman
Possible practice: Bioreactors with
phosphorus-binding materials
Woodchip
denitrifying
bioreactors (CP
747) could be
enhanced with
phosphorusbinding materials
(e.g., alum, steel
slag, or gypsum)
Treating tile drainage
In-pipe
New Zealand, 70%
reduction in TP over 2
yrs, projected 25 yr
life span
External filter
Install drain within filter
material
Several models marketed to
golf courses, $2-$5K
• no independent testing Slide from
Peter Kleinman
Can two-stage ditch enhance P
removal? Research is needed.
Photo: The Nature Conservancy
NRCS Is Providing Nutrient Management Incentives and
Bundling EQIP Incentive Payments with Nutrient Mgt,
Waste Mgt, and Cons Tillage
The Business Model
There Are Many
Challenges
And
It Won’t Be Cheap!
Following Soil
Testing Science
Need More
Edge of
Field
Research
What It Is Going To Take:
Science and Research
Technology
Education and Training
The Fertilizer Police
The Dead
Presidents
Healthy Land – Healthy Lake