United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa
Introducing the Sectoral African
Gender and Development index
(AGDI) on Agriculture
20th SESSION OF THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON
AGRICULTURE STATISTICS
10-13 December 2007, Hilton Hotel, Algiers
Presented by: Souleymane Abdallah
Economic Affairs Officer, UNECA
Presentation’s Outline
What is the AGDI?
What is the GSI?
GSI architecture
Why AGDI on agricultural sector
Social block
Economic block
Political bloc
Computation of the GSI
Country example
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What Is the AGDI?
The African Gender and Development index is a
composite index that combines both quantitative
and qualitative indicators through its two parts :
 The Gender Status Index (GSI) captures
quantitatively measurable issues related to gender
equality
 The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS)
measures government policy performance regarding
women’s advancement and empowerment
3
What Is the GSI?
The Gender Status Index is the quantitative
part of the African Gender and Development
Index;
GSI covers aspects of gender relations that can
be measured and provides a quantitative
assessment of gender equality;
The GSI is based on three blocks: social power
‘capabilities’, economic power ‘opportunities’
and political power ‘agency’.
4
GSI Architecture
Blocks
Components
Sub-Components
Indicators
(3)
(7)
(12)
(42)
Enrolment
Social Power
Block
Education
Drop out
Health
Literacy
Income
GSI
Economic
Power Block
Time-Use or
Employment
…
.
.
Means of
production
Management
Public
sector
Civil
Society
Secondary
Dropout
…
.
Ownership
.
of plots or
land
Access to
credit
Access to
resources
Political
Power Block
Primary
Dropout
…
.
.
Freedom to
dispose own
income
…
.
.
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Why AGDI on agricultural sector?
 Women constitute the majority of the
agricultural workforce
 Gender statistics in the agricultural sector are
critical to understanding the multidimensional
aspects of feminized poverty
 African economies rely heavily on agriculture
 ECA repositioning
 AFCAS 2005 recommendation
6
Social Block
Component
Subcomponent
Education
Education
Child health
Health
HIV/AIDS burden of household
Health status of agricultural workers
Social welfare
Social welfare services
7
Social Block (Cont’d)
Subcomponent
Agriculture indicators
Source of Data
Education
Basic literacy
National Demographic Household Surveys
Completion of primary school
Completion of secondary school
Access to tertiary agriculture education/training
Child health
Rural child health status
National Demographic Household Surveys
- Mortality
- Stunting
National health statistics bureau
- Underweight
HIV/AIDS burden of
household
Health status of
agricultural workers
Number of PLWA
Ministries of Health
Total man days of illness of HH
Demographic & Health survey
Total man days of illness of sub holders
8
Social Block (Cont’d)
Subcomponent
Agriculture indicators
Source of Data
Types of housing:
Household surveys
-Permanent
-Non-Permanent
Social welfare
services
Access to potable water by HH
Access to modern source of energy
Ownership of wealth assets (example
bicycles and radios)
9
Economic Block
Component
Sub component
Gender Profile of Agricultural Households
Demographic characteristics
Employment status
Employment
Division of labour
Time Use
Means of production
Access to Services
Access & control over resources
Access to water for agricultural purposes
Access to information
Wages
Income
Income from agriculture
Disposal of output
Expenditure
Disposal of income
10
Economic Block (Cont’d)
Sub component
Indicators
Sources of Data
Agricultural population
Agricultural census and
surveys
Head of Household
household dependency ratio of household
Demographic
characteristics
Main activity of household head
Secondary activity household head
HH with disabilities
Sub Holders with disabilities
11
Economic Block (Cont’d)
Employer
Employee
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
-casual
Employment
status
-permanent
-seasonal
Own account
Unpaid family Worker
Division of labour
Agricultural-related
-On farm tasks
Employment
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
-Post harvest tasks
Non-agricultural –related
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Time spent on productive activities
Time-Use surveys
-agricultural
Time Use
- non-agricultural
Time spent on reproductive activities (domestic, care,
and community activities)
Time-Use surveys
Time spent on leisure
12
Economic Block (Cont’d)
Average area of land owned
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Security of tenure (ownership and user rights)
Means of production
Livestock owned (number by type_
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Ownership of productive assets (example, animals and
tools)
Beneficiaries of agricultural credits
Access &
control
over
resources
Ministry of Finance,
Central Banks
Volume of credit
Access to Services
Access to extension services
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Access to agricultural training
Sex of extension service provider
Access to water or irrigation
Access to water for
agricultural purposes
Distance to water sources
Access to information
Access to market information
Ministry of Agriculture /
Civil Service
Chamber of Agriculture
13
Economic Block (Cont’d)
Wages
Income
Income from
agriculture
Disposal of output
Expenditure
Disposal of
income
Average Wages for agricultural production
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Average Wage for agro-processing
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Value of agricultural outputs
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Income from agro processing
Income from land leasing
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Sale of agricultural output
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Consumption of agricultural output
Agricultural census and/or
surveys
Agricultural related expenditures
Household data
Expenditure on household welfare
Food-related expenditure
14
Political Block
Component
Subcomponent
Access to decision making
Household
Public sector
Participation
Civil society
Private sector
15
Political Block (Cont’d)
Component
Subcomponent
Indicators
Source of Data
Household
Membership of farmers organisations of HH
Agricultural
surveys
Membership of farmers organisations of sub holders
Decision making in production activities of HH
Decision making on returns (utilization of output or income) of HH
Access to
Decision
making
Public sector
Representation in Agricultural decision making:
-Directors
-Committees of Parliament
Records of State
and local Budget
Offices
-Judiciary
Representation in Budget Committees:
-Agricultural Institutions
-Finance Departments
Representation in management of Agricultural institutions (Class A
programme managers)
16
Political Block (Cont’d)
Component
Subcomponent
Participation
Civil society
Private sector
Source of Data
Managers of farmers associations
Records of active
local CSOs
Managers of agriculture related NGOS
Records of Trade
associations
Managers of Community Development Associations.
