Brief Summary of Fay and Golomb
Ch. 4,5,6,7
3/12/13
Outline
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Fossil Fuels
Combustion of Fossil Fuels
Biomass, Synthetic Fuels
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
Electrical Energy Generation, Transmission,
Storage
Fossil Fuels
• Constitute 85% of World Energy Consumption
• Types:
– Natural Gas
– Petroleum
– Coal
• Fuel Heating Value (Heat of Combustion)
• Adiabatic Combustion or Flame Temperature
T_Fad = T_rt + Hc/(sum_prods (n_i Cp(i)))
Combustion of Ethane
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C2H6 + 3.5 (O2 + 3.76 N2) = 2CO2 + 3H2O + 13.16 N2
Hc = 45.51 MJ/kg = 1425e3 J/mol
Cp(CO2) = 54.3 J/mol K
Cp(H2O) = 41.2 J/mol K
Cp(N2) = 32.7 J/mol K
T_rt = 298 K
T_Fad = 2148 K
Biomass, Synthetic Fuels
• Biomass = Plant matter remains
• Synthetic Fuels = Fuels derived from Raw fuels
(or from Biomass)
Fuel Cells & Hydrogen
• Electrochemical Cells (Anode, Cathode,
Electrolyte)
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell (Fig. 4.1, p. 76)
– Potential Difference
DPhi_c-a = (Df) M(H2/2 F
• Hydrogen as a Fuel
Electrical Energy
• Electricity Generation
• Electromechanical Systems
P = I (4 pi f r L B)
• Transmission (Fig. 5.5, p. 92)
• Inversion and Rectification
• Storage
– Capacitors
– Batteries
Fossil Fuel Power Plants
• Produce 65% of World’s Electricity
• Large units (1000 MW)
• Basic Components
– Fuel Storage
– Boiler (including Burner)
– Turbine (Steam or Gas)
– Condenser (and Cooling Towers)
– Generator
– Emissions Control Systems
Nuclear Power Plants
• Produce ~ 25% of electricity worldwide
• Up to 400 plants worldwide
• Energy produced by Nuclear Fission and Chain
Reaction
• Radioactivity
– alpha, beta, gammaradiation
– Radioactivity level (disintegrations/s ; Bq)
• Decay rate: N = No exp(-kt)
Nuclear Reactors
• Components
– Fuel Rods, Moderator, Control Rods, Coolant
• Types
– Boiling Water
– Pressurized Water
– Gas Cooled
– Breeder
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
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Mining & Refining
Gasification & Enrichment
Reaction
Spent Fuel Reprocessing
Waste Storage