REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM 3 Bones (Chapters 6-8), and a few important ‘odds
and ends’ from Chapter 1
BIOL241
Ch 1
1. Define anatomical position. Understand and be comfortable using anatomical directions:
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal), superior and inferior, cranial and caudal, medial and
lateral, & proximal and distal.
2. Describe anatomical planes/sections: transverse plane, transverse section (cross section),
frontal plane (coronal plane), sagittal plane
Ch 6
3. Describe the main functions of bone and how bones perform each function
4. Classify bones according to their shapes, and give an example of each.
5. Identify and describe the characteristics of osteoblasts, osetocytes, osteoclasts,
osteoprogenitor cells, collagen, and hydroxyappatitie.
6. Describe the microscopic structure of bone including the organic and inorganic materials as
well as the anatomical structures such as the osteon, lamellae (three types), lacunae, central
canal, perforating canal, Sharpey’s fibers, canaliculi. Be able to identify each structure on a
diagram or model.
7. Describe the structure of a long bone including compact and spongy bone, the epiphysis,
metaphysis, diaphysis, shaft, marrow (medullary) cavity, endosteum, periosteum, and
articular cartilage. Know the difference in function between spongy and compact bone. Be
able to identify each of the above terms a diagram, bone, or model.
8. Describe how long bone grows in length and in width and how bone is rejuvenated in the
adult including the role of the chondroblast, osteocyte, osteoblast, and osteoclast in
intramembraneous and endochondral ossification. Know what the epiphyseal line is and
where you might see it. What hormones affect bone growth?
9. Describe the role of hormones in calcium regulation and how bone, kidney and the intestines
are involved
10. Describe the process of bone fracture repair
11. Describe the effects of aging on bones and bone tissue. Define osteopenia, osteoporosis, and
understand some current treatments for osteoporosis.
12. Identify the bones and parts of bones listed on the “List of Bones and Bone Parts”
for both the axial and appendicular skeletons. Be able to identify them on a model, diagram,
or isolated bones or skeleton, and know their location, structure, and general function. Be
able to identify right and left bones where appropriate (e.g. right femur vs. left).
List of Bones and Bone Parts – Axial Skeleton (Ch 7)
1. Skull
cranial bones- frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, parietal, temporal
facial bones- mandible, vomer, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, palatine, inferior nasal concha
sutures- coronal, sagittal, squamos, lambdoid
sinuses- frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, ethmoidal
processes- styloid, zygomatic, mastoid, palatine, coronoid
foramina- foramen magnum, supraorbital, infraorbital, mental, optic, ovale, carotid canal, jugular
fontanels– (look at them, and know what a fontanel is, but don’t memorize their names)
other structures- occipital condyles, zygomatic arch, orbit, sella turcica, crista galli, cribiform
plates, external auditory canal, mandibular condyle, nasal septum, hard palate
ear ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
2. Vertebral column
types of vertebrae - cervical, atlas, axis, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
parts of a vertebra - body, spinous process, transverse process, transverse foramen, articular
processes, vertebral foramen, costal facets, intervertebral disc
3. Thorax
ribs - true, false, floating
parts of a rib – head, neck, tubercle
parts of the sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process, clavicular notch/articulation, jugular
notch
4. Hyoid bone
List of Bones and Bone Parts – Appendicular Skeleton
1. Shoulder girdle
parts of the scapula - spine, acromion process, glenoid fossa, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous
fossa, subscapular fossa, coracoid process
parts of the clavicle - sternal end, acromial end
2. Upper appendages
parts of the humerus - head, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, lateral epicondyle,
medial epicondyle, trochlea, capitulum, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, deltoid tuberosity
parts of the ulna - olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear (semilunar) notch, radial notch,
styloid process, head
parts of the radius - head, neck, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch
carpals - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (G rated
Mnemonic- Sandy Left The Party To Take Carol Home ; R rated-Some Lovers Try Positions
That They Can’t Handle)
parts of the metacarpals - base, shaft, head (numbered 1-5)
types and parts of the phalanges - proximal, middle, distal, pollex
3. Hip girdle
parts of the os coxae - ilium, ischium, pubis, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior
superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch,
ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch, acetabulum, obturator foramen, pubic symphysis,
sacroiliac joint
4. Lower appendages
parts of the femur - head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral epicondyle, medial
epicondyle, lateral condyle, medial condyle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface
parts of the patella - base, apex, articular facets
parts of the tibia - lateral condyle, medial condyle, tibial tuberosity, intercondylar eminence,
medial malleolus
parts of the fibula - head, neck, lateral malleolus
types of tarsals - calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, (lateral, intermediate and medial) cuneiform
parts of the metatarsals – 1-5
types and parts of the phalanges - proximal, middle, distal, hallux,