Register of
agribusinesses
Managers of agricultural Co-operative societies
Register of farmer
cooperatives
Managers of agribusiness organisations
Managers of private financial institutions
Managers of agriculture input services
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Computation of the GSI
Guiding principles:
Each basic indicator has the same weight
in each sub-component;
Each sub-component has the same weight
in each component;
Each component of the GSI has the same
weight in each block;
Finally, each block has the same weight in
the GSI.
18
Computation of the GSI (Cont’d)
For each variable, the indicator of gender
equality is calculated the same way:
Comparison (ratio) of female achievement to
male achievement. The closer the indicator
is to 1, the better the performance on gender
equality is in the country:
Example: Primary enrolment rate for girls:
65%
Primary enrolment rate for boys: 80%
Enrolment rate indicator: 65/80 = 0.8125
19
Computation of the GSI (Cont’d)
The value for each sub-component,
component and block is calculated as the
simple arithmetic mean of respectively the
indicators, sub-components and
components.
The GSI is then compiled as the mean of the
three blocks to give the overall gender profile
of the country.
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Computation of the GSI (Cont’d)
Exceptions (Reverse indicators):
 Some indicators do not follow the rule: These are
reverse indicators such as stunting, underweight,
mortality and time-use (domestic, care and
volunteer activities): Here we measure male
achievement versus female achievement.
 If an indicator is missing, the other indicators of
the sub-component are re-weighted, to take
account of the actual number of available
indicators.
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Health
Underweight under 3
21.6%
22.6%
1.046
Mortality under 5
108 per
1000
111 per
1000
1.028
Life expectancy at birth
59.8
57.9
1.033
New HIV infection
6,223
4,253
0.683
Time spent out of work
-
-
-
Wages in agriculture
64,008
100,464
0.637
Wages in civil service
191,234
352,596
0.542
Wages in formal sector
148,052
236,526
0.626
Wages in informal sector
130,049
157,883
0.824
Income from informal enterprise
274,429
169,491
0.618
Income from small agricultural household
enterprise
95,937
164,658
0.583
Income from remittances and interhousehold transfers
381,512
136,388
2.797
Time spent in market economic activities
(as paid employee, own-account or
employer)
35.8 hrs per
week
41.0 hrs per
week
0.873 (hours
per week)
Time spent in non market economic
activities or as unpaid family worker in
market economic activities
30.5 hours
per week
38.9 hrs per
week
0.784 hours
per week
Time spent in domestic, care and
volunteer activities
49.0 hours
per week
29.26 hours
per week
0.597hours per
week
Or: Share of paid employees, ownaccount workers and employers in total
employment
4,483,021
4,556,297
0.984
Country Example
Child health
Wages
Income
Income
Economi
c power
‘Opport
unities’
Time-use
Time-use or
employment
Employment
Ownership of rural/urban plots/houses or
land
Means of
production
Access to
resources
6,155,624
5,978,277
1.030
Access to credit
23,688
49,978
0.474
Freedom to dispose of own income
73%
100
0.730
Employers
3,809,892
3,900,465
0.977
High civil servants (class A)
44
400
0.110
Members of professional syndicates
985
7714
0.128
Administrative, scientific and technical
275,491
424,038
0.650
Members of parliament
18
102
0.176
Cabinet ministers
2
19
0.105
Higher courts judges
18
87
0.207
Management
Public sector
_____________
Civil society
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