L2C
Learning to Collaborate
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting and State of the Art
Report (WP 1)
Alexander Fliaster, UAFM
Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007
1
Overview
Contributing Partners
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Code
Contributing Institution
Contributing persons
Contribution to Chapters
FVA
FVA
Susanna Albertini
Louis Ferrini
9, 10
IF
FIAT – Isvor
Ruggero Cesaria
8, 10
INSEAD
INSEAD – Centre for Advanced Learning Technologies
Martina Ambrosio
Albert Angehrn
Alicia Cheak
Pradeep Mittal
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
OFAI
Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence,
Vienna
Juan Martínez
Sabine Payr
Paolo Petta
Stefan Rank
6, 8, 9, 10
OU
OPEN University
Siv Vangen
Nik Winchester
7, 10
SCIL
St. Gallen University
Taiga Brahm
Denise DaRin
Dieter Euler
8, 9, 10
SU
Strathclyde University
Pam Hearne
Chris Huxham
7, 10
UAFM
University of Armed Forces, Munich
Petra Eggenhofer
Alexander Fliaster
Rainer Marr
Florian Schloderer
UC
UniCredit
Tiziana Bernardi
Giacomo Gueli
Carla Franca Mainoldi
8, 10
USCS
Università Cattolica, Milano
Chiara Frigerio
Federico Rajola
4, 10
Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007
1, 2, 3, 5, 10
2
Overview
The Challenge of Passing Collaboration Frontiers
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Type of Knowledge &
K-intensive Processes
“Traditional”
Collaboration Contexts
Collaboration Frontier
“complex”
New, challenging
Collaboration Contexts
“simple”
Co-located
Confluent
Dispersed
Diverse
Knowledge
Source
Source: Angehrn, 2006
(->Dissemination Activities)
Figure 1: Collaboration Frontier
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Overview
General Description of Workpackage 1 according to DOW
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Objectives:
This WP will produce a comprehensive, integrated collection of cognitive,
psychological and organizational models and insights emerging from practical
experiences to be integrated in the ACD framework and simulation games.
Deliverables:
D1.1 ACDT Knowledge Harvesting and State-of-the-Art Report
Measurable Outcomes:
This WP activated all the partners in the structured identification of relevant knowhow (from a theoretical, practice-related, educational and technological
perspective) ready to be:
• inserted/published in the Knowledge Management Tools (basis for WP2)
• used as a basis for selecting the collaboration scenarios and dynamics
underlying ACDT Simulation Games (basis for WP3)
Review Meeting – INSEAD, Fontainebleau – 30 March 2007
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Overview
Structure of the Deliverable 1.1
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Workpackage 2:
Continuous
Improvement Cycle
(KB + VC)
Workpackages 3 & 4:
Simulations Design
& Development Cycle
(L2C Simulation)
Workpackage 6:
Embedded, continuous
evaluation
Workpackage 1
Conclusions (Chapter 10)
Six Building Blocks
(Chapters 4 to 9)
Integration Framework (Chapter 3)
Research Framework (Chapter 2)
Introduction & Motivation (Chapter 1)
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Chapter 2
Research Framework for Collaboration Dynamics and Management
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Motivational
and Cultural
Dynamics
Knowledge
Integration
Dynamics
Distributed
Work/Team
Dynamics
Collaboration
Patterns in
Practice
Effective
Learning
Approaches
Simulation &
Agent
Technologies
Individual
Level
Group Level
Organizational
Level
Inter-Org.
Level
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ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Chapter 4
The People Dimension:
Collaboration-related Motivational and
Cultural Dynamics
(WP1.2)
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Chapter 4
Multilevel Framework for the Analysis
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Individual Behavioral Models
(collaborative, cooperative,
competitive, adversarial)
Social Behavior Models
(individualistic vs.
collectivistic)
Group Behavioral Models
(participating,
goal-oriented,
challenging)
Positive and Negative
Effects on
Collaboration Performance
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Chapter 4
Motivational & Cultural Affect on the Performance of Collaboration
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
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Chapter 4
Conflicts and Collaboration-related Consequences
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
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Chapter 4
Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
For the purpose of L2C, the chapter provides especially:
• A framework for categorizing motivational and cultural determinants
(divided by level of analysis) and building scenarios.
