REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM 3 Bones (Chapters 6-8), and a few important ‘odds and ends’ from Chapter 1 BIOL241 Ch 1 1. Define anatomical position. Understand and be comfortable using anatomical directions: anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), superior and inferior, cranial and caudal, medial and lateral, & proximal and distal. 2. Describe anatomical planes/sections: transverse plane, transverse section (cross section), frontal plane (coronal plane), sagittal plane Ch 6 3. Describe the main functions of bone and how bones perform each function 4. Classify bones according to their shapes, and give an example of each. 5. Identify and describe the characteristics of osteoblasts, osetocytes, osteoclasts, osteoprogenitor cells, collagen, and hydroxyappatitie. 6. Describe the microscopic structure of bone including the organic and inorganic materials as well as the anatomical structures such as the osteon, lamellae (three types), lacunae, central canal, perforating canal, Sharpey’s fibers, canaliculi. Be able to identify each structure on a diagram or model. 7. Describe the structure of a long bone including compact and spongy bone, the epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, shaft, marrow (medullary) cavity, endosteum, periosteum, and articular cartilage. Know the difference in function between spongy and compact bone. Be able to identify each of the above terms a diagram, bone, or model. 8. Describe how long bone grows in length and in width and how bone is rejuvenated in the adult including the role of the chondroblast, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast in intramembraneous and endochondral ossification. Know what the epiphyseal line is and where you might see it. What hormones affect bone growth? 9. Describe the role of hormones in calcium regulation and how bone, kidney and the intestines are involved 10. Describe the process of bone fracture repair 11. Describe the effects of aging on bones and bone tissue. Define osteopenia, osteoporosis, and understand some current treatments for osteoporosis. 12. Identify the bones and parts of bones listed on the “List of Bones and Bone Parts” for both the axial and appendicular skeletons. Be able to identify them on a model, diagram, or isolated bones or skeleton, and know their location, structure, and general function. Be able to identify right and left bones where appropriate (e.g. right femur vs. left). List of Bones and Bone Parts – Axial Skeleton (Ch 7) 1. Skull cranial bones- frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal, temporal facial bones- mandible, vomer, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, palatine, inferior nasal concha sutures- coronal, sagittal, squamos, lambdoid sinuses- frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal processes- styloid, zygomatic, mastoid, palatine, coronoid foramina- foramen magnum, supraorbital, infraorbital, mental, optic, ovale, carotid canal, jugular fontanels– (look at them, and know what a fontanel is, but don’t memorize their names) other structures- occipital condyles, zygomatic arch, orbit, sella turcica, crista galli, cribiform plates, external auditory canal, mandibular condyle, nasal septum, hard palate ear ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes 2. Vertebral column types of vertebrae - cervical, atlas, axis, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal parts of a vertebra - body, spinous process, transverse process, transverse foramen, articular processes, vertebral foramen, costal facets, intervertebral disc 3. Thorax ribs - true, false, floating parts of a rib – head, neck, tubercle parts of the sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process, clavicular notch/articulation, jugular notch 4. Hyoid bone List of Bones and Bone Parts – Appendicular Skeleton 1. Shoulder girdle parts of the scapula - spine, acromion process, glenoid fossa, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa, coracoid process parts of the clavicle - sternal end, acromial end 2. Upper appendages parts of the humerus - head, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, deltoid tuberosity parts of the ulna - olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear (semilunar) notch, radial notch, styloid process, head parts of the radius - head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch carpals - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (G rated Mnemonic- Sandy Left The Party To Take Carol Home ; R rated-Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle) parts of the metacarpals - base, shaft, head (numbered 1-5) types and parts of the phalanges - proximal, middle, distal, pollex 3. Hip girdle parts of the os coxae - ilium, ischium, pubis, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch, acetabulum, obturator foramen, pubic symphysis, sacroiliac joint 4. Lower appendages parts of the femur - head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, lateral condyle, medial condyle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface parts of the patella - base, apex, articular facets parts of the tibia - lateral condyle, medial condyle, tibial tuberosity, intercondylar eminence, medial malleolus parts of the fibula - head, neck, lateral malleolus types of tarsals - calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, (lateral, intermediate and medial) cuneiform parts of the metatarsals – 1-5 types and parts of the phalanges - proximal, middle, distal, hallux,