• A set of negative determinants for Collaborative Performance
representing a list of the breakdowns related to each determinant, in
particular a list of “faulty” forms of behavior or challenging situations that
can lead to critical breakdowns.
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ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Chapter 5:
The Knowledge Dimension:
Collaboration-related Knowledge Integration Dynamics
(WP1.3)
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Chapter 5
Knowledge Processes in Collaborative Projects & Collaboration Skills
Initiation
Problem definition, knowledge
inventory, trial of problem solving
Planning
Search for knowledge and people
who possess this knowledge
Execution
Approach documents and
contacting people
Termination
Translation and collaborative
transfer of knowledge from outside
Knowledge sharing among members
of group
Key Enablers &
Breakdowns
Connective enabler
social skills & personality
Creation of new knowledge through
fusion and modification
Evaluation, verification and
knowledge selling (persuasion)
Cognitive enabler
Knowledge resources,
cognitive skills and styles
Social capital
Key Knowledge Processes
Key Project phases
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Application of knowledge
Supporting knowledge-related
activities (ambassadoring etc.)
structural positions,
resources & ties
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Chapter 5
Knowledge Fusion Across Industrial and Organizational Borders
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Ferrari Pit Stop
Cardiac surgery at the
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children
Source: Fliaster & Eggenhofer,
paper accepted for EURAM 2007,
Track “Managing and Learning to Collaborate"
(Example of Dissemination Activities)
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Chapter 5
Connective Enabler: Selected Connective Skills
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
•
Social perceptiveness
•
Perceiving others‘ intentions and
feelings
•
Stress tolerance
Dealing effectively with critical situations
•
Interpreting messages correctly,
giving adequate feedback
•
Communication: Being a
„sender“
Being consciously explicit and
unambiguous
Trustworthiness
Being adept, reliable and upright
•
Link to the Chapters
on Culture &
Motivation and on
Technologies
Communication: Being a
„receiver“
Conflict management,
negotiation
Making consensus emerge from
divergence
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Chapter 5
Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
• A multi-phase model of the project life-cycle and the best practices of
effective and efficient project management have been identified.
• A comprehensive general framework, which includes several knowledge
processes and the links between them, especially in connection with
projects, has been developed.
• Success factors and breakdowns of collaborative knowledge processes
have been analyzed, in particular:
– Cognitive skills and connective (social) skills as enablers of knowledge-related
collaboration have been discussed in depth, and
– Formal and informal ties and networks (structural complement to the skills and
the motivation) have been illuminated.
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ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Chapter 6:
State of the Art in Collaboration-related Technologyenhanced Workgroup Dynamics
(WP1.4)
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Chapter 6
Key Dimensions of Analysis
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
 Individual factors (technology experience, proficiency level etc.)
 Group-related factors (diversity, stage of group development etc.)
 Organization-related factors (norms, technology investment,
training etc.)
 Task-related factors (complexity, interdependency etc.)
 Technology-related factors (richness, social presence etc.)
Links to the Chapters on
Motivation, Culture, Knowledge Integration, Skills and Inter-Organizational
Collaboration
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Chapter 6
Selected Key Factors of Technology-enhanced Workgoup Dynamics
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
 At the individual level
Variable
Values
Prior technology experience (habit)
High- low integration into existing work practices
Proficiency level
High-low
Attitudes
Positive-negative
Motivational towards using technology
Positive- negative
(Technology as opportunity vs threat)
Capacity for addressing technological
ambiguity
High, low
 At the technology level
Variable
Values
Features/ function
Communication, collaboration, coordination
Richness
High – low
Presence
High social presence- low social presence
Accessibility
Easy- difficult
Value, relevance
High – low
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Chapter 6
Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
• A number of collaboration dynamics have been identified (e.g.,
development of trust, distribution of power, group participation and
involvement, accountability and conflict management).
• Key preconditions for technology adoptions have been illuminated
(such as the allocation of resources, motivational levels, whether the
technology is tied to existing practices, value generated by the use of a
technology, ongoing support and leadership).
• Collaboration breakdowns as "facilitators of learning and rethinking"
have been discussed.
• New ways in which virtual groups and communities interact have
been emphasized (such as greater self-organization, increased
participation, emerging structures, harnessing collective intelligence,
and richer user experiences).
• Three scenarios for the L2C simulations have been generated.
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ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Chapter 7
The Practice Dimension:
Collaboration Management Competencies –
Best and Worst Practice Cases
(WP1.5)
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Chapter 7
Collaboration Viewed from the Inter-Organizational Perspective
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Theory of Collaborative Advantage and Its Further Development for the
L2C Project
Collaboration Drivers
Typologies of Collaboration
Main Characteristics of Collaborations
Practical Examples Drawn from the Theory of Collaborative Advantage
New Case Studies Developed in the L2C Project
Implications for the L2C Simulation
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Chapter 7
Core Issues in Collaboration Research & Practice and the L2C Project
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
common
aims
working
processes
resources
cross
cutting
themes
p
hi
r
st
t
uc
e
ur
s
rs
me
e
mb
culture
communication
and language
practitioner
generated
themes
policy
generated
themes
accountability
power
trust
commitment and
determination
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
democracy
and
equality
risk
compromise
identity
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
social capital
researcher
generated
themes
(Following Huxham & Vangen)
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Chapter 7
Case Studies Conducted within the L2C Project (WP1)
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Initiation of a Collaboration (Fiat)
High Performance Collaboration (Ferrari)
Cross-Cultural Collaboration (UniCredit)
The Public Sector Partnership: Success in Imposed
Collaboration
Detailed Recommendations for the L2C Simulations
with regard to the
Six Core Issues in the Inter-Organizational Collaboration
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Chapter 7
Example of Key insights and Implications for Other Work Packages
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Trust Theme and Issues
Implication for L2C simulation
(e.g., World Team)
Trust is a precondition for successful
collaboration
Members have different levels of trust and
propensity for risk taking with other members
Risk taking to initiate the collaboration
Different partners have different levels of risk
taking
Expectations about the future of the
collaboration based on reputation or
past behaviour or contracts and
agreements
Varying expectations of other members
Reinforcing trusting
attitudes
Partners demonstrate mistrust i.e. by
withholding information which could lead to
other partners trust levels decreasing and at
an extreme withdrawal of a partner
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ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Chapter 8
Learning Solutions addressing
Advanced Collaboration Dynamics
(WP 1.6)
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Chapter 8
Determining Key Pedagogical & Learning Objectives
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
• Content analysis of existing programs at other universities
and questionnaire for partners
• Analysis of existing learning solutions (face-to-face,
simulations etc.) in the field of collaborative dynamics
• Systematization through existing Management
Competency Models
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Chapter 8
Key Learning Solutions Addressing Collaboration Dynamics
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Face-to-face seminars or trainings
Discussions (especially within seminars)
Case studies
Simulations including computer-based simulations
Role plays
Games
Project work respectively problem-based learning
Action learning
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Chapter 8
Competence Areas Connected to Collaboration Dynamics
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Links to the Chapters on
Culture, Skills, Knowledge
Integration and ICT
Interaction of individual and
group
Dynamic aspects of the group
Collaboration
Dynamics
Communication
Work-related aspects of the
group
Structure and process of the
collaboration
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Chapter 8
Tuckman's Model, Pedagogical Objectives and Selected Learning Sol.
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Non-verbal
introductions
House-Tree-Dog
Optical deceptions
Storming
(Re-)
Forming
(Transformi
ng)
communication
negotiation
listening skills
time management
project management
knowledge management
team building
problem-solving
decision-making
reflection and learning
openness
honesty
trust building
self-confidence
handling emotions
empathy
information search
ability to motivate
conflict management
intercultural skills
role flexibility
coaching skills
consulting
goal orientation
Norming
Back home
LEGO Maniacs
Collaboration
Project
Performing
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The Search for the
Lost Dutchman's
Goldmine
30
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Chapter 9
Advanced Simulation & Agents Technologies
(WP1.7)
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Chapter 9
Main Outputs and Implications for Other Work Packages (1)
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
•
An outline of the process of simulation game production and how it
applies to L2C
(-> Link to the Analysis of Best Practices of Project Management in Chapter 5)
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Chapter 9
Main Outputs and Implications for Other Work Packages (2)
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
•
A set of functional and non-functional criteria L2C simulation games
need to meet (e.g., possibilities for player intervention, extensibility etc.)
•
An analysis of a large number of games and applications suited to
provide inspirations for the L2C project (market research & learning)
•
A selection of open source and commercial off-the-shelf toolkits and
ready-made components that are useful for the game production
purposes of L2C (e.g., Java View, Gamebryo etc.)
•
Recommendations for decisions to be taken in the development of the
prototypes within the L2C project (with regard to simulation characters,
actions, behavioral dynamics, networks etc.)
->
Links to the Motivational (Chapter 4), Structural (Chapter 5) and
Technological (Chapter 6) Enablers of Collaboration as well as to the
Pedagogical Objectives of L2C simulations (Chapter 8, )
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Conclusion
L2C Work Package 1: The Integration Framework and Conclusion
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
The PEOPL E dimension (chapter 4)
The KNOWL EDG E dimension (chapter 5)
The T EC HNOL OGY dimens ion (chapter 6)
The Sim ulations Design perspective
The Deploym ent perspective
The PRACT IC E perspectiv e (chapter 7)
The PEDA GOGICAL perspective (chapter 8)
The IMPL EM ENT ATION perspective (chapter 9)
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Conclusion
Results of the Work Package 1: A Summary
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
• Six Building Blocks of Research Framework have been successfully developed.
• The first Four of the Six Building Blocks (Chapters 4-7) provide an extensive knowledge
base on which to build the design and development of L2C Simulations (foundation for
Work Packages 3 and 4), identifying relevant scenarios (team, organisational, or interorganisational situations), in which a variety of factors and dynamics intervene and determine
the success or failure of collaboration
• The Building Block Chapter on Learning Solutions (Chapter 8) provides a solid basis for
positioning L2C simulations in terms of the learning objectives they will address and achieve,
and differentiating them from existing solutions, which are typically limited to addressing
group dynamics and do not emphasize enough dimensions such as the complexity of
knowledge integration processes or the impact of modern ICT on new forms of collaboration.
• The Building Block Chapter on Implementation (Chapter 9) sheds light on the
technologies available or under development which can be deployed to support the
implementation of advanced, distributed, and highly interactive and usable learning systems.
• The Integration Framework provides a systematic way for converting the collaborationrelated know-how produced in the Six Building Blocks Chapters to support the next phases of
the project.
• The material presented in all the chapters provides an excellent basis for injecting content
in the online KB and VC systems developed in Work Package 2, and for involving other
players beyond the core team.
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Conclusion
Work Package 1: Implications for other Work Packages
ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Work Package 1 provides the foundation for:
• Knowledge Management Tools Development (Knowledge Base & Virtual
Community)
 See Presentation on WP2
• Framework and Simulation Games Prototype Development & Testing
 See Presentation on WP3
• Exploitation and Dissemination Activities
 See Presentation von WP5
• Evaluation
 See Presentation on WP6
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ACDT Knowledge Harvesting & Integration (WP 1)
Thank you very much
for your attention
and collaboration!
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